LALS MIDTERM

sexual privilege

the ability to define acceptable sexuality in high-status spaces Article: Good Girls by Elizabeth A. Armstrong, Laura T. Hamilton, J. Lotus Seeley

hegemonic masculinity

the dominant form of masculinity that permeates social institutions -is disguised as expertise knowledge -Creates the notion that decisions made by powerful men have consequences that are, "experienced as inevitable economic forces or disembodied social trends." 105 -More than Men: Latino Feminist masculinities and intersectionalityby Aida Hurtado and Mrinal Sinha show that men are not monolithic group. Their research shows that Latinos reject this bc their understanding of manhood reflect their standing in a system structured by racial, class, and heterosexual privilege

assimilation politics

the political strategy of targeted social groups trying to conform as much as possible to the culture of the dominant group"(Ryan,150).

Discuss two articles that discuss the "double-bind" position that ethnic-racial women face or have historically faced. Define double-bind position.

"Our mothers grief" by Bonnie Thornton Dill :Compared to white women whose domesticity was valued, protected and encouraged at both the family and societal level, women of color's participation in the labor force did not entitle them with the same political, economic, legal, and social status white women acquired

seeing in 3D

"is anchored in an intersectional analysis of race, class, and gender reveal otherwise hidden aspects of structural inequality." 263 -article: "Seeing in 3D" by Margaret L. Andersen

symbolic ethnicities

- a termed coined by Herbert Fans to refer to ethnicities that is individualistic in nature and without real social cost for the individual -their ethnic identity does not influence their lives unless they want it to ex- an individual who identify as Irish, for example, on occasions such as as Saint Patricks Day, on family holiday, or for vacations -It only considers the enjoyable or leisurely aspects of ethnicity -People can choose whether or not they want to discuss or celebrate their ethnicity

Heterosexism

- the act of enforcing heterosexual behavior as the only natural and permissible form of sexual expression, per Jonathan Ned Katz, is a relatively new idea a specific historic construction. -Its meaning and presumed significance have evolved and changed at distinct historical times. -Article: The invention of heterosexuality

triracial stratification

-"Whites": whites, new whites, assimilated white latinos, some multiracial, assimilated native Americans, a few asian-origin people -"Honorary White": light skinned latinos, Japanese Americans, Korean Americans, asian Indians, Chinese Americans, middle eastern Americans, most multiracials -"Collective Black": filipinos, Vietnamese, Hmong, Laotians, dark-skimmed latinos, blacks, new West Indian and African immigrants, reservation-bound native Americans -Race conflict will be buffered by the intermediate group, much like class conflict is when the class structures includes a large middle class

color blind racism

-"a new form of racism in which dominant groups assume that race no long matters- even when society remains structured by racial inequality" (Gallagher, 57) -new from of racist thinking accepted among whites -denies the salience of race, scorns those who talk about race, and increasingly proclaims that "we are all Americans" -Article: Color Blind Privilege by Charles A. Gallagher, claims that it disregards racial hierarchy

What are two different approaches to studying race, class and gender?

-A difference framework: A framework for highlighting the common and different experiences in race, class, and gender relations. They tend to focus on unique group experiences. Intersectionality: A framework first credited by scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw for analyzing multiple social categories that determine how class, race, gender is lived rather than examining class, race, gender in isolation. It can be understood in terms of advantage/privilege or in terms of disadvantage/inequality. Considers how the effects of race, class, and gender overlap with each other. Such framework allows one to move away from monolithic categories that is rigid, universal categories that do not break down components.

sexuality

-A person's sexual preference towards another -Definition per Andersen and Hill Collins: "sexuality operates as a system of power and inequality comparable to and intersecting with the systems of race, class, and gender." 53 - more than an identity that one possesses and it is more than describing people's preferences. It has been historically used as a way of controlling people and dispelling ideas at both the individual level and institutional level.

Define sexuality. What double standards have certain groups faced linked to their sexuality? Draw from two different readings and illustrate two different examples.

-A person's sexual preference towards another. -Good Girls': "Gender, Social Class, and Slut Discourse on Campus": Young men can desire and pursue sexual relationships regardless of their relationship status; women can only be in sexual relationships with long-term partners (Crawford and Popp 2003; Hamilton and Armstrong 2009). - "Queering the Sexual and Racial Politics of Urban Revitalization" by Donovan Lessard. The intersection of homosexuality and race poses a double standard fo two group of people within two different Minneapolis art spaces. On the one hand, white middle and upper-class gay people are perceived as bringing renewal and improvement to a Minneapolis community. On the other hand, poor LGBTQ people of color are stigmatized and policed as they are perceived to bring decline to their community.

racism (three components)

-Discriminatory or hostile actions towards a specific racial group -The believe in the inherent superiority of one race over all others and thereby the right to dominate -prejudice -institutional racism -racial ideology

racial formation

-How Omi and Winant define it: "the sociohistorical process by which groups come to be defined in racial terms, and it specifically locates those processes in state-based institutions, such as the law." -The sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed -How Andersen and Hill Collins define it: "Ideas, rules, and practices that define some groups in racial terms—differently at different points in time, and for the explicit purpose of group oppression" -Article: racial formation by Michael Omi and Howard Winant Ex. Susie Guillory Phipps Sues the Louisiana Bureau of Vital Records She is legally classified as Black, an identity that she refutes. Shewants the government to change her classification from Black toWhite. Results: She loses. The assistant general argues that her racial classification complies with federal record keeping requirements. Ex. above demonstrates the dissonance between the way that the state racially identifies a person, and the way that individuals identify themselves. Yet it also demonstrates the power that the government has in classifying its citizens -theory helps explain racial dynamics -challenges the idea that race is fixed objective -examines race through an intersectional approach

overt racism

-Intentional racism that results in violent (lethal or not) actions -Non-lethal violent actions- Slurs, physical harm, microaggressions (daily and routine encounters with racism such as following people of color around a store)

joblessness

-Lack of attachment to the formal labor market -Includes those who are looking for work but are working in the informal sectors, such as those doing unpaid housework or participating in drug dealing -article jobless ghettos: the social implications of the disappearance of work in segregated neighborhoods by William Julius Wilson -Structural Factors that contribute to joblessness: Decreasing demand for low-skill labor Suburbanization of jobs Social deterioration of ghetto neighborhoods -Individual Factors that contribute to joblessness: Both black and white employers had negative views and beliefs about inner-city ghetto workers and demonstrated reluctance in hiring them

dominant narrative

-Presumes a White, middle-class masculinist focus -Greed and consumer behaviors are often to blame for recession or lack of unemployment -article: "Seeing in 3D" by Margaret L. Andersen

reproductive labor

-Refers to all of the work of women in the home. This includes: cognitive, physical, and emotional work -The activities that are assumed in reproductive labor of women "are necessary for the growth of patriarchal capitalism because they maintain, sustain, stabilize, and reproduce (both biologically and socially) the labor force." 282 -Article: Our Mother's Grief by Bonnie Thornton Dill

racial project

-Simultaneously an interpretation, representation, or explanation of racial dynamics, and an effort to recognize and redistribute resources along. particular racial lines -do the ideological work of making these links (structure and representation). Ex. War on Drugs -Draws from a conservative stance -Rates of African Americans and white people admitted to prison for drug offenses increased during this period but especially impacted AfricanAmericans -racial formation article by Omi and Winant

forever foreigner syndrome

-Tuan (1999)- "Syndrome that Asians in the United States are subjected to regardless of their immigrant or citizenship status." -Certain historical events such as 9/11 may especially prompt such entrapped ethnic ideology Article: Must-See Tv written by Bhoomi K. Thakore -What is largely considered to be the main reason that South Asians are subject to "forever foreigner" status in "Must-See TV: South Asian Characterizations in American Popular Media," by Bhoomi Thakore is their skin color

sphere of domesticity

-White women were protected given that public forms of patriarchy supported their roles of wives, mothers, and daughters given that they were seen as contributors of American society -The idea of wife as a homemaker was supposed to construe the husband's successful role performance -Code of domesticity, the notion that wives belong at home, was an ideal white women aspired to --Article: Our Mother's Grief by Bonnie Thornton Dill

difference framework

-approaches race, class, and gender primarily at the level of culture, often minimizing how structures of power shape culture. -encourage individuals to compare their experiences with those supposedly unlike them -misses the point of how understanding racism, class and sexism shape one another

heterosexuality

-is a modern invention, dating to the late nineteenth century." 184 -Category used to create a dominant and universal view of sexuality -Article: The invention of heterosexuality by Jonathan Ned Katz -"a word and concept, a norm and role, an individual and group identity, a behavior and feeling, and a peculiar sexual-political institution particular to the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries."

racial stratification

-operated along biracial lines (white-non-whites) -The inequality between and among racial groups

ethnicity

-refers to groups who share a common culture, including language, customs, religion, and so forth -social construction Article: What White Supremacists taught a jewish scholar about identity by Abby L. Ferger: example- the history of anti-semitism is a classic example of an ethnic group becoming racialized

gentrification

A phenomenon where middle or upper middle class people move into formerly working class neighborhoods, knock down historic structures, drive up rent prices, increase house values,and displace the poor or working-class residents of the neighborhood. Article: queering the sexual and racial politics of urban revitalization by Donovan Lessard

racial ideology

A set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational and normal

trans*

A way of reframing and expanding the "trans" umbrella so that it does not only include transsexuals or medically transitioning people who can be identified and categorized within the binary gender system Article: From transgender to trans* by Joelle Ruby Ryan

black masculinity

Black male body as needing to be tamed or destroyed

How do two articles illustrate black masculinity and its implications? Define black masculinity.

Black masculinity: Black male body as needing to be tamed or destroyed. Implications: "It Looks like a Demon:" by Jamie D. Hawley and Staycie L. Flint. -Blacks receive less effective health care than Whites,Blacks are far less likely to be treated for pain. People perceive Blacks as feeling less pain than Whites. -FIND ANOTHER ARTICLE

segmented assimilation

Coined by Alejandro Portes and Min Zhou. -Helps explain why different groups may not experience assimilation in a linear fashion, whereas others may do so. -Theory focuses on identifying the contextual, structural, and cultural factors that separate successful assimilation from unsuccessful, or even "negative" assimilation.

What two articles discuss the ways that color-blind racism has been reinforced through the media and through national discourse? Provide two examples that draw from two separate readings. Define color blind racism.

Color-blind racism: -"a new form of racism in which dominant groups assume that race no long matters- even when society remains structured by racial inequality". Color-blind privilege by Charles A. Gallagher: "A black model dressed in yachting attire peddles a New England, yuppie boating look in Nautical advertisements." We are All Americans by Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, "This ideology denies the salience of race, scorns those who talk about race, and increasingly, proclaims that "we are all Americans".

intersectionality

Considers how the effects of race, class, and gender overlap with each other

white supremacy

Contemporary white supremacy does not deviate from American ideals but rather it is a continuation of 19th century White racist history that proves to be extensive and systemic Article: The persistence of white nationalism in America Hate Groups: Per Southern Poverty Law Center, there is more than 500 Hate Crimes: Estimated 195,000/year by experts Online Groups: 4,000 hate based websites This helps maintain white supremacy: -create an intermediate racial group to buffer racial conflict -allow some newcomers into the White racial strata -Incorporate most immigrants into the collective Black strata

urban pioneers

Describes middle-class people who initially move into a working-class or poor neighborhood" -Ex. Artists, students, middle class "often white, gay people"

What multiple factors do different scholars consider in explaining the unemployment or joblessness that Black communities face? How do their policy recommendations differ to solve this problem?

Factors: -Decreasing demand for low-skill labor -Suburbanization of jobs ( they cannot afford cars) -Social deterioration of ghetto neighborhoods -Both black and white employers had negative views and beliefs about inner-city ghetto workers and demonstrated reluctance in hiring them -substantial decline in the relative demand for the less-educated and those doing more routinized tasks compared to the relative supply of such workers -Changes in class, racial, and demographic composition of inner city neighborhoods have also contributed to the high percentage Policy recommendations: More plentiful low-skill employment may reduce the likelihood that hiring decisions will be determined by negative judgements about a group's job related traits. Given that firms in the private sector have more leeway in refusing to hire low-skilled adults, it is important to increase jobs in the public sector for low-skilled workers

prejudice

Hostile attitude stemming from incorrect beliefs about a group of people. Attitudes may lead or not to discriminatory action

institutional racism

Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems

toxic inequality syndrome

Refers to the emotional and physiological impacts for families and individuals exposed to repeated, persistent economic trauma, frustrated ambitions, and cumulative downward spirals

african-american exceptionality

Refers to the idea that African Americans discriminatory treatment does not end even after they attain upward mobility -The difficulty with attaining upward mobility is conveyed through on-job harassment and other employment barriers African Americans face

matrix of domination

Refers to the overall organization of power. Race, class, gender, sexuality influences us at the individual, social, but also the institutional level -Individual- our consciousness, our ideas -Group- our interactions with other people -Institutions- the way institutions shape policies and ideas about certain races, classes, and genders and how these ideas holdimplications for these groups of people

slut shaming

Stigmatizing and degrading women for their alleged sexual activity Article: 'Good Girls': "Gender, Social Class, and Slut Discourse on Campus" by Elizabeth A. Armstrong, Laura T. Hamilton, J. Lotus Seeley

toxic inequality

Understanding the way that wealth and income inequality does not exist in a vacuum- it intersects with a widening racial wealth gap and it increases over time. -over time and generations it builds upon itself

What two different authors discuss white privilege and what do they say about white privilege? Define white privilege

White privilege: an invisible package of unearned assets that puts people at at an advantage. Like an invisible weightless knapsack of special provisions, maps, passports, codebooks visas, clothes, tools, and blank checks. -Peggy McIntosh (White Privilege): analogizes racial privilege to a "invisible knapsack" that holds special passes. -Abby L. Ferber (What White Supremacists Taught a Jewish Scholar about Identity): "Growing up white, I felt raceless. "My race was invisible to me" "White people like myself have failed to recognize the ways in which our own lives are shaped by race.

class

a hierarchial arrangement in society that gives groups different access to the economic, social, political and cultural resources. -Key components: power, access, and privilege -where you live, how you dress, where you attend school, where you work, how much leisure time you have, and how others perceive you are all shaped by this

racialization

a process by which individuals are categorized into racial groups based on their physical appearance -Per Thakore, the racialization of Indian and South Asian Americans perpetuates negative stereotypes and assumptions Ex. Media spreads the perception of South Asians as foreigners and "others" -article: Must-See Tv written by Bhoomi K. Thakore

Define racialization and provide examples from two different authors who discuss how certain ethnic groups have been racialized.

a process by which individuals are categorized into racial groups based on their physical appearance -article: Must-See Tv written by Bhoomi K. Thakore. "Whites commit racialization of South Asians through the negative, stereotypical, and secondary ways in which they perceive them"

race

a social construction stems from a specific social, historical, and political context concept is changing located in the shifting relations of power that mark a social structure of racial inequality -"A concept that signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and interests by referring to different types of human bodies" -one cannot think about it without thinking about shifting power relations -largely influenced by societal norms and ideas

heteronormative environment

a type of environment based on historical construction that gives privilege to individuals that follow the gender binary.

meritocracy

achievements gained on the basis of one's ability, thrift, and investments in education -Ex of meritocracy: college scholarship awards, athletic contracts, grants -White Privilege article: Peggy Mcintosh

Define meritocracy. Drawing from two separate readings, illustrate how meritocracy is accepted and reinforced at the individual and societal level.

achievements gained on the basis of one's ability, thrift, and investments in education. -White privilege by Peggy Mcintosh: "it seems to me that the obliviousness about white advantage, like obliviousness about male advantage, is kept strongly unculturated in the United States so as to maintain the myth of meritocracy" -Color blind privilege by Charles A. Gallagher: "Colorblindness hides white privilege behind a mask of assumed meritocracy"

social institution

are abstract entities, nothing more than collective actions that accumulate over an extended period of time and come to be thought of "just the way things are" -Refers to physical and non-physical forms for organizing and informing many aspects of society Ex. families, economies, education, the media, the state, hospitals, police

revitalization

article: "Queering the Sexual and Racial Politics of Urban Revitalization" by Donovan Lessard - Refers to the efforts made to "clean up" communities believed to be fraught with decay for the sake of development, commerce and renewal

biculturalism

helps us understand how Latinas manage the conflicts and tensions between two different cultures. -engaging in typical behaviors of both cultures, embraces the opportunity to remain involved in practices and lifestyles of both cultures, and feels a sense of belonging to both cultural communities.

familismo

includes strong identification and attachment to the family, both nuclear and extended. It requires members to prioritize family over individual interests. -emphasizes cooperation and interdependence

Gender

is rooted in social institutions and results in patterns within society that structure the relationship between women and men and the advantages and disadvantages that women and men receive -is also an identity, but a learned one -cannot be understood solely at the individual level -social construction

working-class adulthood

one characterized by low expectations of loyalty in work, wariness toward romantic commitment, widespread distrust of social institutions, and profound isolation from hostility and toward others who cannot make it on their own. -Growing up today means learning to depend on no one but yourself -Article: Working Class growing pains by Jennifer M. Silva -Overemphasize on bootstrap mentality, that is taking responsibility for their own failures and successes

Why is it useful to use personal narratives to discuss race, class, and gender inequalities? Provide two examples drawn from the readings that use personal narratives to demonstrate why.

it is important to use personal narratives to discuss race, class, and gender inequalities so that oppressors can learn from their mistakes and as a society we don't repeat the mistakes from the past. According to Audre Lorde, who wrote "Age, Race, Class and Sex", :"Certainly there are very real differences between us of race, age, and sex. But it is not those differences between us that are separating us. It is rather our refusal to recognize those differences, and to examine the distortions which result from our misnaming them and their efforts upon human behavior and expectation." (Lorde,12). -"Label Us Angry"- Jeremiah Torres: Torres describes a racist encounter he and a friend experienced in an upper class community.Instead of being protected by institutions that are supposed to protect him, he explains how these institutions (police) doubt his truth He discusses how race and class likely played a role in the treatment they experienced from the police officers

Define doing gender. How is gender "done" according to two different authors that we have read? Moreover, what are the underlying reasons for "doing gender" in certain ways?

means that gender is not fixes attribute of persons, but is instead accomplished through routine social interactions -Article: Asian American Women and Racialized Femininities by Karen D. Pyke and Denise L. Johnson: "gender is regarded as something people do in social interactions" "Gender displays are culturally established sets of behaviors, appearances, mannerisms, and other cues that we have learned to associate with members of a particular gender" -"systems of power and inequality" by Margaret L. Andersen and Patricia Hill Collins, "We dress certain ways; we talk in gendered patters of speech; we interact with others based on well documented patters of gendered behavior; we reward and value people differently based on their gender.

doing gender

means that gender is not fixes attribute of persons, but is instead accomplished through routine social interactions -gender is something we do, not just something we are -built into the daily interactions and ideas we have

gendered institution

refers to the total patterns of gender relations that are "present in the processes, practices, images, and and ideologies, and distribution of power in the various sectors of social life" -Enables us to see how gender is socially organized and structured

social construction

their significance (race, class, and gender) stems for what they have become as the result of historical and social processes. They are not fixed categories of social relationships. Their form, meaning, and interrelationships change over time. -Ideas shaped and accepted by society. It is important to note that these ideas are not permanent but fluctuate over time and powerful institutions often inform persisting social construction