knes 443 chapter 4

Significance of All Arousal-Performance Views

-Arousal is multifaceted. It consists of the following: Physical activation of arousal Interpretation of arousal -It is doubtful that the optimal level of arousal is always at the midpoint of the arousal scale. -Arousal and state anxiety do not always have negative effects on performance. They can be facilitative or debilitative depending on the interpretation. -Self-confidence and enhanced perceptions of control are critical to perceiving anxiety as facilitative. -Some optimal level of arousal leads to peak performance, but optimal levels of physiological activation and arousal-related thoughts (worry) are not the same. -Interaction of physiological activation and arousal interpretation is more important than actual levels of each.

predictions of drive theory

-on well-learned skills, an individual's arousal or state of anxiety increases; so does performance -note: also uses as the basis for social facilitation theory (the presence of others enhance performance on simple or well-learned skills and inhibits performance on complex or unlearned skills)

measuring arousal and anxiety

-psychological signs (heart rate, respiration, skin conductance, biochemistry) -global and multidimensional self-report scales (CSIA-2, SCAT, SAS)

personal sources

-trait anxiety -self-esteem -social physique anxiety

anxiety direction and intensity part 2

-viewing anxiety as facilitative to superior performance -state anxiety is perceived as failitative or debilitation depending on how much control the person perceives -some support has been found for this view -developing cognitive skills and strategies helps people view anxiety as facilative

significance of all arousal-performance view

-arousal is multifaceted -it consists of the following: physical activation of arousal and interpretation of arousal -it is doubtful that the optimal level of arousal is always at the midpoint of the arousal scale

multidimesnional anxiety theory

-cognitive anxiety is negatively related to performance -somatic anxiety is related to performance in an inverted-U pattern -there is little support for its predictions

how arousal and anxiety affect performance

-drive theory -inverted-U hypothesis -individualized zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) -multidimensional anxiety theory -catastrophe model -reversal theory -anxiety direction and intensity -significance of all these view

home-field advantage

-during the regular season, a clear home-field advantage exists for both professional and amateur team sports and dates back almost 100 years -however during the playoffs these is a proposed home-field disadvantage but the evidence supporting it is mixed

emotions and sport and exercise psychology

-emotions are both positive(pleasure) and negative(shame) -common emotions include anger, anxiety, fright, guilt, shame, hope, love and so on -emotions influence performance while sport and physical activity participation influence emotions -emotions are "short-lived feelings states that occur in response to events" -emotions have both physiological and psychological components -while distinctions are often made between mood and emotions, the boundaries are often blurred

situational sources

-event importance -uncertainty

reversal theory

-how arousal affects performance depends on an individual's interpretation of his or her arousal level -arousal can be interpreted as pleasant(excitement) or as unpleasant(anxiety) -arousal interpreted as pleasant facilitates performance -arousal interpreted as unpleasant hurts performance -bottom line: this view is interesting but it is too early to draw firm conclusions

implications for practice

-identify optimal combinations of arousal-related emotions for best performance -recognize how personal and situational factors interact to influence arousal, anxiety and performance -recognize signs of arousal and state anxiety -tailor coaching strategies to individuals:sometimes arousal must be reduced, other time maintained and other times facilitated -develop performers confidence and perceptions of control

recognizing symptoms of arousal and state anxiety

-increased muscle tension -butterflies in stomach -inability to concentrate -consistently better performance in non-evaluative situations -cold, clamy hands -feeling ill -dazed look in eyes -cotton mouth

anxiety direction and intensity part 1

an individuals interpretation of anxiety symptoms is important for understanding the anxiety-performance relationship -to understand the anxiety-performance relationship, we must consider both the intensity (how much anxiety one feels) and the direction (a person's interpretation of anxiety as facilitating or debilitating to performance)

high vs. low trait anxious

people usually have more anxiety in highly evaluative situations

stress process

implications of the stress process for practice (intervene at any of the stress process stages)

arousal

is a blend of psychological activation, varying in intensity along a continuum

anxiety

is a negative emotional state with feelings of worry, nervousness and apprehension associated with activation of arousal of the body

trait anxiety

is a personality disposition that is stable over time

cognitive anxiety

is negatively related to performance

somatic anxiety

is related to performance in an inverted-U patter

state anxiety

refers to "right now" feelings that change from moment to moment

4 stages of stress process

step 1: environmental demand(physical and psychological) step 2: individuals perception of the environmental demand(amount of psychological or physical "threat" perceived) step 3: stress response (arousal, state anxiety, muscle tension, attention changes) step 4: behavioral consequences (performance or outcome)

nonsport research

supports the idea of championship choking as a result of performer self0consciousness

sources of stress and anxiety

situational sources and personal sources

why arousal influences performance

-Increased muscle tension, fatigue, and coordination difficulties -Changes in attention, concentration, and visual search: Narrowing of attention Shift to dominant style Attending to inappropriate cues -Changes in attention, concentration, and visual search: Performance worries and situation-irrelevant thoughts Visual cues are differently identified and processed when performers are anxious

stress

a substantial imbalance between physical and psychological demands placed on an individual and his or her response capability under conditions which failure to meet demands has important consequences

home-field advantage

occurs for both team and individuals sport and for both male and female athletes