KINE 2375 Chapter 1
What three things are considered to make something an ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT?
-A DEFICIENCY DISEASE results if the nutrient is missing -when added back to the diet, abnormal physiological changes are corrected -there is an explanation about why the abnormalities occurred when the substance was missing
What are the major functions of WATER?
-maintenance of fluid balance -regulation of body temperature -elimination of wastes -transportation of substances -participation in many chemical reactions
What are the major functions of LIPIDS?
-major source of energy (fat) -cellular development, physical growth and development -regulation of body processes (certain hormones, for example) -growth and development of the brain -absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
What are the major functions of CARBOHYDRATES?
-major source of energy (most forms) -maintenance of normal blood glucose levels -elimination of solid wast from gastrointestinal tract (fiber)
What does the Healthy People in 2020 initiative from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services include? (this was put out in 2011)
-national health promotion and disease prevention goals to be met by 2020 -nutrition related objectives are included -focus is to prevent obesity and chronic health problems reduce the proportion of adults who are obese increase the contribution of fruits to the diets of the population aged 2 years and older increase the contribution of whole grains to the diets of the population aged 2 years and older reduce consumption of calories from solid fats and added sugars
What are the major functions of PROTEINS?
-production of structural components such as cell membranes, and functional components such as enzymes -cellular development, growth and maintenance -regulation of body processes (certain hormones for example) -transportation of substances within the blood -energy (normally a minor source)
What are the major functions of VITAMINS?
-regulation of body processes -immune function -productions and maintenance of cells -protection against agents that can damage cellular components
What are the major functions of MINERALS?
-regulation of body processes, including fluid balance and energy metabolism -formation of certain chemical messengers -formation of structural and functional components of various substances and tissues -cellular development, growth and maintenance
6 Key Nutrient Concepts
1. Most foods are mixtures of nutrients 2. variety, moderation, and balance can help ensure a diet's nutritional adequacy 3. food is the best source of nutrients 4. foods and the nutrients they contain are not cure-alls 5. malnutrition includes overnutrition as well as undernutrition 6. nutrition is a dynamic science
EXAMPLE OF HOW TO CALCULATE CALORIE CONTENT What are the two steps?
1. determine how many kcal are provided by each type of micronutrient. 2. add the individual kcal from macronutrients to determine the total
What three things should we learn about to eat well?
1. nutritional value of food 2. effects of diet on health 3. changing our ingrained food-related behaviors
LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE US
23.4% Heart disease 22% Cancer 5.7% Chronic lower respiratory infections 5.4% Accidents 5.2% Stroke 4.1 % Alzheimer's disease 2.9 % diabetes 2.1% influenza and pneumonia 1.8% kidney disease 1.6% suicide 25.8% all other causes
Concept 1 Energy-dense food has a kcal-to-weight ratio of _________ or higher
4.0
What percent of total body weight is water?
50-70%
What are the factors that influence food choice?
Age Sensory Information Internal Sensations Cognitive and psychological factors Environmental factors
What is the definition of a CALORIE? Is it a big unit of measurement? What units is it reported in?
CALORIE - amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g (1 mL) of water 1 degree Celcius It is a small unit of measurement Food energy is reported in 1000 calorie units (kilocalorie)
What are CHRONIC DISEASE and what are three examples?
CHRONIC DISEASES are long-term conditions that usually take many years to develop and have complex causes Heart disease Diabetes Cancer
CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS: What are they and when do they become essential?
CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS are normally not essential but become essential under certain conditions. Happen because of -Metabolic disorders -serious illness -during prenatal development
What are the six categories of nutrients?
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water
Elements in Nutrients What elements are in Carbohydrates?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Elements in Nutrients What elements are in Proteins?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
Elements in Nutrients What elements are in Vitamins?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous, Cobalt
Elements in Nutrients What elements are in Lipids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen
What 2 nutrients can be synthesized by the body from food?
Cholesterol and Fats
Describe the factor in food selection - cognitive and psychological factors
Cognitive factors past experiences cultural practices religious teachings Psychological factors stress level mood : depression, anxiety
What is DEFICIENCY DISEASE? What are signs? What are symptoms?
DEFICIENCY DISEASE - a state of health characterized by certain abnormal physiological changes that occur when the body lacks a nutrient signs - the physical changes associated a disease state that are observable or measurable symptoms - subjective complaints of ill health that are difficult to observe and measure.
Concept 3 What are DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS? What did the DIETARY SUPPLEMENT HEALTH AND EDUCATION ACT OF 1994 do? Is there rigorous testing for supplements?
DIETARY SUPPLEMENT - product that contains a vitamin, mineral, herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake DIETARY SUPPLEMENT HEALTH AND EDUCATION ACT OF 1994 - allows manufacturers to classify nutrient supplements and herbal products as foods. There are NOT rigorous testing procedures for supplements before they are sold on the market.
Concept 1 What are EMPTY CALORIES? Examples
EMPTY-CALORIE food supplies excessive calories from unhealthy types of fate, added sugar and/or alcohol candy snack chips alcoholic or sugar-sweetened drinks
What are ENERGY-DENSITY? Which foods are most energy dense? Which foods have low energy density?
ENERGY-DENSITY refers to the amount of energy a food provides per given weight of the food -FATTY foods have high energy density because fat supplies the most energy per gram -FRUITS and VEGETABLES have low energy density because water supplies no energy for the body
What three things does the body use nutrients for?
Energy Growth and development Regulation of processes
T or F The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates dietary supplements as strictly as prescription medication. What does the FDA do is a supplement risks harm?
False. The FDA does not regulate dietary supplements as strictly as prescription medications -if a supplement presents risks of harm, the FDA alerts consumers and seeks to recall products.
Why study nutrition?
Food is a basic human need for survival
CONCEPT 4 Foods and nutrients they contain are not all cure-alls Diet is only one aspect that influences a person's health What are FUNCTIONAL FOODS?
Functional foods are manufactured to boost nutrient intake or help manage specific health problems
Elements in Nutrients What elements are in water?
Hydrogen and Oxygen
What type of nutrients are INORGANIC?
INORGANIC - does not contain carbon Minerals Water
Describe the factor in food selection - environmental factors
Income location of home availability of food relationships marketing
Describe the factor in food selection - Age
Infants and young children rely on caregivers Teenagers more control over diet Young adults broaden food choices Older adults may have limited food choices due to health concerns
How can you calculate the Kcal in a diet without the bomb calorimeter?
Know the amounts of micronutrients and alcohol in the food or beverage 1g of carbohydrates has 4 kcal 1g of protein has 4 kcal 1g of fat had 9 kcal 1g of alcohol had 7 kcal
Define LIFESTYLE and what are two examples? How does lifestyle affect chronic disease?
LIFESTYLE - a routine way of living examples: dietary practices and exercise habits A person's lifestyle may increase or reduce chances of developing a chronic disease or delay their occurrence
What are MACRONUTRIENTS. Which nutrients are macronutrients?
MACRONUTRIENTS - nutrients that the body needs in large amounts Carbohydrates Fats Proteins
CONCEPT 5 What is MALNUTRITION? What would people select a diet leading to malnutrition?
MALNUTRITION - a state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished - overnutrition - undernutrition select because: lack of knowledge low or fixed income eating disorders alcohol or drug addiction medical problems
SPECIAL DIETS What are MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPIES? What are the factors to consider?
MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPIES - nutritionally modified diets for people with chronic health conditions. - can be planned by registered dietitians or registered dietitian nutritionists factors current health status occupation food likes and dislikes budget support systems ability to access and prepare food
Most foods do not contain toxic levels of vitamins and minerals What is a MEGADOSE? What happens when you have one?
MEGADOSE - an amount of vitamins or minerals that is very high, general at least 10 times the recommended amount of the nutrient -when taken in high amounts, many vitamins behave like drugs and can produce unpleasant and even toxic side effects. compared to vitamins, minerals, generally have a very narrow ranges of safe intakes
Cells use nutrients to carry out metabolic activities. What is METABOLISM?
METABOLISM - the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells
What are MICRONUTRIENTS? Which nutrients are micronutrients?
MICRONUTRIENTS are nutrients that the body needs in very small amounts. Vitamins Minerals
What is the body composition of males? Water Fat Protein Minerals Carbohydrates
Men - Water - 62% Fat - 16% Protein - 16% Minerals - 6% Carbohydrates - less than 1%
FOOD AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY Most foods are sources of ____________ ________________. Every cell in the body needs ______ to carry out its activities People need to _________ __________ in foods and beverages to survive.
Most foods are sources of BIOLOGICAL FUELS Every cell in the body needs ENERGY to carry out its activities People need to CONSUME ENERGY in foods and beverages to survive
Concept 1 - What are NUTRIENT-DENSE FOODS? Give some examples
NUTRIENT DENSE food supplies more key beneficial nutrients in relation to total calories (nutrients per gram of kcal) brocolli leafy greens fat-free milk oranges lean meats whole-grain cereals
NUTRIENTS - what are they and why are they necessary?
Nutrients - the life-sustaining substances found in food necessary for growth, maintenance, repair of body cells
What one element is contained in things that are called ORGANIC? What nutrients is that element in?
ORGANIC refers to compounds that contain carbon CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS VITAMINS
What five elements make up 98% of the human body?
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium
What is the PHYSIOLOGICAL DOSE of a nutrient?
PHYSIOLOGICAL DOSE of a nutrient is the amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally
What are PHYTOCHEMICALS? Examples? Are all phytochemicals beneficial?
PHYTOCHEMICALS - substances in plants that are not nutrients but may have healthful benefits Examples: caffeine and beta-carotene Not all phytochemicals are beneficial - examples, Nicotine, Ricin (poison) and Oxalic acid
What two things are poor dietary practices associated with? To live longer, what must we do?
Poor dietary practices associated with obesity type 2 diabetes To live longer, we must IMPROVE THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF OUR DIETS
Beverage Comparison. 8 oz of fat-free milk and sugar-sweetened soft drinks have similar calorie contents, the milk contains considerably more of what 5 things?
Protein Riboflavin Vitamin A Calcium Phosphorus
What are RISK FACTORS? What are the risk factors of chronic disease?
RISK FACTORS - personal characteristics that increase a person's chances of developing a chronic disease Genetic background Family history Unsafe environmental conditions Psychological factors Lack of access to health care Advanced age Unhealthy lifestyle
Example of DEFICIENCY DISEASE : Scurvy What is lacking to cause Scurvy? What signs happen when a person gets Scurvy? What happens when the missing element is reintroduced into the diet?
Scurvy - lacking vitamin C -Gums bleed when brushing teeth. Wounds heal slowly -When the person starts getting vitamin C, signs and symptoms of scurvy disappear
Elements in Nutrients What elements are in Minerals?
Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Molybdenum, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Chlorine, Seleniuim, Iodine, Flourine
T/F Men and women have similar amounts of vitamins, minerals, and carbohydrates?
TRUE
T/F Women have less water and protein and more fat
TRUE
Concept 2 Define: VARIETY MODERATION BALANCE
Variety - a diet that contains foods from each food group Moderation - eating reasonable amounts of each food Balance - a level of calorie intake that enables a person to maintain a healthy weight
CONCEPT 1 - Most foods are mixtures of nutrients What is the major nutrient in most foods? Do all foods have nutritional value?
WATER is the major nutrient in most foods All foods have some nutritional value, some are healthier than others
What is the body composition of females? water fat protein minerals carbohydrates
Women - Water - 57 % Fat - 25 % Protein - 13% Minerals 5 % Carbohydrates - less than 1%
What is an ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT? What is the most essential nutrient?
a nutrient that must be provided in the diet because the body cannot synthesize it. WATER IS THE MOST ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT
Define DIET
a person's usual pattern of food choices
What is a DIRECT CALORIMETRY or bomb?
a small chamber surrounded by a jacket of water. An electric spark ignites the food and, under the conditions inside the bomb, the food burns completely. As the food burns, it releases heat, which raises the temperature of the water in the surrounding chamber. A thermometer measures the increased water temperature, and scientists use this information to determine the number of calories in the food.
What is a BOMB CALORIMETER?
device used to measure the calorie content of foods and beverages
What are the leading causes of death in the US? (several of the leading causes are diet-related)
heart disease and cancer make up about 50%
Describe the factor in food selection - sensory information
humans rely on sensory information to develop personal food likes and dislikes: Taste Texture Odor Appearance
CONCEPT 2 Variety, moderation and balance can help ensure a diet's ____________ _______________
nutritional adequacy
Nutrients are sources of elements needed by the body to carry out its activities. What are ELEMENTS?
substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary or physical means
What is a KILOCALORIE?
the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g (1L) of water 1 degree Celsius
Define NUTRITION
the scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them
CONCEPT 3 Food is the best source of nutrients -Reliable -Economical -contains phytochemicals When could supplemental nutrients be required?
when an individual needs higher amounts of vitamins and other nutrients than are found in food
