Kin Nutrition Cypress College Chapter # 3

Read the introduction of the journal article. What is the proposed mechanism by which probiotic bacteria promote bowel regularity?

.

Carefully selecting your pizza toppings will improve your fiber intake in a small way, but you'll probably still need to look for additional ways to boost your fiber intake. Which of the following side dishes will help to boost your fiber intake at this meal?

1 cup of pasta and bean soup

Linda has been experiencing some problems with bowel regularity. She saw a commercial for a yogurt with added probiotics that claims to aid with digestion and alleviate bowel problems. What is a probiotic?

A probiotic contains specific types of bacteria that are intended to colonize the large intestine and thereby improve intestinal tract health.

In the cells, chemical reactions convert the energy in glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids into

ATP

What type of research design did the authors use to study the effects of Lactobacillus reuteri on bowel function?

Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial

Which of the following correctly traces the path of food through the gastrointestinal tract?

Esophagus → stomach → small intestine

When chyme enters the duodenum, gastric secretion increases.

FALSE

The two main causes of peptic ulcer disease are

Helicobacter pylori infection and heavy use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Which of the following is the correct order for the major parts of the gastrointestinal tract?

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach?

Pepsin

______ refers to the muscular contractions that move food along the gastrointestinal tract.

Peristalsis

One of Linda's work colleagues has organized a blood and plasma drive at the office and is inviting co-workers to participate. Linda's boss asks, "I don't mind giving blood, but what is plasma?" How would you answer her question?

Plasma is the fluid, extracellular portion of the circulating blood that contains blood serum and all blood-clotting factors.

What type of medication has been especially useful for treating persistent GERD?

Proton pump inhibitor

Examine Figures 1 and 2 in the Results section of the journal article. What do you observe?

Taking L. reuteri supplements increased the frequency of bowel movements.

An unfortunate consequence of a lifetime of uncontrolled diabetes is kidney damage. Some people with diabetes and kidney damage eventually need kidney dialysis, a process in which the person is hooked up to a machine that functions as the body's kidney(s). What is the primary role of the kidneys?

The kidneys remove waste from the body.

Linda has heard that the acidic environment of the stomach is similar to that of a car battery. If the stomach is so acidic, why doesn't the acid eat away at the stomach lining and cause holes in the stomach?

The stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it.

Gastrin functions to increase the production of HCl in the stomach.

True

As you select your pizza, look for slices with extra vegetables or fruit. This will increase fiber content by about 1 gram per slice. If the restaurant offers pizza with whole grain crust, this would also add about 1 gram of fiber per slice. Which of the following pizza options contributes the most fiber?

Veggie Pizza

The digestive system not only processes the foods we eat but it is also the site of some nutrient production. Which two nutrients are produced by bacteria that live in the large intestine?

Vitamin K & biotin

In human physiology, ______ of the same type join together to form ______, which in turn form more complex structures called ______.

cells; tissues; organs

A common cause of constipation is

chronically ignoring bowel urges.

A condition characterized by difficult or infrequent bowel movements is

constipation

Glucose, protein, glycerol, and long-chain fatty acids are absorbed from the small intestine directly into the bloodstream.

false

The molecules in a solid lump of sugar do not move.

false

Lipids are broken down into

fatty acids and glycerol.

Carbohydrates are broken down into

glucose.

Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to

hydrochloric acid in chyme.

The best way to treat a mild case of constipation is to

increase fiber and fluid intakes.

Linda has a history of ulcers and lately has been experiencing heartburn and occasional ulcerative flare-ups. She may benefit from all of the following diet/lifestyle changes except

increasing consumption of milk and cream to coat stomach.

All absorbed nutrients eventually travel to the

liver

What organ produces bile?

liver

Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of

molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

Involuntary muscle contractions which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract are called

peristalsis.

In human metabolism, an aerobic process is one that

requires oxygen.

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the

small intestine.

The primary site of nutrient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is the

small intestine.

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the

stomach.

Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its environment.

true

Proteins are made of amino acids.

true