KRS 113 Final

The resting membrane potential in neurons is:__________millivolts

-70 mv

Which feature(s) of the skin protect(s) us against microbes such as bacteria?

-The many layers of keratinized cells form a barrier against microbes -Sebum contains compounds which kill bacteria -Sweat has an acidic pH which suppresses microbial growth -Langerhans cells can alert the immune system should microbes invade All of these are correct

A pH of 7.0 has ____ than a pH of 5.0.

100 times less acid

The spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata to the:

2nd lumbar vertebra

Which letter in this figure identify the pectoralis major?

A

In the diagram, what pH value represents a basic solution?

A. 12

In the diagram of the wrist and hand, where is the scaphoid bone?

A. A

In the diagram shown below, which cellular junction will prevent acidic stomach fluid from seeping into the connective tissue?

A. A

Which of the labeled structures is the dura & arachnoid mater?

A. D

The absence of ________ causes rigor mortis after death

ATP

Which provides energy for various cell functions?

ATP

The period of time during which the neuron cannot generate another action potential, even with a very strong stimulus is called the:

Absolute Refractory Period

To communicate over short and long distance neurons use the:

Action Potentials

The energy needed to start a biological reaction is called:

Activation

Which is not a process used to remove the neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft?

Active Transport

Which of the following would speed up the rate of an exergonic reaction?

Adding a Catalyst

The membrane potential temporarily becomes more negative than the resting level during the _________ phase.

After Hyperpolarizing Phase

In this phase, centromeres split; chromatids (now called daughter chromosomes) are dragged by microtubules to opposite poles of the cell.

Anaphase

The science of body structures and the relationships among the structures is called:

Anatomy

Dysfunction of Cranial Nerve II would result in __________.

Anopia

Cranial Nerve I is located on the __________ aspect of the brain and Cranial Nerve XII is located on the ___________aspect.

Anterior, Posterior

Which of the following would normally not be able to cross the blood-brain barrier?

Antibiotics

Which surface of the cell is in contact with a body cavity, the lumen of an organ, or the exterior?

Apical Surface

The first cervical vertebrae is also referred to as the:

Atlas

Which vertebrae supports the skull and allows the movement signifying yes?

Atlas

Which subdivision of the Peripheral Nervous System is involuntary?

Autonomic Nervous System

Which is a synapse that transmits a nerve impulse from an axon to a cell body:

Axosomatic

In the diagram shown below, which area would contain gap junctions, tight junctions and desmosomes?

B. B

In the diagram, which is the osteon?

B. C

Which muscle in this figure multipennate?

B. F

Which is the most common form of skin cancer?

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Which of the following cerebral brain structures would control large, automatic movements of skeletal muscle and muscle tone like arm swinging in walking?

Basal Nuclei

Which of the following situations would represent a serious disruption of the homeostasis of the volume and composition of body fluids?

Becoming dehydrated as your lifeboat drifts on the empty ocean

What collection of spinal nerves connects the sensory and motor nerves to the upper limbs?

Brachial Plexus

What area of the cerebral cortex is injured if a patient is suffering from nonfluent aphasia?

Broca's Speech Area

Weak acid and weak bases that can add or remove protons (H+) to fluids in the body, thereby helping to keep pH levels at homeostatic levels, are called _____.

Buffers

What are the four most common elements in human bodies?

C,H,O,N

A patient is experiencing impaired vision. Which cranial nerve could be affected?

C. B

In this diagram, which layer of the meninges is closest to the spinal cord?

C. G

The articulation between which two bones allows you to move your head side to side as if to say "no"?

C1 and C2

Which of the following would be an example of an anion?

CI-

Which ion is required for exocytosis of ACh?

Ca+2

Which part of the humerus articulates with the radius at the elbow?

Capitulum

Which brain structure coordinates and smoothes contractions of skeletal muscles during skilled movements and helps maintain posture and balance?

Cerebellum

Which part of the brain is described as the "seat of intelligence"?

Cerebrum

Atoms and molecules are part of which level of organization in the human body?

Chemical

At the neuromuscular junction, a nerve impulse is converted into a/an:

Chemical signal

Osteocytes lie in lacunae arranged in concentric circles around a central canal in:

Compact Bone

Which of the following sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives, and generates output commands?

Control center

The spinal cord ends by tapering to a conical portion called the:

Conus Medullaris

Name the two main subtypes of epithelial tissue based on location and function:

Covering/lining, Glandular

A reflex that causes contraction of muscles that extend joints in a limb opposite the painful stimulus is called:

Crossed Extensor Reflex

Which structure in the figure produces melanin?

D. D

In this diagram which portion of the spinal cord contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as outgoing axons of motor neurons?

D. H

Which muscle is the transverse abdominus?

D. H

The amount of calcium in bones ________ with age. This change occurs at a younger age in _________.

Decreases, Women

An area of skin that provides sensory input via the spinal nerves is called:

Dermatome

The root of a hair follicle penetrates into the _______.

Dermis

The ________ separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

Diaphragm

The development of specialized cells from unspecialized stem cells is a description of which of the following basic life processes?

Differentiation

The random mixture or movement of molecules in a solution from an area of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is called:

Diffusion

The bending of the foot at the ankle in a superior direction is called

Dorsiflexion

The falx cerebri, the falx cerebelli and the tentorium cerebelli are extensions of_______ that separate parts of the brain.

Dura Mater

In the diagram, which is the capitulum of the humerus?

E. C

In this diagram which is the lumbar enlargement?

E. D

In this diagram which area plays a large role in coordinated movement?

E. E

In this diagram, which structure is the myelin sheath?

E. E

Which is the largest cranial nerve?

E. E

Which of the following represents a linker protein?

E. E

In the diagram, which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell and is where the krebs cycle takes place?

E. F

Which figure shows bone tissue?

E. G

__________ glands are abundant and found in skin covering most of the body. They are also involved in regulation of body temperature as sweat evaporates from skin.

Eccrine

These fibers can be greatly stretched without breaking and are composed of elastin.

Elastic

Muscular tissue has several important properties, such as electrical excitability. Another property of muscular tissue is that it is able to stretch, and return to its original size and shape. Which property of muscular tissue is this?

Elasticity

The ability of muscle cells to produce action potentials is an example of _____________ of muscles.

Electrical excitability

Match the function listed to the correct human body system: regulates body activities by releasing hormones.

Endocrine

What is the role of enzymes in a reaction?

Enzymes speed up a reaction without being altered or consumed

Which of these structures allows the diaphysis of a bone to increase in length?

Epiphyseal Plate

Which of the following best describes the events occurring at point B in the diagram of deep wound healing shown below?

Epithelium is migrating across wound.

The position of an epicondyle in relation to the condyle is that the epicondyle would be inferior to the condyle.

False

The movement of materials in both directions on microtubules in axons referes to:

Fast Axonal Transport

The rectus abdominis produces ___________ of the vertebral column when it contracts.

Flexion

The rectus femoris muscle produces extension at the knee joint and _______ at the hip joint.

Flexion

The anterior forearm compartment muscles that move the digits of the hand function as:

Flexors

The cell membrane structure is best described by the ______of membrane structure.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Which of these would allow the passage of nerves or arteries through bone?

Foramen

Which of these is a cranial bone?

Frontal

Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

Frontal

Equilibrium or balance in the body's internal fluid environment is termed:

Homeostasis

Which of the following brain structures is one of the major regulators of homeostasis?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following solutions would cause hemolysis of red blood cells?

Hypotonic

Testing a patient's ability to follow a finger with their eyes in an "H" pattern tests the integrity of which cranial nerves?

III, IV, VI

In this phase of would healing a blood clot temporarily unites the edges of the wound and blood vessels dilate so neutrophils can enter to clean up the area.

Inflammatory

Which neurotransmitter receptor is a type of ligand-gated channel which contains a binding site and an ion channel?

Inotropic Receptors

What principle function of the nervous system analyzes information, stores some aspects, and makes decisions about appropriate behavior?

Integrative

Blood flows to the brain via the ______ arteries.

Internal Carotid, Vertebral

Which receptors are located in blood vessels and visceral organs?

Interoreceptors

When the motor nerve impulse goes out the same side as the sensory neuron came in it is called:

Ipsilateral Reflex

The majority of the epidermis is made up of _________.

Keratinocytes

In anatomical position, the thumb is ______ to the pinky finger.

Lateral

The frontal and temporal lobes are separated by the

Lateral Sulcus

Thenar muscles are located on the ____________ side of the hand and produce movement at the ___________.

Lateral, Thumb

Which structure of the brain governs the emotional aspects of behavior like anger?

Limbic System

Which organ is located primarily in the Right Upper Quadrant?

Liver

Which group of nerves supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall, the external genitals, and part of the lower limb?

Lumbar Plexus

Which of the following organelles plays an important role in phagocytosis (a type of endocytosis), contains a variety of digestive enzymes, and has transport pumps that maintain an acidic pH inside the organelle?

Lysosomes

Which of these is the largest and strongest facial bone?

Mandible

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris originates from the:

Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus

Which pair of terms could be used to describe the location of the nose when compared to the location of the eyes?

Medial and inferior

In which part of the brain does decussation of pyramids occur?

Medulla Oblongata

Which somatic sensory receptor is rapidly adapting and responsible for fine touch?

Meissner corpuscle

White hair is the result of a lack of ________.

Melanin

What is the collective term for the connective tissue coverings that surround the spinal cord and the brain?

Meninges

In this phase of would healing the clot forms a scab; epithelial cells migrate into scab; fibroblasts also migrate to start scar tissue; and pink granulation tissue contains delicate new blood vessels.

Migratory

What organelles generate ATP through the reactions of aerobic cellular respiration?

Mitochondria

The building blocks of carbohydrates are:

Monosaccharides

Cells are able to transport materials from one region of the cell to another just as the body is able to transport substances to different locations, or skeletal muscles (working with your skeleton) can transport you from the sofa to the refrigerator. What basic life process is illustrated by this description?

Movement

Elongated cells called myocytes that can use ATP to generate force describes:

Muscle Tissue

A small amount of muscle tension and muscle definition (the appearance of muscle beneath the skin) is present even in a relaxed muscle. A person who is physically fit due to regular exercise, will have more of this characteristic of muscle tissue than someone who is not fit. What is this characteristic?

Muscle Tone

An autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks the myelin sheaths in multiple regions causing the myelin sheaths to deteriorate to scleroses or hardened scars

Mutiple Sclerosis

An autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks the myelin sheaths in multiple regions causing the myelin sheaths to deteriorate to scleroses or hardened scars.

Mutiple Sclerosis

What type of a system is used for regulation of blood calcium concentration?

Negative

_________ convert stimuli into nerve impulses and conduct impulses.

Neurons

Depression is linked to an imbalance of ____________ like serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain.

Neurotransmitters

When a herniated disc occurs, which portion of the intervertebral disc protrudes posteriorly and may put pressure on the spinal cord and/or spinal nerves?

Nucleus Pulposus

Transcription takes place in the ________ with the help of the enzyme called ________.

Nucleus, RNA polymerase

Which of the following is a purely sensory cranial nerve?

Olfactory

The olfactory bulb extends posteriorly as the:

Olfactory Tract

Neuroglial cells in the brain that form a myelin sheath around several adjacent axons are:

Oligodendrocytes

The movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the fingertips on the same hand is:

Opposition

The stress of exercise stimulates ________ and ________ bones.

Osteoblasts, Strengthens

When levels of blood calcium are too low, parathyroid hormone is released which stimulates:

Osteoclastic Activity

Mature bone cells are called ________.

Osteocytes

Chromatolysis and Wallerian Degeneration occur as part of the repair process for nerves in the _________.

PNS

Which nervous system division contains spinal nerves, ganglia, and peripheral nerves?

PNS

Mucuous-membrane-lined spaces in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones that connect to the nasal cavity are called the:

Paranasal Sinuses

Damage to the sensory or motor nerves to the muscle or to the integrating centers in the lumbar segments of the spinal cord in diabetes patients can be indicated by the absence of a knee jerk when testing this reflex:

Patellar reflex

The bones of the upper limbs are attached to the axial skeleton by the:

Pectoral Girdle

What membrane lines the abdominal cavity?

Peritoneum

Which of the following amphipathic molecules form the cell's bi-lipid membrane?

Phospholipids

When one atom in a compound attracts the shared electrons more strongly than another atom a/an ____ bond is formed.

Polar Covalent

A body that is lying face down is in the _______ position.

Prone

This Phase immediately follows interphase

Prophase

A single layer of cells that don't all reach the apical surface but all its cells rest on the basement membrane is called:

Pseudostratified epithelium

Which imaging modality is usually used to detect breast cancer?

Radiography

Free nerve endings and encapsulated nerve endings produce _____ when stimulated.

Receptor Potentials

The contraction of one muscle and the relaxation of it's antagonistic muscle is called;

Reciprocal Innervation

Your hunger at 8:00 AM prompts you to head towards breakfast. Which characteristic of living organisms best fits this activity?

Responsiveness

A negative feedback control system_________ a change in homeostasis.

Reverses

Which group of nerves supplies the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs?

Sacral Plexus

The energy stored in a Na+ concentration gradient is used to pump other substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient in:

Secondary Active Transport

Conscious and subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment:

Sensation

The alternating contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm in breathing is carried out by _________________ muscle.

Skeletal

What type of skeletal muscle fibers are very resistant to fatigue?

Slow Oxidative

What occurs when neurons one and two both act on neuron three at the same time to cause an action potential?

Spatial Summation

Epithelial cells have a continuous capacity for renewal partly due to the presence of immature undifferentiated cells called ________ which divide to replace lost or damaged cells.

Stem Cells

Graded potentials vary in amplitude depending on the strength of the ________.

Stimulus

A skin graft would be used for an injury when the ______ was destroyed.

Stratum Basale

Three to five rows of clear, flat dead keratinocytes, present only in thick skin of the fingertips, palms, and soles is called:

Stratum Lucidum

What structures would you find between gyri of the cerebral cortex?

Sulci and Fissures

An unpaired electron in the outer shell of an oxygen molecule is called a/an:

Superoxide Free Radical

Which muscle inserts on the tibia by way of the iliotibial tract?

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Which is not a rotator cuff muscle?

Teres Major

Which of the following is part of the diencephalon?

Thalamus

Which of the following statements about the ischium is true?

The ischium is the posterior inferior portion of the hip bone and is composed of a superior body and an inferior ramus.

The four quadrant areas of the abdominopelvic cavity are used:

To locate pain

Which cranial nerve consists of 3 branches; Opthalmic, Maxillary and Mandibular Branches?

Trigeminal

Which regulatory protein does calcium bind to in order to expose myosin binding sites on actin filaments?

Troponin

Regulation of blood glucose in the body is an example of homeostasis.

True

The cells of the human body can differ in size and shape, and some can even alter their shape. This is an example of cellular diversity.

True

To delay the onset of muscle fatigue, not all the motor units in a muscle will contract at the same time. Some will remain relaxed while others are contracting. If the contraction continues, and greater force is needed, more motor units will be recruited.

True

Proprioception is

a general and somatic sense

List the order of the zones in an epiphyseal plate from the diaphyseal region to the distal epiphysis. A: Zone of calcified cartilage B: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage C: Zone of proliferating cartilage D: Zone of resting cartilage

a,b,c,d

Which term best applies to a muscle that acts to move a bone away from the midline of the body?

abductor

The superficial posterior compartment muscles of the leg share a common tendon of insertion called the:

achilles tendon

The contractile proteins that generate force during contraction are:

actin and myosin

Once a(n) ________ potential is generated, the amplitude is always the same and does not depend on stimulus intensity.

action

__________ cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of a cell and produces around 36 molecules of ATP.

aerobic

Long-term supplies of ATP for muscle fiber contraction comes from:

aerobic cellular metabolism

In terms of bone health, why would a physician advise an older patient to do more weight-bearing activity such as walking, jogging, or use of moderate weights?

all of these explain why a physician would give such advice to a patient

Referred pain from a heart attack is felt in the skin over the heart and

along the left arm

Bone can grow in diameter by:

appositional growth

Where is cerebrospinal fluid reabsorbed?

arachnoid villi

The shoulder and hip joints are which type of joint?

ball and socket

Which type of joint confers the greatest range of motion?

ball-and-socket joint

Which of the following are responsible for producing new olfactory receptors?

basal cells

The hair cells responsible for hearing are located on the ________; their hair bundles are embedded in the ________

basilar membrane; tectorial membrane

Which of the following pairs of muscles are agonist-antagonists (that is, one flexes and the other extends) the forearm?

biceps brachii and triceps brachii

Which list of organs contains ONLY smooth muscle tissue?

blood vessels, stomach, esophagus and bladder

What is the insertion of the muscle labeled D?

calcaneus by way of Achilles tendon

Which is not a function of the skeletal system?

carbohydrate storage

Which of these is avascular?

cartilage

Which of the following continuously receives sensory information from the utricle and saccule, monitors the information, and subsequently sends impulses to the motor cortex of the cerebrum?

cerebellum

What structural components of the membrane are labeled (E) in the diagram?

cholesterol molecules

A smoker is more prone to cough to try to remove foreign particles from their airway due to paralyzed ________.

cilia

An elderly woman trips and falls. She puts out her hand to try to stop her fall, and ends up with a fracture of the lower arm. An x-ray shows that at the break, many pieces of bone have a splintered and fragmented appearance. Which type of fracture does this woman have?

comminuted fracture

The skin is also known as a (the) _________.

cutaneous membrane

Which of the following is found within cells?

cytosol

Which part of a neuron typically receives input?

dendrites

Most cells of the body are somatic cells, which are classified as ___________ because each cell contains the ____ number of chromosomes. In humans, this number is ________.

diploid, 2n, 46

What is the correct order of the connective tissue layers that protect the spinal cord from the outermost layer to the innermost layer?

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Muscle fascicles can be arranged in one of several patterns. Which of the following patterns is not an example of the arrangement of fascicles in a muscle?

elliptical

____________ glands secrete their products into extracellular fluid and then the blood. They are ductless glands.

endocine

This tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs of the body such as the stomach and bladder.

epithelial tissue

Improper lifting of a heavy load (such as trying to lift a box of books from its position on the floor), is most likely to cause painful back spasms in which muscle(s)?

erector spinae

Neurons and muscle fibers are _________ cells because they produce electrical signals.

excitable

The fluid outside the cells is called ___; blood plasma is an example of ________ fluid.

extracellular; extracellular

The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds and protects muscles is called:

fascia

An athete who excels at short sprints most likely has more _____________ muscle fibers as compared to a marathoner.

fast glycolytic

What type of skeletal muscle fiber would an Olympic quality weight lifter specifically be developing during training, to enhance his or her weight lifting power?

fast glycolytic fibers

Triglycerides that are solid at room temperature are considered to be _____ .

fats

Which of the following nerve fibers would have the highest speed of conduction?

fibers

A gomphosis is which type of joint?

fibrous and a syndesmosis

The body parts represented by the largest area on the somatosensory map are the:

fingers

Somatic receptors that carry impulses to the brain stem / spinal cord are called:

first Order Neurons

Sensory neurons that conduct impulses from the PNS to the CNS are called

first-order neurons

A withdrawal of a part of the body in response to a painful stimulus is called a:

flexor reflex

When considering the arrangement of rods and cones in the retina, there is a central location where only cones are found. As we move farther away from this point there are increasing amounts of rods and fewer cones so, as some point we are only able to see black and white. This central location of only cones is known as the

fovea centralis

The primary source for ATP is the human body is

glucose

Which of the following is not one of the quadriceps femoris group of muscles? gracilis sartorius vastus medialis vastus lateralis

gracilis and sartorius

The _______ component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers, and functions to support and bind cells in the tissue together?

ground substance

What joint is formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum?

hip joint

The longest and largest bone of the upper limb is the __________.

humerus

The process of intramembranous ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of mesenchymal tissue. In contrast, endochondral ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of _____.

hyaline cartilage

What type of chemical bond commonly forms between adjacent water molecules?

hydrogen bonds

One of the most common causes of shoulder pain and dysfunction in atheletes is called:

impingement syndrome

One of the most common causes of shoulder pain and dysfunction in athletes is called:

impingement syndrome

Which is NOT a characteristic of an organic compound?:

includes water and carbon dioxide

Darker skin is the result of a(n):

increased melanin production by melanocytes

Which of the following would increase the rate of diffusion through a membrane?

increasing the surface area

Which of the following is not a function of the cerebellum?

initiates movement

Most of the bones of the skull are formed by this process.

intramembranous ossification

The muscles that control the precise but weak movements of the digits are the:

intrinsic

When oxygen is plentiful inside a skeletal muscle cell, what happens to the pyruvic acid that is formed during glycolysis?

it diffuses into mitochondria to be broken down to generate ATP

What is the major function of the thalamus?

it is the principal relay station for sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex

The buildup of bilirubin in an infant's blood can occur if the liver does not remove the chemical causing the skin to appear yellow. This condition is

jaundice

Which type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?

keratinized stratified squamous

Which list contains only facial bones?

lacrimal bones, zygomatic bones, mandible, palatine bones

An atom whose valence electrons conform to the octet rule is:

less likely to form any bond with another atom

Channels that open in response to a specific chemical stimulus are:

ligand gated channels

Which is NOT a component of blood tissue?

lymph

Which of the following is the strongest muscle of mastication?

masseter

During this phase chromatids line up with their centromeres along the equatorial plane.

metaphase

A somatic motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it stimulates is called a:

motor unit

White matter primarily consists of ______ of many neurons. Grey matter consists of ______.

myelinated axons; neuron cell bodies

Which of the following molecules found in skeletal muscle cells binds oxygen that can later be used during aerobic metabolism to help generate ATP?

myoglobin

The site where a somatic motor neuron releases acetylcholine to stimulate a skeletal muscle fiber is called the

neuromuscular junction

A patient has suffered a spinal cord injury at the C6 level. Will this patient need to be on a ventilator to breathe for them?

no

A positive Babinski Sign in a 1 yr old is a(n):

normal

In what part of a cell would you find most of a cell's genetic material?

nucleus

All of the following are true about the brain and brain function in the elderly EXCEPT

number of neurons decrease significantly

As a result of decussation of pyramids, neurons in the right cerebral motor cortex control skeletal muscles:

on the left side of the body

The site where the optic nerve exits the eyeball is the ______; the ____ is the site of highest visual acuity.

optic disc; fovea centralis

A structure made up of two or more types of tissues that performs a specific set of functions is at what level of organization?

organ

The best example of referred pain is:

pain felt into the left arm during a heart attack

Uncontrollable shaking and muscle stiffness are characteristic of

parkinson's Disease

An example of a triangular arrangement of fascicles spread over a broad area that converges at a thick central tendon would be the __________ muscle.

pectoralis major

Which of these are the axial muscles that adduct the arm?

pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi

Skeletal muscle is covered, surrounded and protected by various layers of connective tissue. Which layer of connective tissue would surround a bundle of muscle fibers (muscle cells)?

perimysium

What type of endocytosis allows cells to "drink" (take up tiny droplets of extracellular fluid)?

pinocytosis

The primary centers for processing sensory information are located in the __________and the primary centers for processing motor integrative signals are located in the ___________.

postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus

Which of the following structures of the spinal nerves contains the sensory axons?

posterior root

The primary motor area is located in the

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

The postcentral gyrus functions as the _________ area.

primary somatosensory area

In this phase, chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes each held together by a centromere.

prophase

The atomic number of an atom is the number of ____in the nucleus.

protons

Exercise can produce a fashionable "six pack" of toned muscles. Which of the following muscles is involved in giving the appearance of this defined pack of muscles?

rectus abdominis

In the pelvic girdle, the two hip bones unite posteriorly with the sacrum to form the __________ joint.

sacroiliac

Skeletal muscle myofibrils contain many functional contractile units called:

sarcomeres

What is the origin and insertion of the biceps brachii?

scapula; radius

There is a white outer covering of the eye known as the

sclera

How would you test for dysfunction of the Accessory Nerve?

shoulder shrug

Changes that a clinician can observe and measure that are clearly related to an illness:

sign

The following is a description of which type of neural circuit? A presynaptic neuron stimulates a single postsynaptic neuron.

simple seires

If you are an endurance athlete, you especially rely on which type of skeletal muscle fiber to perform your sport?

slow oxidative fibers

Which of these would be an example of a stimulus with a fast adaptation rate?

smell

Which of the following would be unable to stimulate the reticular activating system and lead to arousal?

smell of freshly brewed coffee

Which stimulus does not stimulate the reticular activating system (RAS)?

smoke

The involuntary muscle tissue of the blood vessels and airways is _______________.

smooth

Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary (can't be consciously controlled)?

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

First-order neurons conduct nerve impulses from somatic receptors to the

spinal cord or brain stem

Which structure contains 16,000 receptors for hearing (hair cells)?

spiral organ (organ of corti)

Red Bone Marrow is found in which type of tissue?

spongy bone

Which bone tissue has osteocytes that are arranged irregularly in trabeculae?

spongy bone

The forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint that tears ligaments is called a/an:

sprain

Which of these muscles divides the neck into two principal triangles and rotates the face towards the opposite side of the muscle when contracted?

sternocleidomastoid

Which tissue can withstand friction and abrasion?

stratified epithelium

After working a 12 hour shift at the hospital Louisa comes home and lies down on her bed. She is lying on her back looking up at the ceiling with her head resting on her arms. What is her body position?

supine

Blood is a complex body fluid. If a vial of blood is drawn for a blood test and is allowed to sit in a rack for some time, the red blood cells will settle out and drift to the bottom of the tube. This process indicates that at least as far as the blood cells are concerned, blood has the properties of what type of fluid?

suspension

Dietary glucose is transported into a cell against its concentration gradient with the aid of membrane proteins called Na+/glucose _____.

symporters

The muscles that contract and stabilize an intermediate joint for prime mover muscles that cross several joints are called:

synergists

Most of the freely movable joints of the body could be classified both structurally and functionally as __________.

synovial and diarthroses

Which proprioceptors are concerned with muscle tension and are slow to adapt?

tendon organs

The resting membrane potential is maintained primarily by two factors:

the Na+/K+ pump and the leakage of K+ out of the cell

Which bones form the skeleton of the hand?

the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

Muscles act on bones to produce movement. The bones act as levers and the joints act as __________.

the fulcrum

Most people can see and feel the bony prominences on the medial and lateral sides of the ankles. What bone features and bones form these two prominences?

the medial malleolus of the tibia, and the lateral malleolus of the fibula

When the term rectus appears in the name of a muscle, it indicates that

the muscle fascicles run parallel to the midline of the body

In the stretch reflex, the end result is:

the muscle that was stimulated contracts

Which of the following contributes the most to holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity in the shoulder joint?

the muscles of the rotator cuff

The contractile organelle of skeletal muscle fibers is

the myofibril

Each point on the body surface maps sensory input to one specific region in:

the primary somatosensory area

Which bones form the pubic symphysis?

the two pubis bones

Memory is best defined as:

the way in which information is stored and retrieved

What is the arrangement of white and gray matter in the spinal cord?

the white matter surrounds grey matter

Which of the following would not be considered to be a sensory modality?

thought

If you wanted to design a tissue that restricted the movement of water and other molecules between adjacent cells, which type of junction would you use to connect the cells?

tight junctions

An age-related change where an individual has a ringing sensation in the ears is called:

tinnitus

A group of cells that have a common origin and function together to perform a specialized group of activities is called a(n) _______.

tissue

Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid?

to maintain a sterile environment within the joint cavity

This type of epithelium, only found in the urinary system, is composed of cells that are cuboidal in a relaxed state, and upon stretching become flattened and appear squamous.

transitional

Which of the following would be found in the bladder?

transitional epithelium

Bone can be classified as a connective tissue because it contains an extracellular matrix that surrounds widely spaced cells.

true

During a needle biopsy of a person's bone marrow, maybe to test for the presence of cancer, pain is felt when the needle passes through the periosteum because it is richly supplied with nerves.

true

In addition to a thicker stratum corneum and the presence of a stratum lucidum, the thick skin of the palms and fingertips of the hands and of the soles of the feet have a denser array of sense receptors than thinner skin found elsewhere on the body, and also is hairless.

true

In deep wound healing, an injury has penetrated through to the dermis or even the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer). In this type of wound, the healing process will leave a scar and could involve a loss of some functionality of the area of the wound.

true

The shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis and the end of a long bone nearest the point of attachment to the trunk is called the proximal epiphysis.

true

Wounds that only damage the epidermis won't bleed because the epidermis is avascular.

true

Meiosis differs from mitosis in that meiosis involves ______ division(s), with replication of DNA _______. By the time that cells complete meiosis, they will consist of _______ chromosomes.

two, once, 23

Brachialis inserts onto the:

ulna

A sensory neuron that has one process that extends from the cell body:

unipolar

Olfactory receptors

use olfactory hairs to transduce chemical signals from odorants.

The outermost electron shell of an atom is termed the _______ shell.

valance

Sensory and motor tracts are found in the _____ of the spinal cord.

white matter

With aging, bones can become more brittle. This brittleness is due to which factor?

with aging, there is a reduction in collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, which means a loss of tensile strength