KIN 310 Test 1

generalization

(psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus

Scientific Method Steps

1. Developing the problem- defining and delimiting the problem through identification of independent and dependent variable 2. formulating the hypotheses 3. Gathering the data 4. Analyzing and interpreting the results DFGA

____ lbs per year or _____ cal/day is what the average adult gains and for the 90th percentile it is ____ cal/ day preventing wt gain would have to only increase _____ cal/ day expenditure or decrease ______ cal per day for consumption

1.8 15 50 100 100

_____ of candidates for bariatric surgery have Axis I psychiatric disorder

1/2 - 2/3

Smokers will die ____ years younger?

10

_______ - _________ deaths/ year US obeasity

112,000 - 365,000

The goal is to get the obesity to less than __% by 2010?

15

___% of kids 6-19 are considered overweight

16% (9 million) youth

prevention suggests mean intake increased by ______ cal/ day in American men and _____ cal/ day in american women from 1971-2000

168 335

Amish ______ steps/ day and ___% obesity for men and women

18,000 14,000 0 9

_____ age group increasing the in extreme obesity

18-29

Framingham Heart Study

1948 group of scientists began a longitudinal study on over 5000 residents of a town in Massachusettes. to collect info on heart disease and risk factors over 50 years, discovered what we know now about dietary fat, cholestrol levels, smoking, wt, elevated BP and heart disease

What are the physical activity guidelines for adults?

2.5 hrs of moderate intensity aerobic activity/ week (walk, dancing, gardening). 1.25 of vigorous intensity workout aerobic, they should be at least 10 minutes and spread out. For extensive health benefits. 5hrs and 2.5 also strength training 2 or more days per week

Obesity in 1990 when from __% to __% by 2000

23 30

approximately ____ of extremely obese adults have at least 1 obesity-related medical comorbidity

3/4

___-___% higher are health care cost of obese adult compared to non-obease

36-39

___% of adults are extremely obese

4.8

10,ooo steps/ day is equivalent to

45-60 minutes of moderate activity plus an active lifestyle

Average now is _____ steps/ day and recommended is ______ steps/ day?

5,300 10,000

_-_% total annual medical expenditures in the US are due to obesity

5-7

The JAMA found that in the NFL __% are obese and __% are overweight using BMI

57 97

More than ___ percent of adults do not achieve the recommended amount of regular physical activity. In fact ___ percent of all adults are not active at all

60, 25

____% of adults are overweight/ obese and ____% are obese also ___% of children are overweight or obese

68, 30, 32

____ min of PA to prevent wait gan and ______ to manage wt

90 60

Inference

A conclusion one can draw from the presented details.

metabolic syndrom

A medical condition characterized by a combination of high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, abdominal fat deposits and large waist circumference, and insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes.

operational definition

A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. observable phenomenon that enables the researcher to test empirically wether or not the predicted outcomes can be supported. Fatigue, exercise, body comp. must be valid do they measure what they are supposed to? and reliable

______ discovered BMI

Adolphe Quetelet

BRFSS

Behavioral risk factor surveillance system

List some studies discussed in article

Debunking therapeutic touch- an alternative-medicine technique taut at many nursing schools. Linda and Emily Rosa Editorial NEJM- saying that they benefits of the anti-obesity drug dexfenfluramine (Redux) outweighed the risk and the reporter also served as a consultant of the manufacturers and distributer. it caused heart damage and the FDA pulled it off the market

Moris et al

Epidemiology of Uniforms

What are the 4 types of research?

Experimental- examines cause and effect relationship between variables Observational- gather info/ data about the world as it is Applied- answers immediate problems, human subjects, real world settings lacks control Basic- deals with theoretical issues, animal subjects, lab setting, carefully controlled, results lack application

What two journals does the Hippocratic wars article focus on?

JAMA- The Journal of the American Medicine Association. Dr. George Lundberg NEJM- New England Journal of Medicine. Dr. Jerome Kassirer

Subjective measure

Measures based on individual perceptions

NHANES

National Health and nutrition examination survey

Hindsight bias

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

Non-directional hypothesis

There will be a difference in the correlation but direction of correlation not stated. two-tailed

What are the 4 ways paradigm influences the scientific process?

What is studied and researched. the type of questions that are asked, the exact structure and nature of the questions, how the results of any research are interpreted, it effects funding (bonus)

Directional hypothesis

When you have an idea which way the experiment will go because there is already some background information on the topic. one-tailed

Extraneous (confounding) Variable

a factor that could affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variables but that is not included or controlled

delimitation

a limitation imposed by the researcher in the scope of the study; a choice that the researcher makes to define a workable research problem.

Body Mass Index

a measure of body fat based on height and weight

Limitation

a possible shortcoming or influence that cannot be controlled or is the result of delimitations imposed by he researcher

Science

a process of carful/ systematic inquiry

Measurement

a standard used for the quantitative comparison of properties

Research

a systematic attempt to solve problems, a scientific/ scholarly investigation, close/ careful study of a topic

Deductive reasoning starts with

a theory

Paradigm

a worldview underlying the theories and methodology of a particular scientific subject

Internet

accessible, broad in scope, unreliable

Ingelfinger Rule

allows journals to keep the flow of information by stating that the journal will not publish information that has appeared elsewhere.

null hypotesis predicts no difference between groups, the ________ hypothesis predicts either a simple difference (_______) or a difference in a particular direction

alternative two-tailed hypothesis one-tailed hypothesis

Research second definition

an organized process of collecting knowledge.

list some causes of obesity

ansestors developed preference for high fat and sugar food. lower cost makes these foods readily available to most americans PA not needed for substance. technology, suburb

Reductionism

assumes that complex behavior can be reduced, analyzed, explained as parts that can be put back together to understand the whole

High quality research

based on others work, can be replicated and generalized into other settings, based on some logical rationale, tied to theory, doable, is cyclic in nature, incremental, done for the betterment of society

parts of a hypothesis

based on theory and previous research findings, state a relationship between at least two variables, if a relationship is only expected in a certain population freelance to population should be made, simple and clear with no vague statements or terms, is testable, have capability of being refuted, is related to techniques of design procedure and statistical analysis, uses the same terminology for the variables

Why do people expect swans to be white?

because that is what experience tells them.

Theory

belief/ assumption about causal relationship between variables that serve to explain phenomena. Also they lead to civil laws and help us test hypothesis

In what states was physical inactivity lower in 23.2% in more than 70% of its counties

california, colorado, Hawaii, Minnesota, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington

categorical (moderator) variable

changes the strength of an effect or relationship between two variables

Book

comprehensive, substantive, information may be out of date depending on publicaiton

Pursuit of happiness

consuming more goods

Newspaper

current, broad in scope, non-substatitive

empirical

data is collected to base decisions on

_______ organizes info in a way to test theories, hypothesis generated

deductive reasoning

Purposes of research

describe, predict, control, explain DPCE

Paradigm crisis phenomenon

development of discrepancies in a paradigm leading to proposals of a new paradigm that better explains the data

Factors that predict risk for Chronic Disease

diet, physical activity, BMI, waist circumference, Blood pressure, blood sugar level, cholesterol level, family history of disease

internal validity

do the results represent what really happened

logical

examination of products used allows evaluation of conclusions

What is the ultimate goal of science

formation of theory based upon synthesis and interpretation of facts/ information

Personal liberty

freedom to choose

What is the main goal of research?

gather and interpret information to answer a question.

laws-

general relation proved (assumed) to hold between mathematical and logical expressions.

Deductive reasoning

general to specific DGS (Dogs)

Factors influencing energy regulation

hormones, peptides, nutrients, uncoupling proteins, neural regulatory substances

The following health issues arise with obesity

hypertension, dyslipidemia, Type II diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gall bladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, and some cancers

Research hypothesis

hypothesis deduced from theory or induced from empirical studies that is based upon logical reasoning and predicts the outcome of the study

Null hypothesis

hypothesis used primarily in the statistical test for the reliability of the results that says that there is no difference among treatments

systematic

identify and label variables and design ways to test variables

Framingham Heart Study

identify the common factors or characteristics that contribute to CVD by following its development over a long period of time in a large group of participants who had not yet developed overt symptoms of CVD or suffered a heart attack. This is a type of inductive reasoning

Biologically inactive

immediate reward for over-eating/ under working out.

General Idea of Extreme obesity

increase in prevelence of extreme obesity is a major public health problem. The risk of comorbidities of obesity increase with an increase in BMI. Health care costs associatioed with obesity are greater than any other medical condition. number of patients seeking bariatric surgery is increaseing

Power (null hypothesis)

increasing the likelihood of rejecting a false null hypothesis for a sample

Genetic factors contributing to extreme obesity

leptin deficiency, Prader-Willi and Laurence-Moon Biedl syndrom

Obesity first article main idea

making lasting change on obesity is going to require people to become more involved in communities, families, work and school. It is caused by loss of social capital, by spending more time in front of TV's and in gated communities living solitary lives. Just as further wt gain can be halted by changing small things in daily life, restoring the social capital we will need to make these changes normal behavior within our culture can be accomplished by getting involved in small things

Obesity is unintended consequence of

many social, political, and economic decisions made for many reasons

What are some ways to control (control variable)

match subjects based on some criterion, randomly select, limit group based on certain variables (age, wt, fitness level)

research design

method and structure of an investigation chosen by the researcher to conduct data collection and analysis

conceptional definition

more general like PA and operational like 30 vo2 max test 4 days a week

Normal science

objective manner of study grounded in the natural sciences that is systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, and replicable.

Perfect induction

observe every member of a group to make a conclusion

Imperfect induction

observe small sample and generate conclusion from the sample about the population as a whole

Independent variable

one you have control over and that you can manipulate, usually what you think will affect the dependent variable. IT FORMS OR DEFINES GROUPS aka "treatment variables" due to their manipulation and exposure to groups and individuals at the discretion of the researcher

Social capital

our engagement collectively in civic matters and connectivity with one another

Magazine

popular, focused, due to limited space coverage is limited to only most current info

Evaluation of Theories

precision- how accurately does a theory explain a phenomena simplicity- how many special conditions/ qualifiers must be met Testability- how many observable methods can be used to test a theory.

replicable

process recorded so it can be reproduced

America 0on the move

promotes small daily changes to close the energy gap

Mayer er al

rats/ men and regulation of body wt was easier when the PA was above some threshold "normal activity range" below this was the sedentary zone.

A good hypothesis posits a

relationship among variables

Journal

scholarly, authoritative, due to limited space coverage is limited to only most current info

The research process

selecting a problem and asking the question, formulating the hypothesis, reviewing relevant literature on the topic, listing the measure to be sued, describing the subjects, constructing a research design, constructing measurement devices, analysis of the data, generating conclusions, writing the research report

sedentary subjects

sit for 2 1/2 hrs more per day than lean subjects, which translates to a mean decrease in energy expenditure of 350 kcal/ day

Inductive reasoning

specific to general ISG (I is G)

Objective measure

standard sets of questions that are scored using an agreed-on scoring key

Good life

steady job and less physical labor, abundant and affordable food

What are the 5 characteristics of research?

systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, replicable SLERR

reductive

take individual events and use to establish relations

What are the sources of evidence in order of increasing reliability

tenacity (superstition), intuition (common senses), authority, personal experience, deductive reasoning (rationalistic), science inquiry (empirical)

Hypothesis

the anticipated outcome of a study or experiment.

Occam's razor

the most simple explanation is the most likely explanation

We always test what?

the null hypothesis

Control variable

the researcher attempts to control as much as possible to limit possible effects or explanations. it is the variable that may have an impact on the dependent variable.

Kinesiology

the study of movement

Why do we do research?

to find the truth

Why do research?

to search for truths and develop laws

Number of kids that are overweight ____ since 1980

tripled

Extreme obesity has increased _____ as fast as obesity itself

twice

Black swans

unpredictable event that defies prediction and is an outlier

The food pyramid

used to recommend that you should eat more cereals than fruit and vegetables. Also potatoes and green veggies were seen as interchangeable

Dependent variable

what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment. TYPICALLY MEASURED TO SEE WHAT HAPPENED IN EXPERIMENT OR DIFFERENCES IN GROUPS