Kin 2504 chapter 12

Scientists have found high levels of the chemical _________in starch-based foods that have been fried or baked at high temperatures, especially french fries and certain types of snack chips and crackers. -> is also found in high concentrations in tobacco. When muscle meats (beef, pork, fish, poultry) are cooked at high temperatures, such as when grilled over an open flame or pan fried, different types of cancer-causing chemicals can form.

acrylamide

_____ is a key risk factor, with 90% of cases diagnosed in people age 50 and older.

age

what is the strongest predictor of the risk of prostate cancer, with about 56% of cases diagnosed in men over age 65, and 97% of cases occurring in men over age 50?

age

- made up of cells similar to the surrounding normal cells and are enclosed in a membrane that prevents them from penetrating neighboring tissues. They are dangerous only if their physical presence interferes with body functions. - for example, can cause death if it blocks the blood supply to the brain

benign tumor

If a lump in the breast is detected, it can be __________ or scanned by ultrasonography to determine whether it is cancerous. Most lumps are benign.

biopsied

Because polyps may ________, the standard warning signs of colon cancer are bleeding from the rectum and a change in bowel habits.

bleed

Early symptoms of ovarian cancer may include:

bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, difficulty eating or feeling full quickly, and urinary problems.

___________ is the most common cancer in women but causes about half as many deaths in women as lung cancer. In the United States, about 1 in 8 women will get it , and 1 in 30 women will die from the disease. -occurs only rarely in men.

breast cancer

______ is the second leading cause of death, after heart disease. -responsible for almost one in four deaths, claiming more than 1,600 lives every day. -Evidence indicates that most could be prevented by simple changes in lifestyle. Tobacco use is respon-sible for about 29% of all deaths -Diet and exercise, including their relationship with obesity, account for another 30% of deaths.

cancer

the abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells, which can ultimately cause death if left untreated

cancer

Substances known as ____________ make up another important piece of the cancer puzzle. These substances don't directly produce DNA mutations, but they accelerate the growth of cells, which means less time for a cell to repair DNA damage caused by other factors. ex. Estrogen, which stimulates cellular growth in the female reproductive organs

cancer promoters

When a mutagen also causes cancer, it is called a __________.

carcinogen

__________ cancer is largely a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Most cases of _______ cancer stem from infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which causes genital warts and is transmitted during unprotected sex. Smoking and prior infection with the STDs herpes and chlamydia may also be risk factors for cervical cancer.

cervical

If cells are abnormal but not yet cancerous—a condition referred to as __________-—the Pap test is repeated at intervals. In about one-third of cases, the cellular changes progress toward malignancy.

cervical dysplasia

Cancer of the ________ occurs frequently in women in their thirties and even twenties. In the United States, almost 13,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer each year; the disease kills more than 4,000 women annually.

cervix

Severe sunburns in ____________ have been linked to a greatly increased risk of skin cancer in later life, so children in particular should be protected.

childhood

The nucleus of each cell in your body contains 23 pairs of __________, which are made up of tightly packed coils of __________ . Each chromosome contains hundreds or thousands of _________.

chromsomes DNA genes

Another common cancer in the United States is______ and _______ cancer (also called colorectal cancer).

colon and rectal

Diets high in fat and meat may contribute to certain cancers, including:

colon, stomach, and prostate cancer.

a flexible fiber-optic device is inserted through the rectum, allowing the colon to be examined and polyps to be removed

colonoscopy

____________ cancer is the third most common type of cancer in both men and women.

colorectal

If this happens, the abnormal cells must be removed, either surgically or by destroying them with an ultra cold _____________ probe or localized laser treatment. In more advanced cases, treatment may involve chemotherapy, radiation, or hysterectomy

cryoscopic

The food industry uses preservatives and other additives to prevent food from becoming spoiled or stale. Some of these compounds are antioxidants and may actually ___________ any cancer-causing properties in the food.

decrease

A newer type of mammography, called ___________________, may provide more accurate results in some women, as may magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

digital mammography

Mutational damage to suppressor genes releases the brake on growth and leads to rapid and uncontrolled cell _____________ —a precondition for the development of cancer.

division

the risk of skin cancer ________ in people who have had five or more sunburns in their lifetime.

doubles

Cancer of the lining of the uterus the _____________ most often occurs after age 55. Uterine cancer strikes almost 55,000 American women annually and kills more than 10,000 women each year. The risk factors are similar to those for breast cancer. ___________ cancer is usually detectable by pelvic examination. It is treated surgically, as well as by radiation, hormones, and chemotherapy.

endometrium

Foods cured with nitrites, as well as those cured by salt or smoke, have been linked to ________ and __________ cancer, and they should be eaten only in modest amounts.

esophageal and stomach

are important factors in a person's risk of cancer. Certain genes may predispose some people to cancer, and specific gene mutations have been associated with cancer.

heredity and genetics

Quitting substantially reduces risk, but ex-smokers remain at _______ than those who never smoked. And the smoker is not the only one at risk. Long-term exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), or secondhand smoke, also increases risk for lung cancer. ETS causes about 7,000 lung cancer deaths in nonsmoking adults each year.

higher risk

Certain types of_____________are known to cause oropharyngeal cancer, cervical cancer, and other cancers, and the Helicobacter pylori bacterium has been definitively linked to stomach cancer.

human papillomavirus (HPV)

The risk factors for prostate cancer are:

increasing age, African ancestry, family history, and certain inherited genetic conditions.

_________________________ may be responsible for 5-10% of cases; men with a family history of the disease should be vigilant about screening.

inherited genetic predisposition

Hepatitis viruses B and C together cause as many as 80% of the world's _______ cancers.

liver

In an accessible location (such as a testicle), a tumor may be felt as a _________. In less accessible locations (such as the lungs), a tumor may be noticed only after considerable _______ has taken place and may then be detected only by an indirect symptom, such as a persistent cough or unexplained bleeding or pain.

lump growth

If a lump is cancerous, one of several surgical treatments may be used, ranging from a ______________ (removal of the lump and surrounding tissue) to a ___________(removal of the breast). Chemotherapy or radiation treatment may also be used to eradicate as many cancerous cells as possible.

lumpectomy mastectomy

is the most common cause of cancer death in the United States; it is responsible for about 158,000 deaths each year. Since 1987, lung cancer has surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death in women.

lung cancer

The ability of cancer cells to metastasize makes early cancer detection critical. To control the cancer, every cancerous cell must be removed. Once cancer cells enter either the _________________, it is extremely difficult to stop their spread to other organs.

lymphatic system or bloodstream

If the tumor is ___________, the prostate is usually removed surgically. However, a small, slow-growing tumor in an older man may be treated with watchful waiting, because he is more likely to die from another cause than from the cancer.

malignant

is synonymous with cancer. -Can invade surrounding structures, including blood vessels, the lymphatic system, and nerves. It can also spread to distant sites via the blood and lymphatic circulation, producing invasive tumors in almost any part of the body. -A few cancers, like leukemia (cancer of the blood) do not produce a mass but still have the fundamental property of rapid, uncontrolled cell proliferation.

malignant tumor

is a low-dose breast X-ray that can spot breast abnormalities before physical symptoms arise. -> The ACS recommends that women begin annual mammograms at age 45; at age 55, women should have mammograms every other year.

mammogram

Skin cancer is the most common cancer of all when cases of the highly curable forms are included in the count. Of the more than 2.2 million cases of skin cancer diagnosed each year, about 74,000 are of the most serious type, ______________.

melanoma

the spread of cancer cells, occurs because cancer cells do not stick to each other as strongly as normal cells do and therefore may not remain at the site of the primary tumor, the cancer's original location -->They break away and can pass Page 353through the lining of lymph or blood vessels to invade nearby tissue. They can also drift to distant parts of the body and multiply, establishing new colonies of cancer cells

metastasis

About 15-20% of the world's cancers are caused by _________, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, although the percentage is much lower in developed countries such as the United States.

microbes

A __________ is any change in the makeup of a gene. Some are inherited; others are caused by environmental agents known as mutagens.

mutation

Other compounds, like the ________ and _________ found in processed meats, are potentially more dangerous -they aren't cancer causing themselves but they can combine with dietary substances in the stomach and be converted to nitrosamines, which are highly potent carcinogens.

nitrates and nitrites

___________ polyunsaturated fats are associated with a higher risk of certain cancers; omega-3 fats are not

omega- 6

A mutated gene no longer contains the proper code for producing its protein. It usually takes several mutational changes before a normal cell takes on the properties of a cancer cell. Genes that have mutations associated with the conversion of a normal cell into a cancer cell are known as

onocogen

Alcohol is associated with an increased incidence of several cancers. For example, women who have 2 to 5 drinks daily have about 1.5 times the risk of women who drink no alcohol. Alcohol and tobacco interact as risk factors for _______________. Heavy users of both alcohol and tobacco have a risk for oral cancer many times greater than that of people who don't drink or use tobacco.

oral cancer

Although _______ cancer is rare compared with uterine cancer, it causes more deaths. - There are no screening tests to detect it, so it is often diagnosed late in its development. The risk factors are similar to those for breast and endometrial cancer. Anything that lowers a woman's lifetime number of ovulation cycles—pregnancy, breastfeeding, or use of oral contraceptives—reduces the risk of ovarian cancer.

ovarian

Screening for the changes in cervical cells that precede cancer is done chiefly by means of the -> During a pelvic exam, loose cells are scraped from the cervix and examined

pap test

Symptoms of lung cancer usually do not appear until the disease has advanced to the invasive stage. Signals such as......... may be indicators of a tumors presence

persistent cough, chest pain, or recurring bronchitis

Many other anti-cancer agents in the diet fall under the broader heading of ____________, substances in plants that help protect against chronic diseases. One of the first to be identified was sulforaphane, a potent anticarcinogen found in broccoli

phyotchemicals

Diets high in calories, dairy products, refined grains, and animal fats and low in _____________ have been implicated as possible culprits, as have obesity, inactivity, and a history of sexually transmitted infections.

plant foods

Many cancers arise from _________________, small growths on the wall of the colon that may gradually develop into malignancies. Many colon cancers may be due to inherited gene mutations.

preexisting polyps

_________ is the primary method of treatment for colon and rectal cancer. The five-year survival rate is 90% for colon and rectal cancers detected early and 65% overall.

surgery

Lung cancer is most often treated by some combination of _________, __________, and ___________; if all the tumor cells can be removed or killed, a cure is possible.

surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy

The best available data indicate that less than __% of cancer deaths are caused by general environmental pollution, such as substances in our air and water.

2

Other risk factors include these:

-> Early-onset menstruation or late-onset menopause -> Having no children or having a first child after age 30 -> Current use of hormone replacement therapy -> Obesity ->Alcohol use ->Smoking cigarettes

Ovarian cancer is treated by surgical removal of....

1 or both ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus

Each year, more than ____ million Americans are diagnosed with cancer, and more than 580,000 die

1.6

When smoking is combined with exposure to other carcinogens, such as asbestos particles, the risk of cancer can be multiplied by a factor of __ or more.

10

The five-year survival rate for prostate cancer is now nearly _____%

100

Lung cancer is usually detected only after it has begun to spread, however, and only about ___% of lung cancer patients are alive five years after diagnosis.

15

At current U.S. rates, nearly one in two men and more than one in ____ women will develop cancer at some point in their lives.

3

Exposure to carcinogenic materials in the workplace is a more serious problem. Occupational exposure to specific carcinogens may account for about __% of cancer deaths. With increasing industry and government regulations, industrial sources of cancer risk should continue to diminish.

4

The ACS recommends that regular screening for colon cancer be started at age _____. - can reduce risk of cancer by 90%, but only 60% of people over the age of 50 do the screening tests

50

Smoking is responsible for up to ___% of lung cancer deaths and for about ___% of all cancer deaths.

90 29

If a tumor is discovered early, before it has spread to the adjacent lymph nodes, the patient with breast cancer has about a ____% chance of surviving more than five years. The survival rate for all stages is 90% at five years.

98%

Every case of cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows it to ___________ when it should not

grow and divide

Although some risk factors cannot be changed, important lifestyle risk factors can be controlled like: -> can minimize the chance of developing breast cancer, even for women at risk from family history or other factors.

Eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, limiting alcohol intake, and maintaining a healthy body weight

The _________ virus, best known for causing mononucleosis, is also suspected of contributing to Hodgkin's disease, cancer of the nasopharynx, and some stomach cancers.

Epstein- Barr

Cervical cancer can be prevented by avoiding infection with ______. Sexual abstinence, mutually monogamous sex with an uninfected partner, and regular use of condoms can reduce the risk of ______ infection

HPV

Tanning lamps and tanning salon beds emit mostly _____ radiation

UVA

this is less likely to cause an immediate sunburn, but it damages connective tissue and leads to premature aging of the skin.

UVA

this radiation causes sunburns and can damage the eyes and immune system

UVB

A dietary pattern rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and lower in refined carbohydrates and animal products is associated with reduced risk of breast cancer. Some studies have found that people with higher __________ intakes or higher blood levels of _________ have a lower risk of breast and certain other cancers

Vitamin D

The female hormone _________ may be a common element for some of these risk factors. -it promotes cell growth in responsive tissues, such as the breast and uterus, so any factor that increases this exposure may raise the risk of breast cancer. -Fat cells produce this, and these levels are higher in obese women. -Alcohol can increase this in the blood as well.

estrogen

People with __________ have less natural protection against skin damage from the sun and a higher risk of skin cancer than people with naturally dark skin.

fair skin

A woman who has two close relatives with breast cancer is more than ______ times as likely to develop the disease as a woman who has no relatives with it. However, only about 5 to 10% of breast cancers occur in women with a family history of the disease.

four

There is a strong ________ factor in breast cancer.

genetic

The _________ gland is situated at the base of the bladder in men; if enlarged, it can block the flow of urine. _______ cancer is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Nearly 239,000 new cases of _______ cancer are diagnosed and nearly 30,000 American men die from the disease each year.

prostate

A specialized test, called the _________________ blood test, is commonly used to detect prostate cancer and can be useful, but the test is controversial because it can yield false-positive results.

prostate specific antigen

Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance are also associated with _______________.

prostsate cancer

Each of your genes controls the production of a particular __________. By making different ___________ at different times, genes can act as switches to alter the ways a cell works. Some genes are responsible for controlling the rate of cell division, and these genes often play a critical role in the development of cancer.

protein

A less-invasive treatment involves _________ of the tumor by surgically implanting radioactive seeds in the prostate gland. --> Radiation from the seeds destroys the tumor and much of the normal prostate tissue but leaves surrounding tissue relatively untouched. Alternative or additional treatments include external radiation, hormones that shrink tumors, cryotherapy, and chemotherapy. .

radiation

All sources of ________ are potentially carcinogenic, including medical X-rays, radioactive substances (radioisotopes), and UV rays from the sun. Most physicians and dentists are quite aware of the risk of radiation, and successful efforts have been made to reduce the amount needed for mammography, dental X-rays, and other necessary medical X-rays. Sunlight is also a potential carcinogen, and care should be taken to avoid excessive exposure.

radiation

Mutagens include_________________ . -Some mutations are the result of copying errors that occur when DNA replicates itself as part of cell division.

radiation, certain viruses, and chemical substances in the air we breathe

During this exam, a physician feels the prostate through the rectum to determine if the gland is enlarged or if lumps are present.

rectal examination

This traveling and seeding process is called metastasizing, and the new tumors are _________________, or metastases.

secondary tumors

which act like estrogen in some tissues but block estrogen's effects in others.

selective estrogen- receptor modulators (SPERM)

what are the two best known SPERMs?

tamoxifen and raloxifine

- responsible for nearly one in five American deaths—nearly 480,000 premature deaths each year. The U.S. Surgeon General has reported that _________ use is a direct cause of several types of cancer. In addition to lung and bronchial cancer, tobacco use is linked to cancer of the larynx, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, and cervix. A -Avoiding tobacco use and exposure to environmental ______________ smoke are key lifestyle strategies for reducing cancer risk

tobacco

The chief risk factor for lung cancer is _______________

tobacco smoke

, is a special type of antibody that binds to a specific cancer-related target in the body.

trastuzumab

Many oncogenes play a role in controlling or restricting cell growth; they are called

tumor supressor genes

Most cancers take the form of ________, although not all tumors are cancerous. (or neoplasm) is a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose. It can be benign, like a wart, or malignant, like most lung cancers.

tumors

Almost all cases of skin cancer can be traced to excessive exposure to _______________ from the sun, including longer-wavelength ultraviolet A (UVA) and shorter-wavelength ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation.

ultraviolet radiation (UV)

Some carcinogens occur naturally in the environment, like

viruses, suns UV rays

Some essential nutrients act as anticarcinogens. For example,

vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and the carotenoids may help block cancer by acting as antioxidants.