KLETC STUDY GUIDE TEST 8

11 Identify when understeering and oversteering occurs.

Understeering is the condition that exists when the front wheels of the vehicle have lost the ability to steer or change the direction of the vehicle. Understeering is also called front-end washout, or front wheel skid. Oversteering simply means the rear tires exceed the limit of cohesion and the rear of the vehicle skid towards the outside of the turn. The rear wheels have lost varying degrees of their ability to maintain the direction of the vehicle. Oversteering has been called rear end washout or rear end skid.

11 Identify the following distance an officer should keep during the first 1 to 2 minutes of the pursuit?

● 2 seconds ● Apply psychological pressure on suspect ● Makes suspect feel they have no chance to escape ● Cannot claim to be "confused" on what car to pull over ● Obtain tag information, vehicle description, occupant information ● Location, direction of travel

3 Identify methods for clearing intersections when operating an emergency vehicle during an emergency response?

● Have both lights and sirens activated ● Adjust your speed prior to the intersection if you must stop ● Crossing against a control device, you should stop in most cases ● Change siren tone, honk your horn ● Establish eye contact with the motorists ● Make intentions clear, don't force other drivers into unsafe move ● Be aware of other responding emergency vehicles

17 Identify the minimum information that should be included in a report after a pursuit?

● Justification for pursuit ● Why I continued/discontinued pursuit ● Suspects actions and your actions ● Actions used to stop vehicle ● Identify driver, passenger, witnesses, etc...

4 Identify police radio techniques during a pursuit?

● Should be limited to only times when it is safe to use ● Make transmissions brief but complete ● Keep your voice calm ● Roll up windows and bring microphone close to your mouth ● Speak clearly, so dispatch and other units can hear ● Keep dispatch informed of your location ● Call in all violations and their location

14 Identify the things NOT to do in a pursuit?

● Should not pursue in a vehicle not intended for pursuits ● Never pursue in an unmarked vehicle ● Don't pull alongside pursued vehicle ● Don't attempt to pass ● Don't initiate intentional contact with suspect vehicle

DO'S of radio operation.

● Speak distinctly and slowly enough to enable the person with whom you are talking to copy the information. ● Know what you are going to say before going on the air. ● Check the frequency before going on the air ● Keep your transmissions short and to the point. ● Answer calls as promptly as possible.

5 Identify the motor skills used for driving which are affected by stress.

● Stress may affect driver's fine motor control skills ● Fine motor control skills used to steer and brake. ● Stress of an emergency maneuver, hot call, pursuit can affect fine motor control skills too.

21 Identify the recommended hand position that should be used when driving forward.

● The 9-3 or 8-4. ● Excellent positions for quick steering needs, body balance, and quick access to dashboard control items. ● The driver has full range of movement to redirect the vehicle rapidly and then return to a clear path of travel.

2 Identify the most critical element of the driver's triangle.

● The driver ● Over 80% of all accidents are caused by driver error ● Lack of knowledge, panic, inattention to driving skills.

24 Identify the five steps of the Smith System of Driving.

1. Aim High in Steering a. Look 15 seconds ahead or more b. City Environment = at least 1 block ahead (30 mph) c. Rural Environment = at least ¼ mile ahead (50 mph) 2. Get The Big Picture a. Check behind you every 5-8 seconds (mirrors) 3. Keep Your Eyes Moving a. Look side to side every 2 seconds 4. Leave Yourself An Out a. Avoid clusters packs b. Keep a space cushion c. Leave a car length cushion when stopped behind another vehicle. d. Don't enter intersections immediately after a slight change. 5. Make Sure They See You a. Headlights, eye contact, horn

25 Identify the five steps of the S.I.P.D.E. driving method.

1. Search 2. Identify 3. Predict 4. Decide a. Communicate your presence b. Adjust your speed c. Adjust your position 5. Execute

Law Enforcement Radio Procedures 05.03 1 Identify radio equipment operation procedures

In general, law enforcement radio systems have mobile units in patrol vehicles, portable radios assigned to individual officers, some type of repeater system to boost the wattage of transmissions and a base radio usually in a dispatch center. Radio Operation in Adverse Conditions Distance: Consider alternate means of communicate if out of range. Terrain: Hills and valleys can impact the quality of radio transmissions. Move a short distance to change quality of transmissions. Buildings: Buildings can also cause issues. It is best to know about problem buildings ahead of time so that communication can occur. Radio Frequency Interference: Officer may have to use other channels, wait until the electrical devices are turned off, or use alternate means of communication. Repeater Log: Push PTT button, wait 1-2 seconds, allowing repeater to open up transmission, and then start talking.

13 Identify the distance in feet it takes and average driver, driving an average vehicle, in average environmental conditions to stop a car traveling 60 miles per hour.

At 60 mph, it will take approximately 240 feet to stop. Average perception time AND reaction time - ½ second or 29.4 feet traveled. Total Stopping Distance 30 mph = 85 feet 60 mph = 240 feet

22 Identify two acceptable hand movements for steering and their advantages.

Shuffle Steering ● Avoids crossing hands by sliding the wheel in small amounts. ● Discourages the jerking of the steering wheel and automatically sets the suspension in a swerving maneuver. ● It is best for gradual turns and should be used by drivers of high center of gravity vehicles. Hand-over-Hand ● Turning the wheel the maximum amount and then crossing the bottom hand to the top of the wheel to allow for continued steering. ● Back of the hands should always be toward the driver. ● Best for rapid, multiple, and sharp turns.

10 Identify the importance of safety belts and other occupant protection devices.

Developing a habit of wearing restraint systems will significantly increase body protection and allow the officer to retain control of the vehicle. Advantages for Safety Belt Use ● Better vehicle control; reducing chances of becoming involved in a collision. ● Less chance of injury/death ● Lower medical costs ● Less time lost from work ● It is the law. Loss Statistics for Law Enforcement Officers ● Approximately 25% of officers' line of duty deaths are traffic related. ● 12% of state and 24% of municipal collisions results in injury to an officer. ● On average, LEOs can expect to be involved in a collision every 28,000 miles. Seatbelts and Airbags ● After a crash seatbelts should be replaced ● Safety belts hold you behind the wheel during violent maneuvers ● Airbags inflate 1/25 of a second and creates a protective cushion between the occupant and the steering wheel, dashboard, and windshield

20 Identify the recommended technique for trying to correct a cornering skid.

Ease the foot off of the accelerator; stay off the brake and steer in the direction the front of the vehicle is to travel. When the vehicle slows, gently apply the brakes until stopped.

7 Define the siren sound requirements and when the siren is permitted to be used according to state law?

Emitting sounds audible under normal conditions from 500 feet

7 Define the term "G force".

G force or (G) is a term used to measure the maximum amount of acceleration, deceleration and lateral acceleration that a vehicle can handle. Any movement produces force, a (G) is a means of measuring that force. Force is generated by a combination of steering and speed. As the steering wheel is moved, a force pushes on the vehicle's center of gravity. If the force is greater than the vehicle can accept, it will go out of control.

Front Brakes

Handle approximately 60%-70% of all braking.

12 Define momentum.

An amount of motion. It is the force a moving vehicle has weight x velocity (Speed). It is the property of a moving body which determines the length of time required to bring to a stop.

3 Identify the two types of vision.

Central Vision: What you see when you look straight ahead at an object; it allows person to see things clear/sharp. Peripheral Vision: Ability to detect objects on either side of the line of focused vision; a person with normal vision can detect objects that are approximately 90 degrees to either side of their focused vision.

9 Define centripetal and counter centrifugal force.

Centrifugal Force: Transferred energy that pushes outward of an object (spinning). The faster you take the curve, the stronger the force. The tighter the curve, the stronger the force. Centripetal Force: Transferred energy that pushes toward the center of an object (top)

9 Identify the best driving surface.

Concrete: provides the best adhesion to the road by the vehicle; can glaze over quickly in freezing conditions; it's heavy and settles more than other surfaces.

9 Define Negligence

Failure to use the care a reasonable officer would use under like circumstances

6 Identify proper placement of barricades and flares on the roadway to protect emergency scenes.

Flares: Useful even in the daytime to alert drivers of your presence and the emergency problem ahead. Can be employed a distance away from your position to provide advance warning to drivers as well as to slow their speed and direct them into fewer lanes of travel. Barricades: May assist you in narrowing traffic to a single lane making direction of the traffic safer and easier. They are not easily carried your vehicle for emergencies.

5 Identify equipment used in the direction of traffic at night or under adverse weather conditions

Flash light, illuminated baton, reflective vest, reflective raincoats, flares, barricades, cones.

15 Identify the primary problems that may occur during braking.

Front Wheel Lockup: Caused by improper brake adjustment or slick spots on the road. When lockup occurs, it causes reduces braking ability and loss of steering. When this happens, the rear wheels act as a rudder and maintain a straight-ahead slide. All Wheels Locked: It is caused by a panic situation in which the brakes are applied abruptly and hard enough to lock all tired. The vehicle will probably skid in a straight line as long as variables such as road surface, tire tread, and air pressure are fairly even. Rear Wheels Locked: Occurs when improperly adjusted brakes cause the rear wheels to lock while the front wheels continue to rotate. When this happens, the rear wheels try to overtake the front wheels and try to lead the car causing a spin. Brake Fade: This is caused by frequent or hard brake use that does not allow time for proper cooling. The brakes are unable to stop the wheel movement.

3 Identify the factors that limit adhesion to the road surface.

Limit of adhesion is the maximum performance of a vehicle as it relates to the tires four- rubber contacts patches. To control the car, rolling contact between the tires and the road surface must be maintained. Once the tires stop rolling, the driver loses the ability to steer the car and is losing control. Factors that limit adhesion are ● Vertical force (Weight of tires) ● Tire design (radials keep more of the tire surface in contact with the roadway) ● Road surface and grade (dry or snow packed, level or on hill) ● Speed (with more speed there is less adhesion to the surface; aerodynamics and downforce) ● Turning Force (radius turn, weight transfer, affects size of the patch)

2 Define losing control and out of control.

Losing control is when the limits of the driver are exceeded. ● This situation is salvageable if the driver applies the proper techniques to regain control. ● 80% Out of control is when the limits of the vehicle are exceeded. ● This situation is not salvageable; the driver cannot regain control.

Braking and Accelerating

Majority is on a straight-away.

6 Identify the need for all parties involved in a traffic accident, to exchange the necessary personal information

See LO2

12 Identify the three components that make up stopping distance.

Perception: The amount of time it takes for a driver to perceive a threat and process the information. Reaction Time: The time it takes to react to the situation. Braking Distance: Based on many variables (type of vehicle, condition of braking system, roadway surface/conditions, driver's abilities).

17 Identify the three essential points of reference that are relevant to a constant radius turning maneuver.

Point #1: Proper entry position which is placing the vehicle to the extreme outside of the available roadway. This is also the point of steering input to perform the turning maneuver. Point #2: The tightest, most inner part of the available roadway, and is referred to as the geometric apex. It is directly centered within the driving arc. Point #3: The exit position, placing the vehicle again to the extreme outside of the roadway. If steering is input correctly from entry and maintained to the apex, the vehicle will seek the exit point on its own accord.

2 Identify and illustrate the proper position for the officer directing traffic a T-intersection / One-Way Street

Shift to one side or the other of the center.

19 Identify the recommended technique for trying to correct a braking skid.

Release the minimum amount of brake pressure just until the wheels lock and steer in the direction you want the vehicle to go.

Pursuit Driving 16.04 1 Define the primary objective of an emergency response?

Safely reach your destination in order to provide assistance

2 Identify the obligation of drivers and/or pedestrians, given provisions restricting the movement of traffic?

Section 23 K.S.A. 8-1602 Accident Involving Death or Personal Injuries Section 24 K.S.A. 8-1603 Accident Involving Damage to vehicle or other property Section 26 K.S.A. 8-1605 Duty Upon Striking Unattended Vehicle or Other Property Section 64 K.S.A. 8-1533 Pedestrians' Right-Of-Way in Crosswalks; Control Signals Section 71 K.S.A. 8-1540 Pedestrians Right-of-Way on Sidewalks

Kansas Rules of the Road 07.06 1 Identify the authority of emergency service professionals to direct, control, and regulate traffic?

Section 4 K.S.A. 8-2001:2002 Police officers of the city shall at all times be empowered to enforce the provisions of this and other traffic ordinances of this city and temporary and emergency rules and regulations of the chief of police, and may at any time direct and control traffic in person or by visible or audible signals; provided, that in the event of fire, temporary traffic congestion or other emergency, or to expedite the flow of traffic congestion or to safeguard pedestrians, officers may direct traffic as conditions require notwithstanding the provisions of this ordinance and other traffic ordinances

5 Identify need to explain legal procedures to traffic violators regarding compliance with citations

So that they understand when, and where they need to either appear, or send what is needed to take care of the offense.

6 Define the primary factors in collision avoidance?

Space Management ● Maintaining a safe cushion around your vehicle by adjusting your following distance to the existing conditions ● Visually scan ● Slow speeds

8 Identify the three forms of mechanical equilibrium.

Stable: A low center of gravity Unstable: A very high center of gravity or a narrow wheelbase Neutral: A center of gravity and wheelbase in the median range which produces a stability that can be either stable or unstable largely depending on the driver's skills. The lower the vehicle = more stability.

2 Identify radio communication procedures.

Standard Police Communication ● Bidding- Call into dispatch with ID number to alert dispatch of a request or information. ● After receiving acknowledgement, give the nature of your request or information. ● If the request requires dispatch to copy a significant amount of information like names, addresses or VIN's wait until dispatch has acknowledged they are ready. ● Dispatch will call you when they have the request ready. ● After you acknowledge dispatch, be prepared to copy any information given. ● Confirm that you received the entire transmission successfully and close communication. 10 Codes ● 10 code signals were designed for brevity in handling situations that occur most frequently. Phonetic Alphabet: Ensures accuracy.

3 Define the proper signals and gestures for the following traffic movements

Stop- point with arm and finger and look at the driver you want to stop. Raise your pointing hand so that the palm is toward the driver. To stop traffic moving in both directions stop one and then the other so your hands are out in both directions. Go- place side to the traffic you want to start, using arm nearest to the traffic you want to start, point and get the driver's attention. Bend arm at elbow and swing your hand up and over your chin over and over Left Turn- you may first have to stop cross traffic. From left hold the stop signal with your right arm and give the turning gesture with your left. From the right turn in the direction the car, stop traffic and give the turning gesture with your left arm. Right turn- from the right point to the driver and get their attention, then swing your arm to point the direction they are to go. From the left use your left arm and swing it in the direction you want him to go.

13 Define inertia.

The force which makes objects move in the same direction or in a straight line. An object will not change direction unless acted upon by external force. Inertia is the resistance of a body to change directions or its speed velocity, whether it is at rest or in motion.

5 Define the relationship of speed to stopping distance.

The higher the speed the more distance is needed to stop the vehicle.

6 Identify the two methods to convert miles per hour to feet per second.

The most accurate is to multiply mph by 1.47 = fps 40 mph x 1.47 = 58.8 fps MPH = miles per hour | FPS = feet per second The second method is to take mph and divide in half, add to original mph, the sum equals approximate feet per second ½ of 40 = 20 plus 40 = 60 fps

1 Identify conditions in which the manual direction is warranted and promotes the interests of community policing.

There are two conditions that may require manual direction of vehicular traffic, emergencies and planned events. Emergencies- Traffic collisions, Malfunctioning Traffic Control Devices, Power Outages, Non-Emergency Conditions- Schools, Special Store Events, Churches, Fairs, Carnivals, Theaters

18 Identify the recommended cornering system.

To safely negotiate a turn or curve, you should use a precise, step-by-step system of cornering. ● Evaluate the corner. Visually search to the corner and as you get closer look around the corner. Evaluate the path of travel you will be taking once the turn is completed. ● Use your turn signals. ● Position your vehicle. Right turns from right lanes, left turns from left lanes. ● Establish proper speed before entering a turn/curve. Braking in the corner will reduce your steering control. In stress situations, brake lock up may cause you to lose control. ● Accelerate smoothly and gradually when leaving the corner.

Vehicle Dynamics 16.03 1 Define vehicle dynamics.

What it takes for your car to go out of control. ● Vehicle dynamics is the physical force acting on the vehicle. ● When driving a vehicle, the operator can do two things. Change direction and change speed. ● If a vehicle receives an input that is contrary to the laws of motion, the vehicle will have a negative response.

4 Demonstrate and or identify effective nonverbal communication in traffic control and direction

Whistle- 1 long blast means stop, 2 short blasts means go, several short blasts to gain someone's attention. Eye contact- signals must be unambiguous and associated with eye contact with the driver. When you see the driver complying with eye contact signal by shaking your head yes Pointing- some drivers will avoid eye contact, point at the driver to get the eye contact needed for communication Officer presence- directing traffic is like being on stage. Use officer presence to make clear instructions

6 Define how an anti-lock braking system works.

● ABS is part of the vehicle's braking system that automatically controls braking pressure to prevent the controlled wheel(s) from locking up during braking. ● Most anti-lock systems also enable the vehicle to stop in a shorter distance, particularly on wet or slippery road surfaces. ● Wheel speed sensors detect wheel lock and send signals to brake pressure modulator telling it to reduce brake pressure which allows the wheels to turn. ● ABS then re-applies braking pressure to maintain maximum ● Pressure regulating pumps the brakes in the same manner a driver would only much faster. ● Pulsating occurs as a result of the brake fluid pressure changes in the brake system when ABS is activated. ● Current anti-lock systems can release and reapply the brakes as many as 15 times per second. ● Driver should now pump the brakes because that action may defeat the anti-lock system which could lock the wheels and cause a skid. Major Components: Wheel Speed Sensors: Measure wheel speed, and then transmit this information to the electronic control unit (ECU). Electronic Control Unit (ECU): Contains the computer functions, sensor signal processing circuits, and outputs signals to the various ABS valves and components, and the failure detection logic. Brake Pressure Modulator: Reduces, holds, and restores pressure to one or more brakes, independent of the brake pedal effort applied by the driver.

2 Identify the common mental problems associated with emergency vehicle operation?

● Aggressive driving ● Peer pressure ● Extreme emotion

10 Define apex.

● An apex is the point where your vehicle will come closest to the inside portion of the roadway in a turn. ● An early apex is when a driver steers early into a turn. ● Late apex is when a driver steers late into the turn. ● Recommended speeds = 15 mph or less ● Intersection clearing

5 Identify when an accident qualifies as a fatality.

● An injury collision becomes a fatality if the injured person dies within 30 days of the incident as a result of the injuries suffered in the collision. ● KDOT requires an accident report to be filed in ALL fatality incidents that occur on or off a public roadway.

8 Define the minimum depth of water that may cause a vehicle to hydroplane.

● As little as 1/16th of an inch of water can cause hydroplaning. ● Can occur as soon as the water depth exceed the thread depth.

4 Define the effects on a driver's peripheral vision as the speed of a vehicle increases.

● As speed increases, peripheral vision decreases. ● 40 mph = 120 degrees ● 60 mph = 60 degrees ● 80 mph = 30 degrees

23 Identify the three components of driving.

● Awareness ● Space Management ● Collision Avoidance

13 Identify where the officers should look when pursuing a vehicle?

● Constantly looking left and right ● Every 2 to 4 seconds check mirrors

3 Recognize circumstances when a custody arrest is authorized for a traffic offense

● DUI (mandatory) ● Flee and elude (mandatory) ● Involuntary manslaughter charge resulting from a traffic accident fatality. ● Person demands an immediate appearance before a judge ● When traffic violation is felony

9 Identify the factors that would warrant the pursuing officer or supervisor to terminate a pursuit?

● Danger of continuing the pursuit outweigh the necessity for immediate apprehension ● Act of pursuing creates a greater danger ● Conclude the fleeing motorist will not stop, no realistic way of stopping them without recklessly endangering others ● Fleeing suspects have been identified ● Time and distance between you and the vehicle ● Pursued vehicle's location no longer known ● Your vehicle or vehicle equipment fails ● At time it appears unsafe to continue ● When ordered by your supervisor or other officer

8 Identify the six key factors that should affect officer discretion regarding pursuits?

● Department policies and procedures ● Legal considerations ● Nature of offense ● Conditions at the time of the incident ● Vehicle capabilities ● Assess the pursued driver's ability and consider occupants

10 Identify the driving error factors that may lead to a negligence suit?

● Did the vehicle have proper emergency equipment ● Was it an emergency run ● What was the speed of the vehicle ● What was the traffic density ● What were the weather conditions ● What was the road surface and design of the road ● Were there numerous intersections or was it a limited access roadway

12 Identify the following distance an officer should keep if the pursuit lasts longer than 2 minutes and define the purpose for the distance?

● Distance of 4 seconds ● Increase distance allows better visibility of situation ● Mirror suspects actions inadvertently ● Following too close may cause officer to run into fleeing vehicle if they should suddenly stop ● May develop tunnel vision ● Makes officers vulnerable to gunfire from fleeing vehicle if too close

Fundamentals of Emergency Vehicle Operation 16.02 1 Identify the three elements of the driver's triangle.

● Driver ● Machine ● Environment

2 Define the elements of emergency vehicle operation?

● Driver attitude ● Judgment ● Awareness ● Training ● Experience

14 Define the threshold braking technique.

● Driver should apply the brake to the point of the wheel lock up and hold the pressure on the brake pedal, maintaining rolling friction. ● If the wheels lock up creating sliding friction, release the pressure on the brake to regain the rolling friction.

7 Identify when to complete a citation at a traffic accident, and the possible exceptions.

● Driving While Suspended ● DUI ● No Proof of Insurance Double Jeopardy If an officer issues a citation to a driver for running a stop sign and causes an accident and one of the other parties later dies, the charge of manslaughter would be in jeopardy if the cited driver has already paid the fine for the stop sign violation because the driver cannot be charged with another crime stemming from the same incident.

6 Define the colors of emergency lights permitted and what the visibility requirements are for authorized emergency vehicles according to state law?

● Flashing red lights ● Alternating flashes of red and white ● Alternating flashes of red and blue ● Visible from 500 feet in normal sunlight

26 Identify the recommended defensive driving techniques that should be used when driving at night.

● Keep panel lights dim for better vision, but always have enough panel light to read the speedometer ● Reduce speed so that you can stop within the visible distance ● Increase sight distance by keeping the headlights clean and properly aimed, and the windshield clean ● Watch beyond the headlights on or near the roadway for slow moving or unlighted vehicles, curves, t intersections, road obstructions or defects, trains, pedestrians, and animals ● Avoid looking directly into glaring headlights of oncoming vehicles ● Keep at least a four-second following distance ● Allow a greater margin of safety when overtaking and passing ● Do not wear sunglasses ● Avoid staring at bright lights

5 Identify the limitations of emergency warning sirens on law enforcement vehicles?

● Large trees and hedges absorb sound ● Tall buildings block out, defect, or tunnel sound ● In flat, open areas, sound can be heard at greater distances ● Weather conditions ● Clear days, lights more visible, sirens dissipate into atmosphere ● Overcast days may or may not effect lights, sirens heard at great distance ● Inclement weather- greatly affects both lights and sirens ● Increased speeds- effectiveness of sirens decreases

4 Define pertinent provisions of the Kansas statute relating to the law enforcement officer's duties in a traffic accident.

● License is suspended, cancelled or revoked and in possession of the driver and ● When they have failed or refused a BAC while under a DUI investigation, if in the possession of the driver K.S.A. 8-1611 ● Every LEO who investigates an accident involving injury, death, or property damage of $1000+ MUST report accident to KDOT within 10 days of the investigation. ● The information contained in such written reports shall not be privileged or held confidential. ● The report information may be submitted electronically or in written form.

4 Identify information to be recorded regarding traffic citations for the purposed of court presentation

● Name and address of offender ● Type of vehicle ● Whether hazardous material was transported ● Whether an accident occurred ● The state registration number of the vehicle ● Whether it was a commercial vehicle ● The offenses charged ● Time and place and where the person shall appear ● LEO signature ● Any other pertinent information

10 Define the number of vehicles that should be directly involved in a pursuit and their main responsibility?

● No more than two law enforcement vehicles ● Lead car follow suspect vehicle ● Second car relays information on radio ● Other officers attempt to block traffic ahead

15 Identify the tactics an officer should use when a pursuit is terminated WITHOUT an apprehension?

● Notify dispatch the pursuit is being terminated ● Shut off all emergency equipment and slow to a stop ● After you stop, relax a few minutes ● Follow suspect route looking for accidents or damages ● Attempt to locate the vehicle ● Pick up any evidence

2 Identify circumstances when it is appropriate to issue verbal or written warning to traffic violators

● Only used when violation is not likely to cause a crash later ● Should be fair and consistent ● Follow departmental policy

4 Identify the exemptions allowed by K.S.A. 8-1506?

● Park and stand ● Proceed past a red light or stop signal/sign, only after slowing down as necessary for safe operation ● Exceed the maximum speed limits as long as it does not endanger life and property ● Disregard regulations governing direction of movement or turning ● Proceed through toll booths on roads or bridges without stopping for payment of toll and picking up a ticket and returning of toll cards

8 Summarize identified court holdings regarding emergency vehicle operation.

● Passing in a no passing zone. ● Officer responsibility in pursuits and emergency responses. ● Both lights and siren required to violate traffic laws. ● Privileges only available when responding to emergency or pursuit.

16 Define road positioning.

● Position of the vehicle on the road which best facilitates the negotiation of a turn or curve at a safe rate of speed, and the use of the available roadway to its fullest advantage with the least amount of steering. ● Driving line through a turn.

2 Identify and illustrate the proper position for the officer directing traffic at a four-way intersection

● Position should be in the middle of the intersection as to allow traffic to move to either side of you. ● Stand in the middle of where the road lines would cross

2 List the duties of person involved in a crash and the consequences.

● Provide name, address and registration information to other drivers involved ● The name of the insurance company and policy number ● Provide license or permit to driver to LEO at the scene ● Shall give name, address, registration and insurance information to LEO as well ● Failure to comply is a misdemeanor

Legal Aspects of Emergency Vehicle Operation 16.01 1 Identify the reasons emergency vehicle operation training necessary?

● Reduction of injury and death ● Reduction of liability ● Reduction of collision ● Increase attention level to the driving task ● Increase desire to improve ● Create higher maturity level ● Reduction of risk factor ● Coping with driving condition

DON'TS of radio operation

● Reflect personal emotions on the air ● Use improper grammar on the air ● Make comments or engage in conversation with other cars ● Speak too fast or too slow ● Talk to close or too far from the microphone. ● Move your head away from the microphone while talking

3 Identify the circumstances when a driver of an authorized emergency vehicle may exercise the privileges granted in K.S.A 8-1506?

● Responding to an emergency call ● In pursuit of suspected violator of the law ● Responding to a fire alarm

10 Identify motor vehicle law enforcement issues which impact community policing

● Roadway safety, crime fighting, and visibility of are enhanced ● Traffic charges can sometimes be used to develop information to solve other crimes ● Offering warnings may allow communication between officer and public

16 Identify the tactics an officer should use when a pursuit is terminated WITH an apprehension?

● Secure the scene ● Render medical aid ● Don't charge into an unknown ● Wait for back-up ● Suspect should be brought to patrol unit ● If approaching vehicle be deliberate, planned, and coordinated actions ● Back-up officer or supervisor should handle suspect(s)

7 Identify the recommended defensive driving techniques a driver should use when driving on snow and/or ice.

● The edge of the road, lane markings, or traffic signs may not be visible during a snowstorm. ● Stopping distance on ice/snow increases exponentially with increased speed. ● Brakes should be properly adjusted so they pull 6+evenly. ● Wet roads with ice and freezing rain are the most treacherous of all driving conditions. ● Bridges/shaded roadways freeze first. ● Do not make any sudden moves with the steering wheel, brakes, or accelerator. ● Slow down in advance of intersections, curves, and downgrades, sooner than normally. ● Keep at least a four-second following distance. ● Chains on rear wheels, drive with them until the road surface is appreciably clear of ice and snow. ● When driving through deep snow, shift into a lower gear before entering the snow and attempt to keep the car moving through the snow.

Traffic Enforcement Strategies 07.09 1 Define selective enforcement

● The focus of law enforcement on particular problem areas where there are crashes, driving complaints, fatalities or traffic congestion. ● It focuses on violations which cause crashes and noteworthy hazards

4 Define rolling friction.

● The friction between two surfaces in contact with each other, with one or both rotating. ● This occurs when the tires are rotating on the surface and will allow the vehicle to stop in the shortest possible distance. The driver will maintain the ability to steer the vehicle based on the rotation of the tires.

6 Identity need to request immediate repair to the roadway if damage is extensive

● The officer should make proper notification to the responsible people. ● Large holes, damaged overpasses, guardrails, haz-mat spills, problems with inclement weather affecting road surface, engineering problems, damaged or missing signs, and inoperable traffic control signals all need immediate attention

11 Identify factors that influence the stopping distance of a vehicle.

● The speed of the vehicle ● The available stopping distance

3 Identify tasks a LEO should complete when investigating a traffic fatality.

● To make a written report on approved form ● Forward report to KDOT within 10 days ● Treat as a crime scene; standards of collecting evidence are no different. ● Photograph, diagram ● Notify next of kin; inventory and release property to them. ● Photograph/fingerprint dead bodies ● Funeral home selection (by family) ● Notify coroner ○ Authorizes removal of body ○ Signs death certificate ○ Chemical tests ○ Has jurisdiction over unattended deaths. ● Notify prosecutor

Serious Offenses and Fatality Statutes 07.07 1 List the elements of vehicular homicide

● Unintentional killing of a human being ● Committed by the operation of an automobile, airplane, motor boat or other motor vehicle ● Creates an unreasonable risk of injury to person or property ● Constituted a material deviation from the standard of care ● Which a reasonable person would observe under the same circumstances ● Class A Person Misdemeanor Generally the court recognizes that more than a simple speeding or stop sign violation can stand alone to support a vehicular homicide conviction. The courts have reviewed the totality of the circumstances

2 Identify and illustrate the proper position for the officer directing traffic intersecting divided highways, one-way and two way movements.

● Use additional resources, extra officers, flares, barricades and or cones (to reduce speed of passing vehicles). ● Officer should position himself out of the through lane(s) and concentrate on keeping the traffic moving.

27 Identify the recommended driving techniques to use when backing a car.

● Use the 12 o'clock hand position on the steering wheel and the other hand over the seat for maximum vision. ● If the driver prefers 2 hands on the steering wheel, one hand should be at the 12 o'clock hand position with the other at 5 or 6 o'clock.

7 Identify the tactics a trained driver can use when a collision is unavoidable to reduce exposure to injury and vehicle damage?

● Utilize safety equipment on your vehicle ● Safety belts on all occupants ● All doors should be locked ● No loose equipment in passenger compartment ● No equipment should be mounted in front of the airbag

8 Define the legal requirements and procedures regarding the impoundment of vehicles

● Vehicle is stolen ● Driver/owner are unable to provide removal of vehicle ● Driver/owner has been arrested or otherwise taken into custody ● Vehicle was abandoned and obstructs the normal flow of traffic ● The officer should, but is not required to notify, owner of removal

5 Identify when the exemptions granted to an authorized emergency vehicle shall apply?

● Vehicle is using an audible signal (K.S.A. 8-1738) ● Visual signals (K.S.A. 8-1720) ● Lights and sirens