Kinesiology 105- Midterm Review
What acts as a sling to support the spinal cord as it enters the vertebral column?
Tectorial membrane
Explain Pelvic rotation in transverse plane
1. in the anatomical position (neutral), both ASISs are in the same plane (frontal) 2. With forward rotation, the right side of the pelvis moves forward; this causes the left side of pelvis to rotate around femur (femoral head) resulting in L hip medial rotation
Rectus Abdominis N
7-12 intercostal nerves
Transverse Abdominis N
7-12 intercostal, iliohypogastric , and ilioinguinal
Internal Obliques N
8-12 INTERCOSTAL Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal nerves
External Obliques N
8-12 intercostal nerves Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal
Internal Obliques I
8-12 ribs; linea alba
which of the following statements is NOT correct about the iliofemoral ligament of the hip? a. it attaches to the anterior superior iliac spine b. it is known as the Y ligament c. it limits hip internal rotation in hip extension d. it limits hip external rotation in hip flexion
it attaches to the anterior superior iliac spine
having a client bend the hips and knees to do sit-ups for abdominal strengthening instead of keeping the legs straight serves what purpose?
makes the stronger hip flexors actively insufficient
Lateral Pterygoid O
Lateral pterygoid plate and greater wing of the sphenoid
What is the intercostal space?
Area between the ribs where the muscles are located
Scalenes (Anterior/Middle/Posterior) I
First and second Ribs
Diaphragm A
Inspiration
Spinal curve that is convex posteriorly
Kyphosis
Narrowing of the vertebral canal at one or more segments
Stenosis
An individual with an injury at C3 or above cannot ___________
breathe unassisted (will depend on a respirator)
name two ligaments that help prevent anterior shearing of L5 on S2
iliolumbar ligament and lumbosacral ligament
Any amount of lateral curve in the spine
scoliosis
AKA the 'windpipe'
The trachea
Masseter N
Trigeminal Nerve (Mandibular branch- Cranial nerve V)
Cervical retraction is a combination of which cervical movements? A. upper cervical extension and lower cervical extension B. upper cervical flexion and lower cervical flexion C. upper cervical extension and lower cervical flexion D. upper cervical flexion and lower cervical extension
upper cervical flexion and lower cervical extension
Dermatomes: Using the Photo Identify what dermatome corresponds to the number: 1 - 12 (L1-S3)
1. L1 2. S2 3 S3 4. L2 5 L3 6 L4 8 L5 10 L5 11 S1 12 L4
Quadratus Lumborum N
12th Thoracic - 1st Lumbar nerves
Quadratus Lumborum I
12th rib, transverse processes of all 5 lumbar vertebrae
The manubriosternal joint is attached to rib: A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
2
Transverse Foramen
Holes/openings in the transverse process of each cervical vertebra - through which the vertebral artery passes
Abdominal Aponeurosis
A sheet like tendon connecting the oblique and transverse abdominis muscles to their attachments to the linea alba
What are the synonymous terms for following TMJ motions? A. Opening Jaw B. Closing Jaw C. Moving Jaw Posteriorly D. Moving Jaw Anteriorly E. Moving Jaw Side to Side
A. Depression B. Elevation C. Retrusion/retraction D. Protrusion/Protraction E. Lateral Deviation
Dermatomes: Using the Photo Identify what dermatome corresponds to the letter: A-Z (L1-S5)
A. L1 B. L2 C. L3 D. L4 E. L5 F. S1 G. S2 H. S3 I. S4 J. S5 K L5 L L1 M. L2 N. L3 O S1 P S2 Q S1 R S2 S. L4 T S1 W. L4 Z. L5
Cervical rotation as in shaking head "no" occurs at what joint?
AA joint- Atlantoaxial Joint C1&C2
The angle between the shaft and the neck of the femur in the frontal plane; normally 125 degrees.
Angle of inclination
Masseter I
Angle of the ramus and coronoid process of mandible
The angle between the shaft and the neck of the femur in the transverse plane; normally between 15 and 25 degrees
Angle of torsion
Is a chronic inflammation of the vertebral column and sacro-iliac jointsEventually leads to fusionProgressive rheumatic disease that leads to loss of spinal mobility
Ankylosing spondylitis
a spinal pathology characterized by chronic inflammation of the vertebral column and SI joints is which of the following?
Ankylosing spondylitis
the outer portion of the intervertebral disk consisting of several concentrically arranged fibrocartilaginous rings that serve to contain the nucleus pulposus
Annulus Fibrosus
Explain the force couples in anterior.
Anterior: (back extensors/ hip flexors) The back extensors and hip flexors work together to provide movement and control. During anterior pelvic tilting the erector spinae contract and pull hips up (posteriorly) and hip flexors anteriorly pull the hips down.
A bony deformity of the femur in which the angle of torsion is increased resulting in a position of internal rotation of the leg
Anteversion
The anterior portion on the atlas
Anterior Arch
runs down the vertebral column on the anterior surface of the bodies and tends to prevent excessive hyperextension. It is thin superiorly and thick inferiorly, where it fuses to the sacrum. It is found in the thoracic and lumbar regions just deep to the aorta.
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
What are the Anterior/ Posterior Neck muscles?
Anterior Neck Muscle: SCM Scalenes (3) Prevertebrals (4) Posterior Neck Muscles: Erector spinae (3) Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis Suboccipitals (4)
Kneeling on your hands and knees, let your trunk sag downward. What is the position of the pelvis?
Anterior Pelvic Tilt
Name the Suprahyoid muscle group- and what is there prime job?
Assist in Depressing Mandible Mylohyoid Geniohyoid Stylohyoid Digastric
alveolus (alveoli)
At the end of the bronchial tree; the alveoli is where exchange of O2 for carbon dioxide and vice versa
Which segment of the neck contributes most to cervical rotation? A. Atlanto-occipital joint B. Atlantoaxial joint C. C4-C5 D. C7-T1
Atlantoaxial joint
Articulations between the Atlas and the Axis are the ...
Atlantoaxial joints - AA
TMJ Ligaments Where are is located? What does it do/ Limit? Sphenomandibular ligament
Attaches -spine of sphenoid bone and runs to middle of ramus on internal surface of mandible Suspends the mandible limits excessive anterior motion
Where is the Costal cartilage?
Bars of hyaline cartilage that connect the ribs to the sternum. They provide the elasticity allowing the rib cage mobility needed during the phases of respiration.
Biting off a tough piece of bread is usually done by placing it on one side of the mouth. a. The biting action requires what motion of the TMJ?
Biting requires mandibular elevation
Where does the majority of rotation occur after the atlantoaxial joint? A. Atlanto-occipital joint B. Thoracic joint C. C2 to C7 D. C2 to C3
C2 to C7
Innervation of splenius capitis?
C2-C8 Dorsal rami
What is the action of the longus capitis a. Capital extension b. Cervical extension c. Capital flexion d. Cervical flexion
Capital flexion
Diaphragm I
Central Tendon
ROM Norms for Cervical spine Cervical Extension
Cervical Extension 0-45
ROM Norms for Cervical spine Cervical Flexion
Cervical Flexion 0-45
ROM Norms for Cervical spine Cervical Lateral Flexion
Cervical Lateral Flexion 0-45
ROM Norms for Cervical spine Cervical Rotation
Cervical Rotation 0-60
What is the action of the longus colli? a. Capital flexion b. Capital extension c. Cervical flexion d. Cervical extension
Cervical flexion
A position of upper cervical extension and lower cervical flexion
Cervical protraction
A position of upper cervical flexion and lower cervical extension
Cervical retraction
Occur when the head suddenly and violently hyperextends and then flexes (whiplash).
Cervical sprains
Lie supine in a comfortable position with a pillow under your knees and head. Place your right hand on your upper chest and your left hand on your stomach, just below your ribs. Breathe in slowly through your nose with your mouth closed.a. What type of breathing is occurring in your right hand is moving up and down?
Chest breathing
Define each of the following vertebral pathologies: Spondylosis
Degenerative disorder (Spinal Osteoarthritis) Results from bony spurs, thickening of ligaments and decreased disk height from the loss of water in the nucleus pulposus.
A position of the sacrum in which the base is posterior to the coccyx
Counternutation
A bony deformity in which the head of the femur is angled away from the shaft of the femur; also called an increased angle of inclination
Coxa Valga
Transverse Abdominis A
Compression of abdomen
Temporalis Insertion
Coronoid process and ramus of mandible
A bony deformity in which the head of the femur is angled toward the shaft of the femur; also called a decreased angle of inclination
Coxa Vara
Identify the position of the pelvis in the following activity; lying supine bring your right leg up to your chest. What position is the pelvis in?
Posterior Pelvic Tilt
What muscles work like a pulley?
Digastric and Omohyoid
Someone with spinal stenosis will respond better to what type of exercises and why?
Flexion- it creates more space for the spinal cord and spinal nerves
External Intercostals A
Elevate ribs during inspiration
What motion does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent?
Extension
the erector spinae are prime movers in which of the following motions?
Extension and lateral bend
Articulations between adjacent vertebral articular processes
Facet Joint
What is another name for articular process?
Facet joint
Linea Alba
Fibrous band running vertically in the midline from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis Provides attachment for the transverse abdominis and two oblique muscles
Longus Capitis A
Flexes head and upper neck- Capital Flexion
Rectus Capitis Anterior A
Flexes head, stabilizes AO Joint
Longus Colli A
Flexes neck and assists in lateral bending. Cervical Flexion
Opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord enters the cranium
Foramen Magnum
Occurs when an individual is working very hard, needs a great deal of O2, and is in a state of 'air hunger'
Forced inspiration
The muscles of quiet and deep inspiration are working, as are muscles that stabilize or elevate the shoulder girdle
Forced inspiration
What plane are the articular processes in for the thoracic vertebrae?
Frontal
What associated hip joint motion is occurring when the pelvic tilts posteriorly
Hip Extension
involuntary spasms of the diaphragm accompanied by rapid closure of the glottis
Hiccups
Erector Spinae prime movements are
Lateral flexion and extension
Lateral Pterygoid I
Mandibular condyle and articular disk
What muscle makes up the fullness of the posterior portion of the cheek?
Masseter
Bony prominence behind the ear to which the sternocleidomastoid muscle attaches
Mastoid Process
Sternocleidomastoid I
Mastoid process
Name the three AA joints
Median AA joint Lateral AA joint (2)
Splenius Capitis N
Middle and lower cervical nerves
The ridge running horizontally along the back of the head from the occipital protuberance toward the mastoid process
Nuchal Line
The spinal ligament that runs posteriorly along the vertebral bodies inside the vertebral foramen
Posterior longitudinal lig
Temporalis Fossa- made up of
Parietal, Temporal, frontal, and sphenoid bone
The bony landmark of the vertebra that makes up the anterior portion of the neural arch is called the
Pedicle
The structure composed of the sacrum, coccyx, and ilia. Also called the pelvis.
Pelvic girdle
What is NOT a function of the 23 disks in the vertebral column a. Improve flexibility b. Shock absorption c. Tansmit shock d. Protection
Protection
Thoracolumbar Fascia
Provides a broad area of facial attachment posteriorly for the erector spinae and lats
________________ is the result of changes in thoracic volume
Respiration
TMJ Ligaments Where are is located? What does it do/ Limit? Stylomandibular ligament
Runs from styloid process of temporal bone to the posterior inferior border of ramus. Lies between masseter and medial pterygoid muscles Limits excessive anterior motion
What plane are the articular processes in for the lumbar vertebrae?
Sagittal
Cervical extension takes place in what plane and around what axis?
Sagittal Plane around frontal axis
Cervical hyperextension takes place in what plane and around what axis
Sagittal Plane around frontal axis
The articular processes in lumbar area positioned in the ____________ plane and favor ________ & __________ movement.
Sagittal; Flexion& extension
Which muscle originates on the transverse processes of the cervical vertebra and inserts on the first and second ribs?
Scalene
A rotational deformity of the vertebral column, characterized by curvature of the spine
Scoliosis
Sternocleidomastoid O
Sternum and Clavicle
What is the lumbosacral angle? When does it increase & decrease?
The angle is responsible for lumbar lordosis, and indirectly responsible for the entire spinal curve. Having a good lumbosacral angle will give you the best degree of curve throughout the rest of the spine (optimal angle is 30 degrees). This angle is determined by drawing a single parallel line to the ground and a perpendicular line along the base of sacrum. As the pelvis anteriorly tilts, the lumbosacral angle increases; and the opposite takes place as the angle decreases, the pelvis tilts posteriorly.
Anterior atlantooccipital membrane is an extension of what?
The anterior longitudinal ligament
1. Describe what forms the atlanto-occipital joint and the primary movements that you see at this joint.
The atlanto-occipital joint is made up of the and Occipital bone articulating atlas (superior articular processes to the condyles of the occiput) creating the motion of flexion/extension of the cervical spine as in nodding yes.
The costovertebral and costotransverse joints involve what bony structures?
The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the heads of the ribs (costovertebral joint), and the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the tubercles of the ribs (costotransverse joint).
Describe the TMJ joint in terms of bony articulation, discs, and arthrokinematics.
The bones that make up the TMJ joint include; mandible, temporal, and surrounding bones (sphenoid, zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch, maxilla). The joint capsule and ligaments surrounding the articulation allow for slight movement to occur (elevation/depression/ deviation) but also keeps it stabilized. Depression- is the opening of the jaw; anterior rotation of the mandibular condyle of the disk, sliding the disk and condyle forward and downward. Frontal axis Elevation- the closing of the jaw; it involves sliding of the disk and condyle posteriorly and superiorly and occurs around frontal axis in sagittal plane Protrusion/retrusion- is the anterior and posterior movement in the horizontal plane. No rotation takes place but forward and backward motion of all parts of mandible are equal Lateral movement - occurs in horizontal plane around vertical axis. Condyle rotates in the articular fossa while the other condyle glides forward. Movement of the mandible toward the left, requires the left condyle to spin and right condyle to glide forward.
The chondrosternal joints involve what structures?
The chondrosternal joint is the articulation of the costal cartilage of ribs 1-7 with the sternum
What makes up the Nasal Cavity?
The ethmoid, sphenoid, and a small part of the frontal bone form the roof of the nasal cavity
Motion occurs at the lumbosacral joint when the pelvis tilts anteriorly and posteriorly and at what other distal joint?
The hip joints
The line of pull of the right and left external intercostal muscle muscles forms a V shape in front similar to the right and left external obliques. However, in the back, they have the opposite line of pull. Why?
The line of pull does not change from front to back, but the muscle moves 180 degrees around the rib cage, giving the appearance of changing direction from front to back.
Sit in a chair with your elbows supported on the armrests. Place your right hand on the left side of your chest with your fingers pointing up toward the left shoulder. Take a deep breath. What accessory breathing muscle is working?
The pectoralis major is assisting in deep inspiration by pulling up on the ribs.
What is the functional significance with regard to respiration between a person with a C3 spinal cord injury and a person with an injury at C5?
The person with a C3 injury will not have an innervated diaphragm; they will need the assistance of a ventilator to breathe. A person with a C5 injury will have a neurologically intact diaphragm and can breathe without mechanical assistance.
Biting off a tough piece of bread is usually done by placing it on one side of the mouth. c. Which side of the jaw experiences some compression?
The same side the bread is on- ipsilateral side
Sit in a chair with your elbows supported on the armrests. Place your right hand on the left side of your chest with your fingers pointing up toward the left shoulder. Take a deep breath. What type of chain activity is occurring?
This is a closed chain activity.
A condition characterized by compression of the blood vessels and nerves located between the neck and axilla
Thoracic outlet syndrome
What is another term for Adam's Apple?
Thyroid Cartilage
The concentric contration of the right QL would cause the pelvis to laterally tilt to which side?
To the left
Define each of the following vertebral pathologies: Spondylolisthesis
Usually results from a fx, or giving way, of a defective pars interarticularis One vertebra slips forward in relation to an adjacent vertebra, usually L5 slipping anterior on S1
How does your body stabilize the trunk?
When the spinal flexors and extensors perform a cocontraction, this creates a downward pull that compresses the vertebrae together This compression makes the vertebrae less prone to unwanted shearing movements and helps to keep the spine stable
Rectus Abdominis I
Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
Diaphragm O
Xiphoid process, ribs, lumbar vertebrae
If a person is standing erect and flexes the trunk on the hip, the center of mass will move __________ and the line of gravity moves __________ within the base of support. A. anterior; anterior B. anterior; posterior C. posterior; anterior D. posterior; posterior
anterior; anterior
During deep inspiration, the upper rib cage expands more in a(n) ____ direction and the lower rib cage expands more in a(n) ____ direction. A. anterior; lateral B. inferior; superior C. lateral; anterior D. superior; inferior
anterior; lateral
a. Blowing up a balloon b. Holding your breath for the count of 15 c. Sneezing d. Whistling a tune e. Sitting quietly
a. Forced inspiration followed by forced expiration b. Deep inspiration c. Forced expiration d. Forced expiration e.Quit inspiration and expiration
Biting off a tough piece of bread is usually done by placing it in one side of the mouth. a. the biting action requires what motion of the TMJ? b. Which side of the jaw experiences some distraction? c. Which side experiences compression?
a. Mandibular Elevation b. side opposite the bread c. same side as bread
a newborn has approx. 30'" to 40" of femoral neck _______. This ______ about 1.5" per year until skeletal maturity a. anteversion; decreases b. anteversion; increases c. retroversion; decreases d. retroversion; increases
anteversion; decreases
What pelvic girdle motions occur in the following? a. Sagittal plane around frontal axis b. Frontal plane around sagittal axis c. transverse plane around vertical axis
a. anterior/ posterior pelvic tilt b. lateral tilt c. pelvic tilt
Associated hip joint motion occurs a. anterior tilt b. posterior tilt c. lateral tilt
a. flexion b. extension c. Adduction on WB side Abduction on NWB side
Sit in a good posture position with hands on each side of your jaw. Move jaw from side to side against slight resistance. a. What is the joint motion? b. What type of contraction (isometric, concentric or eccentric) is occurring? c. What muscles are responsible for moving to the right?
a. mandibuar lateral deviation b. concentric c. right temporalis and masseter, left medial and lateral pterygoid
Sit in a good posture position with your thumb beneath your chin. Open your mouth against slight pressure. a. What is the joint motion? b. What type of contraction (isometric, concentric or eccentric) is occurring? c. What muscles are responsible for moving to the right?
a. mandibular depression b. concentric c. lateral pterygoid
Actions of the medial pterygoid include: A. depresses and contralaterally deviates B. depresses and ipsilaterally deviates C. elevates and contralaterally deviates D. elevates and ipsilaterally deviates
elevates and contralaterally deviates
using a cane on the ____ side of a hip injury helps to reduce weight-bearing on the involved side by 15%. It is also instrumental in activating the ______ on the cane side to assist the ___ muscles on the involved side to overcome gravitational torque. a. contralateral; latissimus dorsi; abductor b. contralateral; piriformis; adductor c. ipsilateral; latissimus dorsi; adductor d. ipsilateral; piriformis; abductor
contralateral; latissimus dorsi; abductor
Medial and lateral expansion of the thorax can be compared to ___________motion
bucket handle
Intervertebral articulations are composed of _____________ & ________________
cartilaginous joints (intervertebral joints) and facet joints
In the human adult spine, lordotic curves naturally occur in the:
cervical and lumbar regions
Axial extension is also known as what?
cervical retraction
Thoracic and sacral curves are ______________ posteriorly and _______________ anteriorly.
convex & concave
The head of the femur is _____ and the acetabulum is _____. A. concave; concave B. concave; convex C. convex; concave D. convex; convex
convex; concave
a decreased lumbosacral angle causes the anterior shearing force of L5 on S1 to increase/decrease...
decrease
The primary muscles during respiration are the ________ and the ______________.
diaphragm & intercostal muscles
the upper 7 ribs (true ribs)= attach _______________
directly to the sternum
The seventh rib articulates with the ______ and ______ vertebral bodies. A. fifth; sixth B. fifth; seventh C. seventh; eighth D. eighth; ninth
fifth; seventh
which is the best instruction to most effectively stretch the left sternocleidomastoid muscle?
flex and laterally bend to the right; rotate to the left side
when you instruct a client in a "chin tuck" exercise, which of the following is occurring with the head muscles?
head flexors are being strengthened; head extensors are being stretched
The air flows from ________ pressure to________ pressure until pressure is equalized
higher , lower
The rectus femoris muscle contributes to: A. hip abduction and knee extension B. hip adduction and knee flexion C. hip extension and knee flexion D. hip flexion and knee extension
hip flexion and knee extension
The ligament that connects spinous processes above and below is the:
interspinous ligament
Facet joints is a plane shaped synovial joint enclosed in a
joint capsular ligament
The muscle that has attachments to the articular disc is the: A. masseter B. medial pterygoid C. lateral pterygoid D. temporalis
lateral pterygoid
Based on the study by Delp et al., the piriformis muscle was determined to be a
lateral rotator in hip extension and a medial rotator in 90° of hip flexion
Muscles NOT attached to the superior and inferior borders of the ribs. A. external intercostal B. innermost intercostal C. internal intercostal D. outermost intercostal
outermost intercostal
What role does the transverse ligament play?
prevents dens from moving posteriorly
The two innominate bones articulate anteriorly via the: A. ischial tuberosity B. pubic symphysis C. sacroiliac
pubic symphysis
Cervical flexion occurs in what plane?
sagittal
the muscle of the cervical spine that is innervated by cranial nerve XI is the?
sternocleidomastoid
The thoracic (chest) cavity lies inside the __________
thorax
The trunk muscle whose primary function is a compression of abdominal contents is the?
transverse abdominis
The zygomatic arch is made up of which two bones?
zygomatic and temporal bones
The trachea, bronchi, and their subdivisions are sometimes referred to as the _____________
'bronchial tree'
During extension what 3 things occur (1) (2) (3)
(1) greater portion of the wb load is transferred to the facet joints (2) the posterior portion of the annulus is compressed causing the nucleus pulposus to move anteriorly (3) the size of the vertebral and intervertebral foramen decreases, thereby reducing the space of the neural structures in these regions
Scalenes (Anterior/Middle/Posterior) A
(B) Assists in neck flexion (U) neck lateral bending
Lateral Pterygoid A
(B) Depression, protrusion (U) contralateral deviation
Masseter A
(B) Elevation (U) Ipsilateral Lateral Deviation
MEDIAL Pterygoid A
(B) Elevation and Protrusion (U) Contralateral deviation
Temporalis Action
(B) Elevation, Retrusion (U) Ipsilateral lateral deviation
Splenius Capitis A
(B) Extend head and neck (U) Laterally bend and rotate the face to same side
Sternocleidomastoid A
(B) Flexes neck, hyperextends head (U) Laterally bends the neck; rotates face to opposite side
Internal Obliques A
(B) Trunk flexion and compression of abdomen (U) Lateral bending; rotation to same side
Splenius Cervicis A
(B) extend neck (U) laterally bend and rotate the face to same side
Erector Spinae Muscles A
(B) extend neck and trunk (U) Rotate head and laterally bend neck and trunk to same side
External Obliques A
(B) trunk flexion; compression of abdomen (U) lateral bending to same side; rotation to opposite side
During flexion (1)_____________, and (2)___________________________, causing the nucleus pulposus to move posteriorly, and (3) __________________________, affording greater space for the spinal cord and nerve roots in these regions.
1. The load shifts anteriorly placing greater compressive forces at the intervertebral disks 2. Anterior portion of the annulus fibrosus is compressed 3. The size of the vertebral foramen and the intervertebral foramen increases
Muscles attaching from spinous process to spinous process have a ____1______ line of pull. Muscles that run from transverse process to transverse process have a _____2_____ line of pull. Muscles attaching from rib to rib have the same line of pull as those attaching between transverse processes.
1. Vertical 2. Vertical line of pull; lateral to the midline
If the 5th & 7th cranial nerves were damaged, which would impair function of the TMJ more?
5th Cranial- Trigeminal
Sternocleidomastoid N
Accessory Nerve and Cervical Nerve 2&3
What is the nerve innervation for the Sternocleidomastoid
Accessory and cervical nerve II and III
A ring of fibrocartilage that lines the acetabulum and provides support to the femoral head
Acetabular Labrum
Which of the following is NOT considered part of the innominate? A. Acetabulum B. Ilium C. Ischium D. Pubis
Acetabulum
What ligament contributes to stopping cervical rotation at the atlantoaxial joint? A. Nuchal ligament B. Ligamentum flavum C. Alar ligament D. Transverse ligament
Alar ligament
Name 2 major anterior ligaments of the pelvis.
Anterior Sacro-iliac ligament: broad and flat on anterior surface; holds the anterior portion of the joint together. Interosseous Sacroiliac ligament: Deepest, shortest and strongest of the SI ligaments. It fills the roughened area above and behind the auricular surfaces. Connects the tuberosities of the ilium to sacrum
A position of the pelvis in which the anterior superior iliac spine lies anterior to the pubic symphysis
Anterior Tilt
What are the Anterior/ Posterior Trunk muscles?
Anterior Trunk Muscles Rectus Abdominis Transverse abdominis Internal Obliques External Obliques Posterior Trunk Muscles: Erector Spinae Transversospinalis Interspinales Intertransversarii
What motion of the pelvis is necessary for optimal lumbar-pelvic rhythm during trunk flexion? A. Posterior pelvic tilt B. Anterior pelvic tilt C. Lateral pelvic tilt D. Pelvic rotation
Anterior pelvic tilt
In the anatomical position majority of WB load goes through_______, and only a small part goes through the posterior portion (facet joints).
Anterior portion of the vertebral column
2 motions occur during mandibular depression: 1) disk and condyle glide forward and inferiorly and 2) the mandible rotates anteriorly on the disk. Which occurs first?
Anterior rotation of the mandibular condyle on the disk
broad, flat ligament on the anterior surface of pelvic connecting the ala and pelvic surface of sacrum to the auricular surface of the ilium
Anterior sacroiliac ligament
Lying in the same position, place one hand on your stomach and the other hand over your mouth. Cough. What muscles do you feel contract?
Anterior trunk muscles - rectus abdominis, external and internal oblique, and transverse abdominis
What pelvic girdle motions occur in the sagittal plane around the frontal axis?
Anterior/Posterior pelvic tilt
common type of fracture seen in those with osteoporosis is which of the following?
Compression fracture
Internal Intercostals A
Depress ribs during expiration
Lie supine in a comfortable position with a pillow under your knees and head. Place your right hand on your upper chest and your left hand on your stomach, just below your ribs. Breathe in slowly through your nose with your mouth closed.b. What type of breathing is occurring if your left hand is moving?
Diaphragmatic breathing
Explain the process of inhalation & exhalation as it relates to the diaphragm. When does the diaphragm contract concentrically?
During inhalation the diaphragm contracts and descends, during exhalation the diaphragm returns back to its normal position. During quiet inspiration, the diaphragm contracts concentrically.
How do (a) movements of the thorax and (b) movements of the diaphragm affect inspiration and expiration?
During inspiration, the ribs elevate and the diaphragm lowers, and during expiration, the ribs depress and the diaphragm muscles elevates.
Which muscle originates on the transverse process of a vertebra and inserts on the spinous process of the vertebra above?
Erector spinae
Obliquus Capitis Superior A
Extension and stabilization of AO joint
Rectus capitis posterior minor A
Extension and stabilize AO joint
Obliquus Capitis inferior A
Extension, Lateral bending, rotation to same side and stabilize AA joint
Rectus capitis posterior major A
Extension, lateral bending, rotation to same side and stabilize AO joint
Posterior portion of vertebra has 2 articulations (one on each side) called
Facet Joints other names : apophyseal or zygapophyseal joints
What associated lumbar motion occurs when the pelvic tilts posteriorly?
Flexion
What motion does the posterior longitudinal ligament prevent?
Flexion
The articular processes in thoracic area positioned in the ____________ plane and favor ________ & __________ .
Frontal; Rotation and lateral bending
What is the function of the oral cavity?
Functions of the soft palate: to close off the opening between the nasal and oral pharynx during swallowing, blowing, speech
What assosciated hip joints occur when the pelvic tilts anteriorly?
Hip Flexion
What associated hip joint motion is occurring when the pelvic tilts laterally
Hip abduction on the unsupported side and hip adduction to the supported/weight bearing side
What associated lumbar motion occurs when the pelvic tilts anteriorly?
Hyperextension
Quadratus Lumborum O
Iliac Crest
External Obliques O
Iliac Crest, pubic tubercle, and linea alba
Erector Spinae Muscles:
Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis
Which of the following hip ligaments is known as the "Y" ligament? A. Iliofemoral ligament B. Ischiofemoral ligament C. Pubofemoral ligament
Iliofemoral ligament
Name 2 ligaments that help revent anterior shearing of L5 and S1
Illiolumbar ligament; Lumbosacral Ligament
How do you increase trunk stability?
Increasing stability occurs when the intraabdominal pressure increases and forms a "corset" around the spine. To increase the pressure the abdominals compress the trunk anteriorly while the muscles that attach to the thoracolumbar fascia compress the trunk posteriorly
Internal Obliques O
Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
Transverse Abdominis O
Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, costal cartilages of last seven ribs
External Intercostals N
Intercostal Nerve T2-T6
Internal Intercostals N
Intercostal nerve T2-T6
Opening formed by the superior vertebral notch of the vertebra below and the inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra above
Intervertebral Foramen
Joints located between two adjacent vertebral bodies
Intervertebral joints
Define each of the following vertebral pathologies: Spondylolysis
Is a vertebral defect in the pars interarticularis (the part of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes). This defect is most commonly seen in L5
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the iliofemoral ligament of the hip?
It attaches to the anterior superior iliac spine.
During inhalation, explain what happens to the thorax & rib cage.
It contracts and descends, increasing the thoracic cavity- decreasing the pressure for the lungs to fill with air and expand; when the lungs expand it moves the rib cage up and out.
________________ are the most common sites for disk lesions and the _____________ & ___________ nerve roots are the most commonly affected
L4-L5; 4th and 5th lumbar
Located between the pharynx and the trachea (C4 through C6 anteriorly)
Larynx
TMJ Ligaments Where are is located? What does it do/ Limit? Temporomandibular lig
Lateral Ligament Anterior- attaches on neck of mandibular condyle and disk Superiorly- runs to articular tubercle of temporal bone Limits: downward, posterior, and lateral motions of mandible
What is the lateral trunk muscle
Lateral Muscles: QL
Splenius Capitis I
Lateral Occipital bone; Mastoid process
A deviation of the pelvis in the frontal plane in which one ilium is higher than the other
Lateral Tilt
What pelvic girdle motions occur in the frontal plane around the saggital axis?
Lateral Tilt
Explain the force couples in lateral tilting.
Lateral Tilting: (R hip abductors/ L trunk lateral benders) The force couples working together during lateral tilting are the opposite sides of the body; the right hip abductors move down the left lateral trunk benders pull up.
The quadratus lumborum is a prime mover in which of the following trunk motions?
Lateral bending
What associated lumbar motion occurs when the pelvic tilts laterally?
Lateral bending to the opposite side
Medial Pterygoid O
Lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone and tuberosity of the maxilla
Rectus Capitis Lateralis A
Laterally bends head and stabilizes AO Joint
The __________ bronchus is longer and narrower; it subdivides into two lobar bronchi
Left
What ligament connects the lamina above and below?
Ligamentum Flavum
Prevents downward movement of the sacrum
Long posterior sacroiliac ligament
Prevertebral Muscles:
Longus Colli Longus Capitis Rectus Capitis Anterior Rectus Capitis Lateralis Located deep and run anterior of the cervical vertebrae. Action: flexion either the neck or the head; GREATEST ROLE is maintaining postural control and tucking chin
Abnormally increased curve of the lumbar spineAKA 'swayback'
Lordosis
Spinal curve that is convex anteriorly
Lordosis
External Obliques I
Lower 8 ribs laterally
Scalenes (Anterior/Middle/Posterior) N
Lower cervical nerves C3-C8
Splenius Capitis O
Lower half of nuchal ligament; spinous processes of C7-T3
Which region usually moves first when bending forward? A. Thoracic region B. Lumbosacral region C. Pelvis alone D. Hip
Lumbosacral region
Forming the letter O with your lips requires what motion of the TMJ?
Mandibular Depression
Splenius Cervicis N
Middle and lower cervical nerves
Clenching your teeth requires what TMJ motion and involves what muscles?
Motion: Mandibular Elevation Muscle: Temporalis, Masseter, Medial Pterygoid
Innervations of the Muscles of Respiration
Muscles of respiration receive innervation from spinal nerves at various levels, primarily in the thoracic region
Name all the specific muscles that produce extension in the neck and the trunk.
Neck/Trunk Extensors • Splenius Capitis • Splenius Cervicis • Suboccipital's - head extension • Erector Spinae • Transversospinalis • Interspinales
gelatinous substance with a high water content in the center of the intervertebral disk. At birth it is approximately 80% water, decreasing to less than 70% at 60 years of age. This explains the individuals loses height with advance age.
Nucleus Pulposus
A position of the sacrum in which the base is anterior to the coccyx
Nutation
Suboccipital Muscles:
Obliquus Capitis Superior Obliquus Capitis inferior Rectus capitis posterior minor Rectus capitis posterior major
Located lateral to the foramen magnum on the occiput; provides articulation with the atlas (C1)
Occipital Condyles
Bone is removed faster than it can be laid down, resulting in decreased bone mass and density, making the bone more prone to fracture
Osteoporosis (OP)
Pelvic Girdle Movements Explain the following for Posterior pelvic tilt: > POR (point of reference) > Hip movement > Vertebral column movement
POR- ASIS Hip- Extension Vertebral Column- Flexion
Pelvic Girdle Movements Explain the following for Anterior pelvic tilt: > POR (point of reference) > Hip movement > Vertebral column movement
POR- ASIS Hip- Flexion Vertebral Column - Hyperextension
Pelvic Girdle Movements Explain the following for Backward Rotation pelvic tilt: > POR (point of reference) > Hip movement > Vertebral column movement
POR- NWB limb (Unsupported side) Hip- Lateral Rotation of WB side Vertebral Column- Rotates to opposite side
Pelvic Girdle Movements Explain the following for Forward rotation pelvic tilt: > POR (point of reference) > Hip movement > Vertebral column movement
POR- NWB limb (Unsupported side) Hip- Medial Rotation of WB side Vertebral Column- Rotation to opposite side
Pelvic Girdle Movements Explain the following for Lateral pelvic tilt: > POR (point of reference) > Hip movement > Vertebral column movement
POR- NWB limb (Unsupported side) Hip- WB side: Adduction NWB side: Abduction Vertebral Column- Lateral bending toward WB side
A position of the pelvis in the transverse plane in which one side is forward of the other
Pelvic rotation
Diaphragm N
Phrenic Nerve C3-C5
A position of the pelvis in which the anterior superior iliac spine lies posterior to the pubic symphysis
Posterior Tilt
The spinal ligament that runs posteriorly along the vertebral bodies inside the vertebral foramen..
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Upon return from the forward bent position, what should occur? A. Lumbar sacral extension followed by pelvic anterior rotation B. Lumbar sacral extension followed by pelvic posterior rotation C. Anterior pelvic rotation followed by lumbar extension D. Posterior pelvic rotation followed by lumbar extension
Posterior pelvic rotation followed by lumbar extension
Explain the force couples in posterior
Posterior: (hip extensors/Trunk flexors) The hip extensors and trunk flexors work together to provide movement and control. During posterior pelvic tilt the hip extensors pull the pelvis down and the trunk flexors lift the hips up shifting the ASIS posteriorly.
During "quiet" inspiration what are the 2 predominant muscles used? Name 3 more accessory muscles of inspiration.
Prime: Diaphragm & external intercostals Accessory: SCM, Scalenes, Pec Major/Pec Minor, Rhomboids, Levator Scapulae, Upper Traps
Name 5 muscles of "forced expiration" which help depress the ribs.
Prime: Diaphragm and Internal intercostals Accessory: Rectus Abdominis, External/Internal Obliques, Transverse Abdominis, QL
Rectus Abdominis O
Pubic Crest
Transverse Abdominis I
Pubic crest, abdominal aponeurosis and linea alba
When doing posterior pelvic tilt the Trunk Flexors contract ________________ while the hip extensors _________________________
Pull-up anteriorly; pull down posteriorly *pull in opposite direction to create tilt
the muscle that originates on the iliac crest and inserts on the 12th rib and transverse processes of T12 to L5 is the?
Quadratus lumborum
Occurs when an individual is resting or sitting quietly The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are the prime movers
Quiet Inspiration
Accessory Inspiratory Muscles: - These muscles assist the diaphragm and external intercostals in pulling up on the rib cage - Some of them have a reverse muscle action (pulling origin closer to insertion) - Elevation of the ribs and increase in size of the thoracic cavity via Quiet Inspiration (2) Deep Inspiration: (quiet + 5) Forced Inspiration: (quiet + Deep + 4)
Quiet Inspiration: Diaphragm & External Intercostals Deep Inspiration: (Diaphragm & External Intercostals) Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis Major Scalenes Levator Costarum Serratus Posterior superior Forced Inspiration: (Main muscles- Diaphragm & External Intercostals) Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis Major Scalenes Levator Costarum Serratus Posterior superior Levator Scapula Upper Traps Rhomboids Pectoralis Minor
Cervical Ligaments/Joints where are they located? What is their job/limits? AO joint
R & L occipital condyles articulating with the superior articular facets of the Atlas
Medial Pterygoid I
Ramus and angle of the mandible
what muscle originates from the pelvis to costal cartilage of 5th-7th ribs?
Rectus Femoris
Muscle originates on pelvis to the costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
Rectus abdominis
A bony deformity of the femur in which the angle of torsion is decreased resulting in a position of external rotation of the leg
Retroversion
At the end of a 100-yard dash, please describe:How is the pectoralis minor contracting, and what action is produced?
Reverse muscle action causes the pectoralis minor to lift up on the rib cage assisting in inspiration
External Intercostals O
Rib above
Internal Intercostals I
Rib above
External Intercostals I
Rib below
Internal Intercostals O
Rib below
Sit in a chair with your elbows supported on the armrests. Place your right hand on the left side of your chest with your fingers pointing up toward the left shoulder. Take a deep breath. What rib movement occurred, and in what phase of respiration did it occur?
Ribcage moves up and out during inspiration
What is the term in the previous question exercise?
Right Hip HIking
What associated hip joints motion occur when the left side of the pelvis rotates backward?
Right hip external/lateral rotation
what associated hip joints motion occur when the left side of the pelvis rotates forward?
Right hip medial rotation/internal rotation
Define how each type of scoliosis presents: R thoracic "C"-curve and R thoracic & L lumbar "S" curve. Define this in terms of convex/concave side of the curve, which side rotation occurs, and which lateral side is shorter
Scoliosis (structural) is the lateral curvature of the spine accompanied with vertebral rotation. Wherever the curve takes place the vertebrae and spinous processes in that area rotate towards the concave portion of the curve. As the rotation occurs and the vertebral bodies shift the spinous processes deviate more and more to the concave side causing the ribs to follow the rotation. This presents with the concave part of the curve having the ribs closer together, and the convex side is more spread apart. Therefore, R thoracic scoliosis will be convex on the right and concave on the left, and the left side will be shorter with vertebral rotation occurring to the left side (concave side). If the patient presents with L lumbar "s" curve is considered to have two scoliotic curves, each curve is described separately. The thoracic curve is convex to the left side and concave to the R, and the lumbar portion is convex to the right, and concave to the left. One portion of the S curve is always bigger (usually the lumbar)- most likely the left side to be shorter.
Name 3 major posterior ligaments of the pelvis.
Short posterior sacro-iliac ligamentà Runs between ilium and upper portion of the sacrum on dorsal surface; prevents forward movement of the sacrum. Long posterior sacro-iliac ligamentà runs between the posterior superior iliac spine and the lower portion of the sacrum; It prevents downward movement of the sacrum iliolumbar ligamentà Connects the transverse process of L5 with the iliac crest. sacro-tuberous ligamentà Very strong ligament; attaches to the ischial tuberosity; It serves as an attachment for the gluteus maximus and prevents forward rotation of the sacrum sacro-spinous ligamentàLies deep to the sacrotuberous ligament
Place one hand on your chest and the other on the anterior lateral side of your neck. Sniff strongly (as if you had a runny nose).c. What phase of respiration occurs when sniffing, and what neck muscles reversed their muscle action to produce the sniffing?
Sniffing requires deep inspiration. Accessory muscles of inspiration assisted by pulling up the rib cage in a reversal of muscle action. These muscles were the scalenes and sternocleidomastoid.
Erector Spinae Muscles N
Spinal Nerves
Splenius Cervicis O
Spinous processes of T3-T6
The muscle that originates on the spinous processes of T3 through T6 and inserts on the transverse processes of C1 through C3 is the?
Splenius Cervicis
Name the Infrahyoid muscle group- and what is there prime job?
Stabilize hyoid bone Omohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid
Which cervical muscle, when contracted unilaterally, rotates the head to the opposite side?
Sternocleidomastoid
Flat bone in the midline of the anterior chest wallHas 3 parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
Sternum
What bony structures make up the thorax? What type of movement is allowed at the joints named in questions 2 & 3? Elevation and depression bringing about inspiration and expiration
Sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae
The posteriorly located muscles that primarily serve to extend, laterally bend, and rotate the head are called the
Suboccipital muscles
Each facet joint is formed by the articulation between_____________________
Superior articular process of vertebra below and inferior articular process of vertebra above
Hyoid Muscles can be subcategorized into _____________ & _____________; these muscles have their own subgroup of muscles as well.
Suprahyoid & Infrahyoid
Together the ________ and _________ ligaments create a very thick ligamentum nuchae (nuchal ligament) in the cervical segments.
Supraspinal/Interspinal
Temporalis Origin
Temporal Fossa
What 2 bones make up the temporomandibular joint?
Temporal and Mandible
forms part of the base and lateral inferior sides of the cranium
Temporal bone
What muscle can be palpated superior and anterior to the ear?
Temporalis
Which of the following is NOT correct about the thoracodorsal fascia? A. Tension on the thoracodorsal fascia via abdominal muscle contraction will cause it to decrease spinal stiffness. B. The anterior portion is part of the quadratus lumborum surrounding the fascia. C. The erector spinae is surrounded by it. D. The posterior portion has attachments to the latissimus dorsi.
Tension on the thoracodorsal fascia via abdominal muscle contraction will cause it to decrease spinal stiffness.
Explain the relation of the ASIS & Pubic symphysis in neutral, anterior tilt, & posterior tilt.
The ASIS is the point of reference during anterior and posterior pelvic tilt. When the ASIS moves anteriorly the pubic symphysis moves posteriorly. When the ASIS moves posteriorly the pubic symphysis shifts anteriorly. The neutral position is the upright standing position, posture affects this; bad posture in an anterior pelvic tilt increases lumbar extension. Whereas bad posture putting the pelvis into posterior tilt makes the lumbar region kyphotic- flattening the curvature.
runs along the vertebral bodies posteriorly, inside and long the anterior border of the vertebral foramina. Its purpose is to prevent excessive flexion and to act as a barrier between the intervertebral disk and the spinal cord.
The Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
How do the accessory muscles assist with breathing?
The accessory muscles of inspiration pull up on the sternum and rib cage while the accessory muscles of expiration pull down.
When returning from a forward bend, moving the pelvis before the lumbar region will allow for: A. The moment arm to be shortened for the erector spinae B. The moment arm to be shortened for the abdominal muscles C. The moment arm to be lengthened for the erector spinae D. The moment arm to be lengthened for the abdominal muscles
The moment arm to be shortened for the erector spinae
The diaphragm has only one bony attachment. How is the other end attached? How does the muscle work?
The origin, or more stable attachment, has a bony attachment, but the insertion attaches to a central tendon. When the muscle is relaxed, it is dome-shaped. When it contracts, the muscle flattens out, allowing more room in the thoracic cavity.
What is the muscle origin of all accessory inspiratory muscles in relation to the rib cage?
The origin, or more stable attachment, is above the rib cage and in a position to pull the rib cage up.
Biting off a tough piece of bread is usually done by placing it on one side of the mouth. b. Which side of the jaw experiences some distraction?
The side opposite of the bread - contralateral side
A lateral tilt is named by which side? In left single leg stance what happens to the vertebral column and what happens at each of the hip joints?
The tilt is labeled by the unsupported leg, for left single leg stance the right foot is the point of reference. As the right leg leaves the ground to put the person into left single leg stance, the right pelvic side slightly drops and the left side moves up. In relation to the vertebral column; when the pelvis drops or laterally tilts the vertebral column laterally bends in the same direction. (R lateral tilt: Right leg is unsupported, hip drops- Left side moves up- R lateral bend of the vertebral column moves the upper body to the left to compensate for the weight shift).
At the end of a 100-yard dash, please describe:What stabilizing muscles are contracting to allow the abdominals to assist with expiration? Why are they needed?
The truck extensors contract to neutralize the trunk flexion force created by the abdominals, allowing the abdominals to pull down on the rib instead of flexing the trunk.
Someone with a herniated disk may benefit from what type of exercises and why?
They will benefit from extension exercises because there is less load on the disks and the nucleus pulposus moves anteriorly away from the spinal cord
Made up of C-shaped cartilage on all sides, except posteriorly; and divides into R and L main stem bronchi
Trachea
Formed at the union of the lamina and pedicle, the lateral projections of the arch to which muscle and ligaments attach
Transverse Process
Which ligament divides the atlas into anterior and posterior compartments?
Transverse ligament
Cervical rotation takes place in what plane and around what axis
Transverse plane around a vertical axis
Splenius Cervicis I
Transverse processes of C1-C3
Scalenes (Anterior/Middle/Posterior) O
Transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae
A gait deviation indicating clinical hip abductor weakness
Trendelenburg sign
Lateral Pterygoid N
Trigeminal Nerve (Mandibular branch- Cranial nerve V)
Medial Pterygoid N
Trigeminal Nerve (Mandibular branch- Cranial nerve V)
Temporalis Innervation
Trigeminal Nerve (Mandibular branch- Cranial nerve V)
T/F 11th & 12th rib (floating ribs) has no anterior attachments
True
T/F The internal intercostal muscles, which run in the opposite direction, form the shape of an inverted 'V'
True
True Ribs ______ False Ribs ______ Floating ribs _____ & ___
True Ribs 1-7 False Ribs 8-10 Floating ribs 11 & 12
ROM Norms for Trunk: Trunk Extension
Trunk Extension 0-25
If a person maintained a posture in which the pelvis were tilted excessively in an anterior position, what muscle groups would tend to be tight?
Trunk Extensors, hip flexors
ROM Norms for Trunk: Trunk Flexion
Trunk Flexion 0-80
If a person maintained a posture in which the pelvis were tilted excessively in an posterior position, what muscle groups would tend to be tight?
Trunk Flexors; Hip extensors
ROM Norms for Trunk: Trunk Lateral Bending
Trunk Lateral Bending 0-35
ROM Norms for Trunk: Trunk Rotation
Trunk Rotation 0-45
Rectus Abdominis A
Trunk flexion and compression of abdomen
Quadratus Lumborum A
Trunk lateral bending
Explain Hyperventilation and how it can affect a person physiologically. What is a common treatment?
When someone is hyperventilating the person is chest breathing and not using the diaphragm. Knowing that the diaphragm is the main prime mover in proper inspiration, not using it in breathing means that it doesn't descend so the thoracic cavity pressure isn't decreasing enough to allow the lung to fully fill up with air. Chest breathing requires more effort due to the lack of lung volume capacity , the person will need to breathe more rapidly expelling more energy and leads to hyperventilating and fainting.
sternochondral joint
Where the costal cartilage articulates with the sternum @ Ribs 1-8
When you talk, are doing so during inspiration, expiration, or both?
You talk only during expiration, when air is moving out through the airway
what associated hip joint motion occurs when the pelvis tilts: a) anteriorly b)posteriorly c) laterally
a) hip flexion b) hip extension c) hip abduction on the unsupported side and hip adduction on WB side
during an anterior pelvic tilt: a) what hip muscle group helps to generate this motion? b) what hip muscle needs to contract as a stabilizer while the muscle group in (a) is contracting? c) what trunk muscle group helps to generate this motion? d) what trunk muscle group needs to contract as a stabilizer while the muscle group in (c) is contracting?
a) hip flexors b) hip extensors c) trunk extensors d) trunk flexors
what associated lumbar motion occurs when the pelvis tilts: a) anteriorly b) posteriorly c) laterally
a) hyperextension b) flexion c) lateral bending on opposite side
identify the position of the pelvis in the following activities: a) lying supine, bring your right leg up to your chest b) kneeling on your hands and knees, let your trunk sag downward c) kneeling on your hands and knees, arch your back d) stand with your left foot on a telephone book and your right foot on the floor with weight on both feet. identify the position of right and left hip joints in terms of abducted ot adducted positions
a) posterior pelvic tilt b) anterior pelvic tilt c) posterior pelvic tilt d) left hip adducted and right hip abducted
what associated hip joint motions occur when the left side of the pelvis rotates: a) forward b) backward
a) right hip medial rotation b) right hip lateral rotation
a) concentric contractions of the right quadratus lumborum would cause the pelvis to laterally tilt to which side? b) another term for this motion is...
a) to the left b) right hip hiking
if a person maintained a posture in which the pelvis was tilted excessively in an anterior position: a) what muscle groups would tend to be tight? b)what muscle groups would tend to be weak?
a) trunk extensors, hip flexors b) trunk flexors, hip extensors
Sit in a good posture position with your index and middle fingers on the anterior surface of your lower jaw in the midline. a. What is the joint motion? b. What type of contraction (isometric, concentric or eccentric) is occurring? c. What muscles are responsible for moving to the right?
a. mandibular protraction b. isometric c. medial and lateral pterygoid
When performing a seated knee extension exercise with a very heavy weight, one might attempt to extend the hip to avoid __________ insufficiency of the __________.
active; rectus femoris
when performing a seated knee extension exercise with a very heavy weight, one might attempt to extend the hip to avoid _______ insufficiency of the _________. a. active; rectus femoris b. active; sartorius c. passive; rectus femoris d. passive; sartorius
active; rectus femoris
The clavicular portion of the pectoralis major muscle CANNOT: A. aid in exhalation if the arms are overhead B. aid in humeral horizontal adduction C. aid in inhalation if the arms are overhead D. be an accessory muscle of respiration
aid in exhalation if the arms are overhead
"The humeral head rolls up and glides down on the glenoid fossa" is an example of:
an arthrokinematic description of what happens during shoulder abduction
The outermost portion of the intervertebral disc is known as the:
annulosum fibrosum
Which of the following DOES NOT limit thoracic flexion? A. approximation of anterior vertebral bodies B. facet joint capsule C. interspinous ligaments D. posterior longitudinal ligament
approximation of anterior vertebral bodies
"Catching their breath" - this position braces the arms making it a ______________ action. It elevates the shoulder girdle, which changes the line of pull of the pec major to a more vertical direction. These changes now allow the muscle to pull the sternum towards the humerus in a ___________ action, pulling up on the rib cage and thus increasing the ___________________.
closed-chain; reverse ; diameter of the rib cage.
The central tendon of the diaphragm becomes stabilized by: A. compression on the abdominal viscera B. its bony attachments to the ribs C. its bony attachment to the sternum D. its bony attachment to the vertebral bodies
compression on the abdominal viscera
Cervical and lumbar curve posteriorly is _____________ and have a _____________ curve anteriorly.
concave & convex
Using a cane on the ____________ side of a hip injury helps to reduce weight-bearing on the involved hip by 15%. It is also instrumental in activating the ____________ on the cane side to assist the ____________ muscles on the involved side to overcome gravitational torque.
contralateral; latissimus dorsi; abductor
The best description of the atlanto-occipital joint is: A. concave superior joint surface on concave inferior joint surface B. concave superior joint surface on convex inferior joint surface C. convex superior joint surface on convex inferior joint surface D. convex superior joint surface on concave inferior joint surface
convex superior joint surface on concave inferior joint surface
Cervical Ligaments/Joints where are they located? What is their job/limits? Ligamentum Flavum
creates the posterior border of the vertebral canal by connecting adjacent laminae anteriorly. Highly elastic so it can effectively lengthen during movement of the nearby facet joints. assist the PLL in preventing excessive flexion
The transverse atlantal ligament is part of the: A. alar ligament B. anterior atlanto-occipital membrane C. cruciform ligament D. tectorial membrane
cruciform ligament
during ambulation, poor force development of the left hip abductors may result in: a. pelvic drop on the left with compensatory hip hiking left b. pelvic drop on the left with compensatory hip hiking right c. pelvic drop on the right with compensatory hip hiking left d. pelvic drop on the right with compensatory hip hiking right
d. pelvic drop on the right with compensatory hip hiking right
Name 2 ligaments that help revent anterior shearing of L5 and S1 Illiolumbar ligament; Lumbosacral Ligament Identify the position of the pelvis in the following activity; lying supine bring your right leg up to your chest. What position is the pelvis in?
decrease
The active contribution of the lateral pterygoid in relation to the disc is it: A. concentrically controls anterior translation of the disc during depression. B. concentrically controls posterior translation of the disc during depression. C. eccentrically controls anterior translation of the disc during elevation. D. eccentrically controls posterior translation of the disc during elevation.
eccentrically controls posterior translation of the disc during elevation.
3 openings in the diaphragm muscle allow passage of the _______, ___________, and ___________.
esophagus, the aorta, and the inferior vena cava
During _________ the thoracic cavity returns to its smaller size, pressure in the thorax increases, and air is forced out of the lungs
expiration
Cervical Ligaments/Joints where are they located? What is their job/limits? Supraspinal ligament
extends from the seventh cervical vertebra distally to the sacrum attaching posteriorly along the tips of the spinous processes
Suboccipitals perform rotation and
extension
The most superficial muscles are the _____________, which run inferiorly and medially from the rib above to the rib below
external intercostal muscles
The ______________ muscle is superficial on the sides of the abdominal wall
external oblique
often called an apophyseal joint, is the articulation between the superior articular process of the vertebra below with the inferior articular process of the vertebra above.
facet joint
The orientation of the lumbar zygapophyseal joints favors what motions?
flexion and extension
The orientation of the lumbar zygapophyseal joints favors what motions? A. axial elongation and compression B. flexion and extension C. lateral flexion D. rotation
flexion and extension
Hip abduction occurs in the: A. frontal plane B. horizontal plane C. sagittal plane
frontal plane
The greater trochanter is the attachment for the: A. gluteus medius and piriformis B. iliopsoas and vastus medialis C. piriformis and adductor longus D. semimembranosus and gluteus minimus
gluteus medius and piriformis
An individual is lying prone and the hip is taken to end range abduction. The range is limited to 30 degrees with the knee in extension. When the knee is flexed, the leg can be abducted further. Thus, the limiting structure is most likely the ___________. a. biceps femoris b. gracialis c. iliotibial band d. vastus medialis
gracilis
An individual is lying prone and the hip is taken to end range abduction. The range is limited to 30° with the knee in extension. When the knee is flexed, the leg can be abducted further. Thus, the limiting structure is most likely the ___________.
gracilis
The intervertebral disc DOES NOT consists of:
granulosum centrosome
If an individual has an increased anterior pelvic tilt, stretching the __________ or strengthening__________, may help reduce the tilt.
hip flexors; hamstrings
if an individual has an increased anterior pelvic tilt, stretching the _________ or strengthening ________ may help reduce the tilt. a. hamstrings; hip flexors b. hamstrings; quadriceps c. hip flexors; hamstrings d. hip flexors; quadriceps
hip flexors; hamstrings
The lesser trochanter is the attachment for the: A. abductor longus B. iliopsoas C. rectus femoris D. sartorius
iliopsoas
Active muscle force increases with all of the following EXCEPT: A. increased length of muscle B. increased number of cross-bridges formed C. increased number of motor units recruited D. increased speed of eccentric action
increased length of muscle
ribs 8-10 (false ribs)= attach _____ __ ________
indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilage of the 7th rib
Contraction of the diaphragm causes: A. exhalation B. inhalation C. trunk flexion D. trunk extension
inhalation
The fibers of the ________________, lie deep and at a 90-degree angle to the external intercostal muscles
internal intercostal muscles
Accessory Expiratory Muscles
internal intercostals, transversus thoracis, external oblique, rectus abdominis, internal oblique
If a person is standing erect and rotates the trunk to the right, the right hip is in: A. external rotation B. internal rotation
internal rotation
deepest, shortest and strongest of the sacroiliac ligaments. Connects tuberosities of the ilium to the sacrum
interosseous sacroiliac ligament
Between the vertebrae is an _______ that articulates with the bodies of the vertebrae
intervertebral disk
based on the study delp et. al, the piriformis muscle was determined to be a: a. lateral rotator in hip extension and medial rotator in 90 degrees of hip flexion b. lateral rotator throughout all hip motions c. medial rotator in hip extension and lateral rotator in 90 degrees of hip flexion d. medial rotator throughout all hip motions
lateral rotator in hip extension and medial rotator in 90 degrees of hip flexion
Lateral deviation of the mandible to the left involves spinning and gliding motions. Describe how this happens.
left condyle spins in the mandibular socket while the right condyle slides forward
Which muscles contract concentrically to produce right thoracic rotation? A. right external oblique and left internal oblique B. right external oblique and right internal oblique C. left external oblique and right internal oblique D. left external oblique and left internal oblique
left external oblique and right internal oblique
If an individual has a scoliotic curve that is convex to the left; and assuming the scoliosis was caused by true leg length discrepancy which would be the short leg? A decrease lumbosacral angle causes the anterior shearing force of L5 and S1 to increase or decrease? Name 2 ligaments that help prevent anterior shearing of L5 and S1
left leg
If an individual has scoliotic curve that is convex to the left, and assuming the scoliosis was caused by a true leg length discrepancy, which would be the short leg?
left leg
Muscles contracting during mandibular deviation to the right include: A. left medial and lateral pterygoid B. left temporalis and medial pterygoid C. right masseter and lateral pterygoid D. right medial and lateral pterygoid
left medial and lateral pterygoid
A concentric contraction of R QL would cause pelvis to laterally tilt to which side?
left side (R side lifts and vertebral column shifts opposite direction)
What is the nerve innervation for the scalene muscle
lower cervical nerves
Anterior pelvic tilt is often accompanied by: A. lumbar extension and hip extension B. lumbar flexion and hip flexion C. lumbar extension and hip flexion D. lumbar flexion and hip extension
lumbar extension and hip flexion
performing sit ups with hips and knees bent serves what purpose?
makes the hip flexors actively insuffiecient
Muscles of mandibular elevation include: A. masseter and temporalis B. medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid C. sternocleidomastoid and digastric D. tensor tympani and mylohyoid
masseter and temporalis
Muscles that can cause ipsilateral deviation. A. masseter and temporalis B. medial and lateral pterygoid C. lateral pterygoid and masseter D. temporalis and thyrohyoid
masseter and temporalis
lie supine with your knees flexed and the soles of your feet flat on the mat. place your hand in the small of your back (lumbar curve). push your back against your hand. identify the main trunk, pelvic, and hip joint motions. which muscles contribute to this force couple action?
muscles: gluteus maximus and trunk flexors motions: posterior pelvic tilt, trunk flexion, hip extension
Contraction of the diaphragm results in all the following EXCEPT: A. negative pressure results in the lungs. B. negative pressure results on the abdominal viscera. C. the dome-shaped muscle descends. D. the lower ribs expand laterally.
negative pressure results on the abdominal viscera.
the bony landmark of the vertebra that makes up the anterior portion of the neural arch is call the?
pedicle
During ambulation, poor force development of the left hip abductors may result in
pelvic drop on the right with compensatory hip hiking right
What pelvic girdle motions occur in the transverse plane around the vertical axis?
pelvic rotation
It participates in facial expression and has no function at the neck
platysma muscle
This muscle covers a large portion of the anterior and lateral neck
platysma muscle
the spinal ligament that runs posteriorly along the vertebral bodies inside the vertebral foramen is called the?
posterior longitudinal ligament
What is the nerve innervation for splenis capitis muscle
posterior rami of the 3rd and 4th cervical spinal nerves
When doing anterior pelvic tilt the trunk extensors contract ________________ while the hip flexors _________________________
posteriorly (pull- up); Anteriorly (pull down) *pull in opposite direction to create tilt
When turning a screwdriver in a clockwise direction with the right hand, the supinator is the ______ and the pronator teres is the ______.
prime mover ; antagonist
which of the following is the best position to achieve eccentric strenghtening of the trunk extensors?
prone, raised head and shoulders with focus on the "down" part of the exercise
Anterior-posterior expansion of the thorax can be compared to ___________motion
pump handle
With reciprocal clicking, the first click is ______ and the second is ______. A. dislocating; recapturing B. early dislocating; late dislocating C. medial dislocating; lateral dislocating D. recapturing; dislocating
recapturing; dislocating
Intertransversarii, scalene, and rectus abdominis, when contracted unilaterally, will produce lateral bend of the spine EXCEPT
rectus abdominis
The trunk muscle that originates on the pubis and inserts on the costal cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs is the?
rectus abdominis
Inspiration in individuals with a cervical injury below C3 will have impaired ____________, but they can _______________, although activities such as coughing, yelling, or taking deep breaths will be limited
respiration; breathe unassisted
The arthrokinematic motion during mandibular depression is ______ in the INFERIOR space and ______ in the SUPERIOR space. A. glide; glide B. glide; roll C. roll; glide D. roll; roll
roll; glide
Cervical Ligaments/Joints where are they located? What is their job/limits? Posterior longitudinal ligament
runs along the vertebral bodies posteriorly, and along the anterior border of the vertebral canal. Purpose is to prevent excessive flexion and to act as a barrier between the intervertebral disks and the spinal cord.
Cervical Ligaments/Joints where are they located? What is their job/limits? Interspinal ligament
runs between successive spinous processes
Cervical Ligaments/Joints where are they located? What is their job/limits? Anterior longitudinal ligament
runs down the vertebral column on anterior surface of bodies. Prevents excessive hyperextension. In the sacrum where it fuses; it is thin superiorly and thick inferiorly.
Cervical Ligaments/Joints where are they located? What is their job/limits? Transverse Ligament-
runs from one side of the atlas to the other and divides the atlas into anterior and posterior compartments Crucial for keeping the dens from displacing posteriorly in the vertebral foramen and damaging the spinal cord
The vertebral column contains fused vertebrae of the:
sacral spine
Accessory ligament that prevents forward rotation of the sacrum
sacrotuberous ligament
The facet joints of the lumbar spine primarily run in which plane to allow good spinal flexion and extension?
sagital plane
Hip flexion occurs in the _____ plane. In open kinetic chain hip flexion, the femur rolls _____ and glides _____
sagittal; anterior; posterior
prevents forward movement of sacrum
short posterior sacroiliac ligament
posterior sacroiliac ligament is comprised of two parts __________ & __________
short posterior sacroiliac ligament long posterior sacroiliac ligament
Grinding your teeth could involve motions in the sagittal plane and frontal plane. What are these motions?
side to side motion - lateral deviation Anterior-posterior motion - protraction / retraction
which is the best position and instruction for scoliosis client to strenghten lateral benders of the right side of the trunk?
side-lying over an exercise ball, laterally bend to right
The deepest layer in the neck includes the shortest muscles: the ______________(near the head) and the____________ and _____________muscles
suboccipital , interspinales, intertransversarii
the posteriorly located muscles that primarily serve to extend, laterally bend, and rotate the head are called the?
suboccipital muscles
Which muscles would tend to be short and weak in a patient with forward head posture? A. suboccipitals B. longus capitus C. levator scapulae D. scalenes
suboccipitals
Which of the following best describes the sacroiliac joint? A. suture anteriorly and synovial joint posteriorly B. syndesmosis anteriorly and suture posteriorly C. synovial joint anteriorly and posteriorly D. synovial joint anteriorly and syndesmosis posteriorly
synovial joint anteriorly and syndesmosis posteriorly
Zygomatic arch is made up f what 2 bones?
temporal and zygomatic
AO Joint motion and AA joint movement are almost always combined with movement of ________________________________.
the C3-C7 cervical segments
motion occurs at the lumbosacral joint when the pelvis tilts anteriorly and posteriorly and at what other distal joint?
the hip joints
Ribs 8 through 10 are "false ribs" because: A. they are primarily made of cartilage. B. they articulate with only one vertebral body. C. they do not attach directly to the sternum. D. they have no anterior attachment to the sternum.
they do not attach directly to the sternum.
the trunk muscle whose primary function is a compression of abdominal contents is the?
transverse abdominis
The _______________ is the deepest of the abdominal muscles, and its fibers run in a _______________direction
transverse abdominis, horizontal
A characteristic unique to the cervical spine is:
transverse foramen
When the angle of inclination of the hip increases, this is called coxa ____________. The change in alignment (shorter distance between femoral head and greater trochanter) results in a ____________ in muscular demand to overcome gravitational adduction moments to maintain hip abduction
valgus; increase
when the angle of inclination of the hip increases, this is called coxa _____. the change in alignment (shorter distance between femoral head and greater trochanter) results in a ______ in muscular demand to overcome gravitational adduction moments to maintain hip abduction a. valgus; decrease b. valgus; increase c. varus; decrease d. varus; increase
valgus; increase
The costovertebral joint is an articulation between the ________ and the ________. A. inferior articular process; rib B. superior articular process; rib C. transverse process; rib D. vertebral body; rib head
vertebral body; rib head
what kind of pull does the pectoralis major muscle have?
vertical direction
Name the suboccipital muscles and describe the action (collectively) of these muscles.
• Rectus capitis posterior major • Rectus capitis posterior minor • Obliquus capitis superior • Obliquus capitis inferior Collectively they all extend the head - they also all stabilize (3 stabilize AO joint and 1 stablizes the AA joint).
1. List and describe the actions of the SCM, Scalenes, and Longus Colli.
• SCM: Sternocleidomastoid does bilateral flexion of the neck and unilaterally does same side lateral flexion of the neck and opposite side rotation. • Scalenes: The scalenes bilaterally assist in neck flexion and unilaterally neck lateral bending • Longus Colli is a prevertebral muscle that flexes the head.
