LAS 4350 Final

The archbishops of Santiago, Raúl Silva Henríquez and his successor, Juan Francisco Fresno, played an important role: the former as a national symbol of protest against the regime, and the latter as a symbol of national reconciliation among the opposition groups

True

The ecclesial base communities spread quickly in Uruguay and by the 1990's, approximately 100,000 communities existed

False

The terrorist group that also emerged in Peru with the Shining Path was called the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement. It was an even stronger threat than the Shining Path

False

The terrorist group the Shining Path was in power for over 35 years

False

The torture and death of a well-known journalist, Wladimir Herzog, a Jew of Yugoslav ancestry, provoked a faculty demonstration and the bishops of the state of Rio Grande do Sul published a public letter of protest

False

There was five stages that defined the relations between the Church and the Stroessner regime

False

Until 1990, Chile was a predominantly agricultural country

False

What distinguished the Shining Path from other guerrilla groups in Latin America is the fact that it victimized the rich

False

Brazil became a democracy again in 1985, in a movement led by Fernando Henrique Cardoso

False (I think?)

The Social Christianity movement opposed liberal anticlericalism and communism, like the Conservative Party, but it also called for social justice

True

The Vicariate of Solidarity was founded in order to respond to the repression of the military regime

True

The coup d'état was justified based on the fact that democracy was snatching God from peoples' minds and replacing the legitimate owners of the country

True

The feature that most distinguished the Church in Brazil in the 1970's and the 1980's was the growth and expansion of the ecclesial base communities

True

The function of the Vicariate of Solidarity was to watch out for human-rights violations, especially of those of persons who were detained

True

The fundamental ideas of the Christians for Socialism movement include its approval for the socialist system. They criticized the Church for its conservative stand

True

The main difference between the Shining Path and the rest of the left in Latin America was its anti-religiosity

True

The main difference between the Vicariate of Solidarity and the Peace Committee is that the Vicariate was an institution exclusive of the Catholic Church, to defend human rights in Chile

True

The percentage of Protestants in Chile is one of the highest in Latin America

True

The priest who found himself in the middle of the shifting power balance from progressive to conservative was Leonardo Boff, author of many works on Liberation Theology. In 1985 he was formally silenced by the Church, a "punishment" that lasted one year

True

The priests were also persecuted by the government and some went to prison, some were tortured, and others were killed

True

The second stage of Pinochet's regime included a systematic repression of civil society and persecution of anyone suspected by the state

True

The three periods that characterize Brazil's military dictatorship can be described as: First period: relatively moderate Second period: notably repressive Third period: moderate

True

The two presidents that were considered the most repressive and hardliners were Costa e Silva and Médici

True

A few months after the takeover, Archbishop Silva still supported the military

True (I think?)

Immediately after the military takeover, approximately 11,000 people died of disappeared in October and November (according to the CIA). The Church was the most affected

False

On September 11, 1973, the military assaulted the Palace of the Moneda in Santiago and installed a junta. Pinochet died during the assault

False

Paraguay participated in three wars: the Triple Alliance, the Chaco, and the Flores

False

Salvador Allende was elected president in 1973

False

Since 1922, the Church's position in regard to the political parties is that it should choose a political party to support

False

Stroessner's dictatorship lasted 25 years

False

The Church did not support the nationwide strikes that took place at the end of the 1970's

False

The Church had the government's support

False

The Church's attitude towards the Abertura was not supportive of this change and called for dialogue with the people

False

The Church's role during Pinochet's regime was not concerned with defending human rights. However, it was not against the dictatorship.

False

The Nunca Mais (Never Again) report summarized the many cases of torture, illegal detentions, and missing persons that occurred in Paraguay

False

The Paraguayan Church was very strong during the long dictatorship of the 19th century

False

The Shining Path made a lot of headway in the presence of the progressive Church

False

The Social Christianity movement was so important because for the first time it offered an alternative to Protestants

False

The armed forces and the police defeated the Shining Path

False

In 1983, Cardinal Silva announced his retirement as archbishop of Santiago, and Juan Francisco Fresno succeeded him. For conservative groups this produced great dissatisfaction because Fresno was known for his progressive stands

False

In the late 1960's, the Episcopal conference criticized the constitution that had been promulgated because it allowed Stroessner to be reelected for a second term

False

Chile's modern political evolution has been compared to that of Spain and Portugal

False

In what year was the Church separated from State in Brazil?

1891

What year did the coup that implemented a military dictatorship take place in Brazil?

1964

What year did the full implementation of the national security state occur?

1968

Costa e Silva had to confront a very weak opposition, so he was able to implement a very repressive government

False

What was the Movimiento de Educação de Base (Movement of Basic Education)?

A literary movement created by Pablo Freire to "conscienticize" the poor

Who was Don Hélder Cámara?

A progressive bishop who created the Brazilian Episcopal Conference and won the Nobel Prize in 1974

Democracy was the basis of Stroessner's government

False

Despite the repression of civil society, the Church was not attacked

False

The democratic tradition of the country was aborted four times in the 20th century

False

When the military gave clear signs of converting itself into an authoritarian regime based on the concept of national security, resulting in the systematic repression of civil society and the Church itself, what was the Church's attitude? What did they do?

At this point, the Church withdrew its support of the military and then became a "voice for the voiceless"

During the fourth stage of the regime, Pinochet initiated a personal and private dialogue in his residence with different political leaders. The result was the publication of the "National Accord for the Transition to Full Democracy"

False

Eduardo Frei was the archbishop of Santiago in the 1960's

False

Who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1974 for his role as a spokesman for the poor and marginalized?

Dom Hélder Câmara

Who were the four bishops that reached international fame due to their fight for democracy?

Dom Hélder Câmara, Paulo Evaristo Arns, Aloísio Lorscheider, Pedro Casáldiga

Allende and Archbishop Silva had a difficult relationship

False

Augusto Pinochet became the head of the Army in August 1961, named by Allende

False

Beginning in 1968, a new generation of progressive bishops emerged and began filling in important posts in the Church. They joined the pope in the fight against the military dictatorship

False

Between 1970 and 1976, the tension between the Church and the government improved

False

The Peace Committee was dissolved because of the pressure from Pinochet's government and also because the Church realized that this was not a transitional regime, but permanent, and that it was necessary to use other methods

True

What characterized Brazil's dictatorship, making it unique?

It maintained some aspects of a constitutional democracy such as political parties and elections

What characterizes the lay movement in Brazil to make it almost unique in the world?

It was one of the most dynamic and active in all of Latin America

The last president of the dictatorship accepted the challenge of organizing the transition from an authoritarian state to a civilian democracy. What was his name?

João Figueiredo

During which period of the dictatorship was the Church under persecution and became the main voice against the regime?

Second Period

The Shining Path constituted a unique case in Latin America because of the fanaticism, cruelty, and violation of the most elemental norms of civilization

True

Soon after the military coup in Brazil, both the general population and the Church supported the military. Why do you think that happened? What was the background at that moment in Brazil that led to this support?

The Church and the general population thought that the military would be in power for a few years and then there would be a return to democratic elections as had happened in the past

The Church in Brazil, which was considered one of the most progressive in the world, went through an internal crisis right in the middle of the process of returning to democracy

True

The Commission of Peace and Justice in São Paulo investigated cases of torture, missing persons, and human-rights violations in general

True

How did the military government react towards the Church's opposition?

The military attacked the Church and religious men and women became targets for violence

The Committee of Cooperation for Peace helped those in prison in several ways (it consisted of Catholics, Protestants, and Jews)

True

The Institutional Act #5 eliminated habeas corpus and other basic liberties. It also inaugurated the national security state in Brazil

True

What did the Catholic Action groups try to do?

They tried to increase Catholic influence/participation in society and supported progressive bishops

After an initial period of tension between the Church and Stroessner's government, at the end of the 1960's, the Church confronted the government

True

Allende was a Marxist

True

Archbishop Ismael Rolón excommunicated the Minister of Interior and the Chief of Police because the auxiliary bishop from Montevideo was insulted at the airport upon his arrival by women police

True

Archbishop Paulo Evaristo Arns became known worldwide for his energetic defense of human rights and his stand on social justice

True

Archbishop Silva's most important initiative was to create the committee of Cooperation for Peace

True

At the end of the 19th century, Chile began experiencing social and political crises

True

By 1983, Pinochet was forced to recognize the failure of his neo-liberal program and this year was characterized by huge demonstrations against the regime that symbolized the loss of fear on part of the civilian population

True

Chile is considered to be a racially homogenous country

True

During the first stage of Pinochet's regime, the Church oscillated between cautious support and growing concern about human rights violations

True

Frei was concerned about pushing forward an agrarian reform

True

In the 1980's, Protestants comprised close to 22% of the total population, and 80% of those Protestants belonged to Pentecostal churches

True

In the 1988 plebiscite, Chileans turned out en masse to vote "yes," in favor of Pinochet continuing eight more years in power; or "no" in favor of holding new elections and returning to direct, mulitparty democracy. Pinochet lost the plebiscite

True

In the 19th century, President Rodríguez de Francia (1814-1840) suppressed all religious convents, closed down the seminary, and virtually governed the Church himself

True

It is possible to consider Pinochet as a model of a modern-day Caudillo

True

Klaiber views the military government of General Juan Velasco Alvarado as a positive government, which made several reforms. He was president during the docenio, a period of military government that covered 12 years

True

More than 25,000 Peruvians were killed as a consequence of the war between the Shining Path and the forces of order

True

Pinochet's regime developed first as a military government under the command of a junta, but later he promulgated a new constitution, which in turn proclaimed him to be the "constitutional president"

True

President Solano López (19th century) ordered the only bishop to be shot, along with 24 priests, for having allegedly conspired against him

True

Raúl Silva Henríquez stood out as a progressive in the Second Vatican Council

True

Several of the leading progressive priests were marginalized in Roman circles

True

Some of the characteristics that define the Chilean church include: relatively high level of culture and formation of its clergy and laity; the Church was not a great landowner, as in Mexico; and there was a priest shortage

True

Stroessner had a German father and a Paraguayan mother

True

Stroessner's success was based both on the army and civilian society

True

The "savior" of the Paraguayan Church was an archbishop, Juan Sinforiano Bogarín

True

The 'Second Phase' of the military docenio was characterized by keeping some of the basic reforms of previous government, and then prepared the way to return power to the civilians

True

The Abertura (Opening) was the period between 1978 and 1979 in which the regime took important measures to dismantle the national security state and accelerate the process of democratization

True

The Institutional Act Number 5 eliminated habeas corpus and other basic liberties, formally inaugurating the national security state in Brazil

True