Language Arts and Reading for EC- 6 22
Which of the following is an example of a student that lacks print awareness? a) While pretending to read a book a student is tracking the words on the page with his or her finger. b)A student wants to read a story he wrote to his teacher. The teacher observes that the written story is mostly squiggle marks. c)A student shows her teacher she is reading independently. The teacher observes the book is upside down. d) A student is at a center pretending to write a shopping list.
A student shows her teacher she is reading independently. The teacher observes the book is upside down.
Teaching children about onset and rime helps them recognize common chunks within words. This can help students decode new words when reading and to spell words when writing, which of the following activities will help with this skill?
A student will begin with the word jug and then change the first consonant to "h" and create the word hug
Which of the following is NOT an instructional strategy to promote the alphabetic principle? Alphabetic principle- children develop an understanding that specific letters or letter combinations are used in print tp represent specific speech sounds in spoken word
Clapping out the syllables in words.
A 3rd-grade teacher notices several of her students read very slowly and without any expression when asked to read aloud. In which of the following areas should the teacher plan further instruction?
Decoding and Fluency
A teacher is preparing a lesson on words that children can decode but might have problems identifying the intended meaning. Which of the following skills is this lesson focused on?
Homographs or homonyms
Which two statements describe how a student responding to literature help them develop literacy skills? I Reading response encourage readers to actively create their own meaning from texts and express their individual responses. II Responding to texts help to increase fluency in reading. III Reader responses help students to develop phonological awareness. IV Readers response encourages students to analyze and connect with what they are reading.
I Reading response encourage readers to actively create their own meaning from texts and express their individual responses. IV Readers response encourages students to analyze and connect with what they are reading. When a reader responds to literature it causes them to make sense and meaning of what is read. It helps them think about what they are reading and how it affects them personally. It aids in comprehension.
Which two statements are strategies that could effectively increase metacognition during reading? I. Have students stop and discuss aspects of the text, including story elements, or predicting what will happen next, or why a character is behaving a certain way. II. Talk about metacognitive skills with your students; define metacognition and explain why developing metacognitive skills is important and then practice. III. Give students multiple choice questions over what they are reading frequently to monitor comprehension. IV. Have students partner read an above level text.
I. Have students stop and discuss aspects of the text, including story elements, or predicting what will happen next, or why a character is behaving a certain way. II. Talk about metacognitive skills with your students; define metacognition and explain why developing metacognitive skills is important and then practice.
Levels of Comprehension
Lexical, literal, interpretive, applied, affective
This strategy is based on learning word patterns rather than memorizing unconnected words. This strategy includes the study of base words and affixes.
Word study Word study provides students with opportunities to investigate and understand the patterns in words. Knowledge of these patterns means that students needn't learn to spell one word at a time. Word study is closely tied to reading instruction, it also develops students' abilities in phonics, word recognition, and vocabulary.
Stuttering
a speech disorder that disrupts the flow of words with repeated or prolonged sounds and involuntary pauses
Which of the following examples would NOT represent a speech delay?
a student that does not like to speak in front of the class.
Based on the reading skills below, which example would show that additional reading intervention is needed for a student in 4th grade. a) A student reads grade level texts at the expected rate. b) A student cannot decode multisyllabic words. c) A student can sequence and summarizes a reading passage correctly. d) A student shows the understanding of rhyme and meter in poetry.
b) A student cannot decode multisyllabic words.
Marissa is a 3rd-grade student. She has finished her first draft of a personal narrative about a trip she took with her family to San Antonio. Which is the next step in the writing process for Marissa?
b)Revising and editing
reading stages
emergent beginning transitional intermediate advanced
Decoding
interpreting and trying to make sense of the message
literacy skills
the ability to read and write
media literacy
the learned ability to access, interpret, and evaluate media products
transtional stage
3rd stage use both correct spelling and phonemic spelling
How many phonemes are in the word crab?
4
A teacher is assessing her students writing on verb tenses usage. Which of the following writing samples would best assess this type of writing? a) An expository essay written about the student's favorite book. b) A narrative written about a student trading places with their favorite rock star c) A journal entry about what a student is doing today. d) A persuasive essay written about why students should not have homework.
A journal entry about what a student is doing today. Verbs come in three tenses: past, present, and future. The past is used to describe things that have already happened (e.g., earlier in the day, yesterday, last week, three years ago). The present tense is used to describe things that are happening right now or things that are continuous. The future tense would focus on upcoming events, so the journal entry that focuses on the period of today is the most correct. Verb tenses being assessed in a writing piece needs to have a time reference.
Mr. Gutierrez is beginning a new story with his students. He spends several minutes introducing the new story and new vocabulary they will find in the story. The purpose of this instructional strategy is to do the following?
Activate prior knowledge and setting a purpose for reading.
Literal Comprehension
Answering who, what, where, and when questions. Identifying factual ideas that are explicitly stated in the text.
Which statement best explains how literacy assessment affects literacy instruction? a) Assessment is used to guide instruction by identifying the areas of reading and writing in which the student requires different or additional practice. b) High grades on a literacy assessment means effective instruction took place. c)Literacy assessments do not affect instruction because assessments are taken after the instruction is complete. d) Effective instruction guide the assessment.
Assessment is used to guide instruction by identifying the areas of reading and writing in which the student requires different or additional practice.
Which of the following statements explains what a teacher must understand about conventional spelling?
Children progress through certain stages of spelling development. Knowing this progression allows teachers to compel development through instruction. The acquisition of spelling rules is a complex developmental process. Once the stages of this process are identified, elementary teachers can help students develop strategies for learning standard English spelling, and they can assess students' progress more accurately.
English Learners (EL's) have greater success when their first language (L1) is proficient. However, when an EL student comes from a country where the language is not alphabetic they have greater difficulty with phonological awareness in English. Which of the following languages is not an alphabetic language?
Chinese
Which is an effective teaching strategy to facilitate the learning of making connections to texts and self during reading?
During a shared reading, the teacher does a Think-Aloud to show meaningful connections he or she is making to the text. Think-alouds have been described as "eavesdropping on someone's thinking." With this strategy, teachers verbalize aloud while reading a selection orally. Their verbalizations include describing things they're doing as they read to monitor their comprehension or make connections. The purpose of the think-aloud strategy is to model for students how skilled readers construct meaning from a text.
Ms. Forester has several English Learners in her fourth-grade reading class. Which of the following is a strategy to help her EL students increase their fluency in English?
During small group instruction practice choral reading. choral reading is reading aloud in unison with a whole class or group of students. Choral reading helps build students' fluency, self-confidence, and motivation. Because students are reading aloud together, students who may ordinarily feel self-conscious or nervous about reading aloud have built-in support.
Which of the following is NOT an instructional strategy that will increase fluency skills?
Encourage students to read texts above their independent reading level. Encourage students to read texts above their independent reading level. A reader's fluency rate will increase if she is reading a text that is well below her independent reading level or will decrease when reading one well above.
A teacher asks students to identify the following genre: • Characters have special powers. • Animals act like people (Anamorphs). • Place is another world, universe, or imaginary. • Use magic or other ideas to achieve extreme impossibilities.
Fantasy Fiction
Ian, a fourth grader, reads at 90 words per minute. Most 4th graders read at 118 words per minute. He also has difficulty recalling what he has read. He is having difficulty with which of the following skills?
Fluency
The ability to decode words quickly and accurately to read text with the appropriate word stress, pitch, and intonation patterns (or prosody) is which of the following?
Fluency
The ability to decode words quickly and accurately to read text with the appropriate word stress, pitch, and intonation patterns (or prosody) is which of the following?
Fluency Fluency or the automaticity of word recognition and reading with prosody facilitates comprehension. Fluency has the greatest impact on reading comprehension. Children with high fluency rates tend to read more and remember more of what they read because they expend less cognitive energy on decoding individual words and integrating new information from texts into their knowledge banks.
Which of the following explains the relationship between comprehension and fluency?
Fluency or the automaticity of word recognition and reading with prosody facilitates comprehension. Fluency or the automaticity of word recognition and reading with prosody facilitates comprehension. Fluency has the greatest impact on reading comprehension. Children with high fluency rates tend to read more and remember more of what they read because they expend less cognitive energy on decoding individual words and integrating new information from texts into their knowledge banks.
Which of the following activities would be most effective in teaching capitalization and punctuation?
Give students a paragraph that does not have punctuation or capitalization, and have them read it. Then students will correct the sentences with the teacher.
A Kindergarten teacher is teaching a lesson on story elements, which of the following activities would be most appropriate to teach these skills?
Have students participate in a lesson that focuses on the ingredients in a story. After explaining the recipe for a story, use a big book, and point out the ingredients of the story as it is read After explaining the recipe for a story, use a big book, and point out the ingredients of the story as it is read This activity explicitly teaches the elements of a story.
A teacher would like to help her students improve their listening skills. Which of the following activities would NOT help achieve that objective?
Having students memorize a selection from an audio clip.
A kindergarten student is having difficulty with identifying rhyming words. Which activity would help improve this skill?
Having the student create a rhyming book. Rhyming is an important phonological skill. It can be used as a predictor of later reading development.
Which of the following activities would help improve phonological awareness?
Helping students segment a word, for example breaking the word cat by sound into c-a-t. Children who can segment and blend sounds easily are able to use this knowledge when reading and spelling.
Which two statements describe direct and indirect methods of teaching vocabulary? I. The best way to increase a child's vocabulary is through learning how to use a dictionary. II. Direct instruction of vocabulary includes specific word instruction and word learning instruction. Indirect instruction of vocabulary refers to vocabulary that students hear every day through speech and see in texts. III. The scientific research on vocabulary instruction reveals that most vocabulary is learned indirectly, and some vocabulary must be taught directly. IV. Vocabulary is innate and it is not necessary for vocabulary instruction.
II. Direct instruction of vocabulary includes specific word instruction and word learning instruction. Indirect instruction of vocabulary refers to vocabulary that students hear every day through speech and see in texts. III. The scientific research on vocabulary instruction reveals that most vocabulary is learned indirectly, and some vocabulary must be taught directly. Direct instruction of vocabulary involves the introduction of words related to a specific purpose or subject. For example, a science teacher will specifically introduce words students will need to know for a lab. However, most vocabulary is learned through everyday experiences such as reading a book and conversations with others.
Which two of the following explains the importance of making connections between texts and the reader? I. It helps the reader get a good grade on an upcoming comprehension test. II. It encourages the reader to become involved in what they are reading and connect their knowledge across multiple disciplines. III. It helps the struggling readers set a clear purpose for reading and increase comprehension. IV. Readers will increase their fluency if they make connections.
II. It encourages the reader to become involved in what they are reading and connect their knowledge across multiple disciplines. III. It helps the struggling readers set a clear purpose for reading and increase comprehension.
A student is learning the difference between plagiarism and paraphrasing in a lesson before beginning a research project. Which of the following two explanations would a teacher provide to students for this lesson? I Paraphrasing is a way to practice summarizing key points. II Paraphrasing increases comprehension. III Plagiarism is stealing a person's ideas or words as your own. IV Paraphrasing is taking ideas or information from another source, rewriting the ideas in your own words, and giving credit to the author or source.
III Plagiarism is stealing a person's ideas or words as your own. IV Paraphrasing is taking ideas or information from another source, rewriting the ideas in your own words, and giving credit to the author or source.
Which of the following statements shows the difference between guided and independent reading practice?
In guided reading the teacher offers support by facilitating discussion around the texts, offering focus and assisting with deciphering new words and meanings through phonics and focused reading instruction. Independent reading is where the student practices skills learned in guided reading.
A Pre-K teacher notices that several of her students are interested in environmental print and are showing greater interest in making marks on paper. Which of the following activities should the teacher NOT plan to help her student further develop writing conventions?
Increase activities that include counting.
Mrs. Rodriguez is having her students participate in book clubs. After reading their assigned selection for the day the students meet in their book groups and discuss their assigned reading and write a response in their reading journals. What is the primary objective of book clubs?
Increasing comprehension through student collaboration.
Which of the following can expedite the decoding process and develop fluency among early readers?
Introducing sight words.
When is teaching vocabulary as a step for prereading necessary?
It is an instructional intervention that should be considered when readers lack the prior knowledge or background knowledge to read in a content area. Most vocabulary words are learned through oral language experience, however, if a student lacks knowledge in a specific subject area introducing vocabulary will aid in comprehension.
Which of the following statements clarifies the need for students to know how to analyze and interpret various types of media?
Media literacy empowers students to understand and be critical when examining messages presented by the media.
Balanced literacy included explicit instruction of reading and language skills, as well as allowing for students to explore reading and writing independently. Which best describes a balanced literacy program? a) Mr. Ruiz includes small group reading instruction, Reading Workshop, Writer's Workshop, and Word Study as components of his instruction. b)Mrs. Bailey meets daily with students in small groups for reading instruction and uses Writer's Workshop for writing instruction. She wishes she could give her students time for independent reading. c)Mrs. Castillo focuses her instruction on phonics and guided reading. She has little time for writing. d) Ms. Forester leaves a lot of time for her students to read independently. She used Shared Reading time to teach literacy skills. Her students write in journals every day on a topic she gives them.
Mr. Ruiz includes small group reading instruction, Reading Workshop, Writer's Workshop, and Word Study as components of his instruction. This is the best example of balanced literacy. Mr. Ruiz's class allows for both exploration and instruction needed for students to develop the necessary reading skills.
Which of the following describe the relationship between oral language and literacy development?
Oral language is a foundation for literacy development. Oral language provides development of vocabulary and learning the structure of language which provides a foundation for children when learning to read.
Which component of language involves the smallest meaningful unit of sound?
Phoneme
Which of the following statements explains the difference between phonological awareness and phonemic awareness?
Phonemic awareness is the knowledge that phonemes form sounds that forms words and that phonemic awareness is just one aspect of phonological awareness. Phonological awareness is the foundation for learning to read.
Fluency is the ability to read text accurately and quickly. Which statement correctly identifies how poor fluency skills affect comprehension?
Readers who are weak in fluency read slowly, word by word, focusing on decoding words instead of understanding the meaning of what they read.
Which of the following statements describes a student that is in the Transitional Stage of literacy?
Reading for meaning.
Emergent Stage
Second stage of reading development. -uses one to one matching (connects spoken and written words) - uses left to right progression - recognizes some known words and uses picture clues and print to recognize new words - understands the difference between letters and words - has control of most consonant sounds
Tracy does not finish books she checks out from the library. She reads the first few pages of the book and then puts it aside. The next time her class is in the library her teacher gives her the following strategies to find a book. • Choose a book that you think you will enjoy. • Read the second page. • Hold up a finger for each word you are not sure of, or do not know. • If there are five or more words you did not know, you should choose an easier book. What will this strategy most likely help Tracy to do?
Selecting books for independent reading.
When a student is beginning a research project which of the following is the first step?
Set a purpose and develop a set of questions to answer during research.
Which of the following is an effective strategy for increasing reading comprehension?
Setting a purpose for reading and asking students to make predictions about the text.
Which of the following examples will influence the development of oral language skills?
Students choose a favorite book and retell the story to a small group or in front of the class.
Alphabetic Principle
The concept that letters and letter combinations represent individual phonemes in written words.
The alphabetic principle states...
The ideas that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken language.
Deforestation is the action of clearing wide areas of trees. Over 750,000 square kilometers of the Amazon Rainforest has been deforested in the last 40 years. Primarily subsistence farmers cut down small patches of forest to produce crops for their families. However, in the last part of the 20th century, large companies caused almost seventy-five percent of the deforestation for industries like mining and logging as well as large-scale agriculture. The white-cheeked spider monkey is now endangered because its habitat is now 1/5 what it used to be. Several other species are endangered as well. Which sentence best explains the idea of cause and effect? a) Deforestation is the action of clearing wide areas of trees. b)Over 750,000 square kilometers of the Amazon Rainforest has been deforested in the last 40 years. c) Primarily subsistence farmers cut down small patches of forest to produce crops for their families. d)The white-cheeked spider monkey is now endangered because its habitat is now 1/5 what it used to be.
The white-cheeked spider monkey is now endangered because its habitat is now 1/5 what it used to be.
Ms. Hernandez, a kindergarten teacher, is having her students research and write a paragraph on their favorite animal. Which of the following would be most appropriate for these students to gather information on this topic. According to the TEKS, a kindergartener should use a picture in conjunction with the text when writing to document research?
Use a nonfiction book on an animal the student has chosen.
A student is having difficulty identifying the meaning of the word stationary in the sentence below. The cars were all stationary because of the big traffic jam. Which instructional strategy should the teacher emphasize to help the student develop the necessary skills to approach this problem?
Using context clues
Identify the grammatically correct sentence.
When I was eight years old, my grandfather gave me the book, Tom Sawyer for Christmas.
Morpheme
a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g., in, come, -ing, forming incoming ).
An example of an informal reading comprehension assessment is
anecdotal records Anecdotal records are a type of formative assessment based on teacher observation. Formative assessments are an informal assessment used to modify instruction.
Interpretive comprehension
answer what if, why, and how questions
criterion-referenced test
are designed to match the standards or exceptions of what students should know at a particular point, throughout their school careers
Metacognition
awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.
A second-grade student in the state of Texas must describe the techniques used to create media messages, which of the following would be the most engaging activity that fulfills this TEKS? a) Show students a commercial and discuss as a class how the commercial was made. b)Have students view a commercial, identify the elements needed to the create the commercial and then divide students into groups to make their own commercial. c)Students will view several types of media messages including commercials, radio ads, and so on. Then choose one of the examples shown and write down how the media message was constructed and analyze the message displayed. d) Students will view a video on how a commercial is made.
b)Have students view a commercial, identify the elements needed to the create the commercial and then divide students into groups to make their own commercial. This activity allows students to describe the techniques needed to create a commercial while creating a commercial, students will need to analyze and make judgments as to which is the best way to convey their message.
To help students produce high quality writing that achieves its purpose and impacts the reader, teachers need to: Choose one of the following statements how teachers can facilitate the writing process? a) Only focus on the mechanics of writing. b)Model the writing process including prewriting, drafting, editing/revising, and publishing. c) Allow students to write only creative fiction pieces. d)Focus writing instruction on journal writing only.
b)Model the writing process including prewriting, drafting, editing/revising, and publishing.
Mrs. Spence is a fifth-grade teacher, she has introduced Reading Response Journals in which the students write about books they are reading and she responds to her students at least one time per week. Which of the following statements describes how this strategy promotes written communication? a) The Reading Response Journals are fulfilling the written aspect of balanced literacy. b)The Reading Response Journals allow Mrs. Spence to monitor students writing development and address individual needs. c)The Reading Response Journals allow for greater comprehension of the texts students are reading. d)The Reading Response Journals do not promote written communication
b)The Reading Response Journals allow Mrs. Spence to monitor students writing development and address individual needs.
phonological awareness
broader term that includes hearing and manipulations of spoken words, syllables, and rhyming elements
Mr. Ross assigns different types of writing assignment to his sixth-grade students throughout the year including, narrative, creative, expository, poetry and persuasive. What is the purpose of Mr. Ross assigning different types of writing to his students?
c) Mr. Ross is using the different pieces of writing as a strategy to teach how to write for a variety of purposes and audiences.
Alphabetic Principle
children develop an understanding that specific letters or letter combinations are used in print to represent specific speech sounds in spoken word
Syntax
involves an understanding of how words are combined into larger language structures especially sentences
phonological awareness
is a broad skill that includes identifying and manipulating units of oral language - parts such as words, syllables, and onsets and rimes.
criterion-referenced test
is a style of test which uses test scores to generate a statement about the behavior that can be expected of a person with that score. Most tests and quizzes that are written by school teachers can be considered criterion-referenced tests. ex- STARR
During a unit on fantasy fiction, a third-grade teacher asks students to identify the plot in a story presented during a shared reading. Which level of comprehension is being taught in this lesson?
literal Identifying the plot is literal comprehension. It is what is happening in the story right now.
pragmatic language
refers to the social language skills that we use in our daily interactions with others. This includes what we say, how we say it, our non-verbal communication (eye contact, facial expressions, body language etc.) and how appropriate our interactions are in a given situation.
Applied Comprehension
relate story to existing knowledge or adoption
fluency
smoothness of speech
Syntax
the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
During a parent-teacher conference, a parent expresses concern that her child is having difficulty identifying the beginning sounds of some words and thinking of words that rhyme. She asks the teacher for some activities she can work on at home to develop this skill. The teacher suggests some activities the parent can do at home with her child to build phonological awareness. Which of the following activities would promote phonological awareness?
the same sound such as "Sam said spinach at supper was super."
Morpheme
the smallest unit of meaning * there are two types of morphemes: * a free morpheme stands alone as a word having meaning. root or base words * a bound morpheme must be connected to another morpheme. prefixes and suffixes
Lexical Comprehension
understand key vocabulary in the test
Affective Comprehension
understand social and emotional aspects
Which type of technology lesson would be most useful in the construction of a class newsletter?
using publishing software
Homographs
words that are spelled the same but have different meanings
Homonyms
words that sound alike but have different spellings and meanings (sale/sail)
