Lab 4

First case of DNA profiling

-2 teenagers raped and killed (semen found) -Richard Buckland confessed to 2nd murder -In 1987, in the first ever mass DNA screen of blood and saliva samples from 5,000 men who lived in the villages -1988: DNA exoneration of Richard Buckland -Eventually convicted Colin Pitchfork

Healthy Diet step 15: enjoy your food

-Be mindful of what you eat, which may help you eat less and enjoy your food more. -Many cultures around the world emphasize the enjoyment of food, which often includes cooking and eating with others, as an integral ingredient to good health. -Even our own Dietary Guidelines for Americans touch on the idea that eating healthfully involves "enjoying food and celebrating cultural and personal traditions through food." -According to some research, shared mealtimes, especially during childhood, may act as a "protective factor" for many nutrition health-related problems as well as increase prosocial behavior in adulthood.

DNA profiling

= DNA Fingerprint / Gel Electrophoresis -Every individual has a unique DNA -How 2 samples compare Criminal ID Paternity testing

What are genes made of

DNA

Where?

DNA = Nucleus Transcription = Nucleus mRNA = Leaves Nucleus mRNA = Attaches to Ribosome Translation = Ribosome

DNA structure

DNA has a twisted ladder-like shape (a double helix)

Diversity of Life

Each individual organism is different

What are the bases and how do they pair

Guanine- Cytosine (G-S) Adenine- Thymine (A-T)

Healthy Diet step 13: be aware of liquid calories

-Beverages supply more than 20% of the calories in the average American's diet -Some liquid cals come from healthy beverages, such as milk and 100 percent fruit juice, most come from soda and other sweetened beverages and alcoholic drinks,(have lots of calories few nutrients) -Soft drinks major source of sugar and calories for many Americans, especially children, juice is more nutritious than soft drinks, also high in calories, so most ppl should drink no more than one cup a day.

What is the code?

-Codon= 3 bases that code for a specific amino acid -Basic unit of the genetic code

Healthy Diet step 10: keep sodium down, potassium up

-Excess sodium raises blood pressure -Ppl over 50, black people, and those with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease—(most adults)—should limit sodium to 1,500 milligrams a day (about two-thirds of a teaspoon of salt) -Everyone else should aim for less than 2,300 milligrams a day -At the same time, consume more potassium, which lowers blood pressure -Potassium-rich foods include citrus fruits, bananas, potatoes, beans and yogurt.

What is DNA

-Genetic info stored in all of your cells -"Genetic Instructions" -Codes for the production of proteins -in all living organisms -it is the reason you look and act differently from your neighbor

Essential Amino Acids

-Humans can produce about half of the 20 amino acids (the others must be supplied in food) -Failure to obtain one amino acid =degradation of the body's proteins, muscle, etc. in order to obtain the missing essential amino acid -Unlike fat and starch, the human body does not store excess amino acids for later use —the amino acids must be in the food every day

Healthy Diet step 14: limit alcohol

-If you drink, do so in moderation, no more than one drink a day for women, two a day for men, older people should drink even less -A drink is defined as 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 11⁄2 ounces of 80-proof spirits. -While alcohol in moderation has heart benefits, higher intakes can lead to a wide range of health problems. Even moderate drinking impairs your ability to drive and may increase the risk of certain cancers. - Some people, including pregnant women and those who have certain medical conditions, should avoid alcohol altogether.

What happens if there is a mutation in one of these?

-Mutations are any change to the DNA sequence -Mutations can be positive, negative, or neutral

Healthy Diet step 7: cut down on animal fat

-Saturated fats, especially from red and processed meat, boost LDL ("bad") cholesterol -limit by choosing lean meats, skinless poultry and non or low fat dairy -replace saturated fats with "good" fats, found in nuts, fish and veggie oils, not with refined carbs (white bread and snack foods)

Healthy Diet step 12: choose food over supplements

-Supplements cannot substitute for a healthy diet, which supplies countless other potentially beneficial compounds besides vitamins and minerals -Foods also provide the "synergy" that many nutrients require to be efficiently used in the body -a basic multivitamin/mineral pill can provide some of the nutrients they may fall short on, many ppl need calcium as well as vitamin D supplements to meet recommended intakes.

DNA facts

-The human genome contains about 3 billion base pairs of DNA -99.9% of DNA is the same between humans. That means all the differences we see are due to variation in 0.1% of our DNA (3 million base pairs) -99.1% of DNA is the same between humans and chimpanzees!

Healthy Diet step 9: Don't worry about cholesterol

-Though a 300-milligram daily cap on cholesterol intake has long been advised, there's evidence that cholesterol in food has little effect on blood cholesterol in most people, many experts no longer recommend limiting dietary cholesterol (found only in animal foods, like eggs and shrimp). -best way for most ppl to lower blood cholesterol is to reduce saturated fats (like meats) and trans fats (from partially hydrogenated oils in processed foods) -possible exception is ppl with diabetes, should talk to their doctor about their overall diet.

Healthy Diet step 8: shun trans fats

-Trans fats are supplied by partially hydrogenated veggie oils used in many processed foods (commercial baked goods, snack foods and stick margarines) and fast foods (French fries) -Trans fats raise LDL ("bad") cholesterol and also reduce HDL ("good") cholesterol, increase risk of heart disease -Since 2006, when trans fat labeling law went into effect, many food makers have eliminated or reduced these fats in their products

Healthy Diet step 3: eat plenty of produce

-aim for 2 1/2 cups of veggies 2 cups of fruit a day for a 2,000 calories diet -if you eat fewer than 2,000 calories you can eat less -include green, orange, red, blue/purple and yellow produce -nutrients/fiber may help protect against certain types of cancer and other diseases. -Legumes (rich in fiber) count as veggies but high in calories -choose whole fruits over juice for more fiber -frozen and canned fruits/veggies are good options

Healthy Diet step 4: Get more whole grains

-at least half your grains should be whole grain (such as whole wheat, barley, oats) -whole grains retain the bran and germ and nearly all of the nutrients and fiber of the grain -look for product labeled "100% whole wheat or grain" -if it doesn't say that look for whole grain listed as first ingredient though there still may be lots of refined wheat (white flour) or sugar -look for voluntary "Whole Grain Stamp" from the Whole Grains Council

Different Sequences

-chemical structure of everyone's DNA is the same -the only diff between people is order of base pairs -every person has a different sequence

Essential steps to eating healthy

-eat mostly foods derived from plants (veggies, fruits, whole grains, legumes--beans peas lentils) -limit highly processed foods

Healthy Diet step 1: Consume a variety of foods

-not all foods that contribute good health have been identified so eat a variety to ensure you get all benefits from disease fighting potential foods -limit exposure to pesticides or toxic substances

Healthy Diet step 11: watch your Calcium and Vitamin D

-nutrients vital for bone health -Get calcium from low-fat or nonfat dairy products and fortified foods (some orange juices and soy drinks) -If you can't get 1,000 to 1,200 mg a day from foods, take a calcium supplement -hard to consume enough vitamin D from foods, and getting it from sunlight is risky -Many people—especially over 60, live at northern latitudes or have darker skin—may need a D supplement (800 to 1,000 IU a day).

Healthy Diet step 6: Enjoy more fish and nuts

-nuts, fatty fish, avocados, veggie oils supply healthy unsaturated fats -recent research says these food though high in calories it doesn't promote weight gain bc they are satisfying -best to eat them in place of other high calorie foods (sub olive or canola oil for butter) -fatty fish reduces heart disease risks bc omega 3 polyunsaturated fats

Healthy Diet step 5: limit refined grains, added sugar

-refined carbs in white bread, regular pasta, and most snack foods have little/no dietary fiber, have been stripped of nutrients -watch out for wheat flour (white, refined, or enriched flour) on ingredients list -limit foods with added sugar (soda/candy) empty calories contribute weight gain -sugary foods hit in fat so more calorie dense

Healthy Diet step 2: Keep an Eye on portions

-you can eat all broccoli/spinach you want but for higher calorie foods, portion control is key -serving sizes have ballooned, in restaurants choose an appetizer instead of entree or split with a friend, don't order supersized -when reading food labels, check serving size, some small packages claim to contain more than one serving so you have to double/triple calories, grams of fat and milligrams of sodium if you're planning to eat whole thing

How many Nucleotides in DNA?

1 phosphate, 1 sugar, 1 base 4 nucleotides form genes that code for proteins

How many chromosomes come from each child's parent

23

Approximately how many genes does a human have

25,000 genes

How many chromosomes do each of the following have

46

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins

How do we get from DNA to proteins?

Central Dogma of Biology DNA- Transcription (Nucleus) ----> mRNA- Translation (Ribosome) ----> Amino Acids ----> Proteins

Why do children look like their parents?

Children look like their parents because they inherit the traits from their parents. The traits pass from the parent to the child. Parents will conceive a child, contributing one complete set of chromosomes to the body and this is how the parents pass genes to the child.

Where does DNA Transcription take place

In the nucleus the cell's machinery copies the gene sequence into the messenger RNA.

Does each Amino Acid have just one nucleotide code

No

Genes contain instructions for building

Proteins

Instead of Thymine (T), which nucleotide base does mRNA use?

RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).

During the making of a chromosome, DNA is wrapped around

Some proteins that are packed together until they form a chromosome

After transcription, where does the mRNA go and what does it do once it is there

The mRNA travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and the ribosomes (protein making machines) reads the mRNA sequence and translates it to the amino acid sequence of the protein.

Proteins

control all cellular process

DNA profiling was developed

in 1984 by British geneticist Sir Alec Jeffreys

What do these Amino Acids join together to form

proteins