Latin Art History Exam 2

Member of No Grupo *Maris Bustamante* patents the taco in 1979

"I will dare to commit an erotic act. I will eat a taco!"

Proceso Pentagono

- 1 of 3 "Los Grupos" - Conceptual art pieces in the form of installation and performance

Grupo Suma

- 1 of 3 "Los Grupos" - First urban street artist collective in Mexico - Painted directly onto public walls (unauthorized) - Utilized stencils and spray paint - Their work often criticized

El No Grupo

- 1 of 3 "Los Grupos" - Took advantage of the solemnity of politically engaged artists and introduced and element of humor into their conceptual works - created individual works unlike Los Grupos

Asco, "Instant Mural"

- Against the argument that only art that Chicano artists do is muralism, - A take on traditional Chicano muralism in LA, Gronk taped Patssi Valdez and Humberto Sandoval to a wall - Forcing the general public to confront the Chicano body, - Asco again deftly merged art and politics

Graciela Iturbide

- Bravo was her mentor - photographer

Julio Cesar Morales, "Undocumented Interventions"

- People smuggled across the border in different ways

Niña Yhared, Lavadora de Cuerpos

- Washes a body (not a real dead body) - Preparing for burial

Dolores Huerta

- one of the UFW leaders

Malaquias Montoya, " Support the Farm Workers"

Created ephemra like this asking ppl to donate clothes and food, like a flyer almost.

Asco, "Spray Paint LACMA"

- Apparently angered over reports that a LACMA curator had not included Chicano artists in an exhibition, stating Chicanos did not make art but joined gangs, - Asco spray-painted a part of LACMA with their names. - completed during the very early stages of the graffiti and street art movements, - signing the entire museum as their own work of art

Beatriz Cortez

- As an artist, her work explores simultaneity, the existence in different temporalities and different versions of modernity, particularly in relation to memory and loss in the aftermath of war and the experience of immigration, and in relation to imagining possible futures.

Asco, "Decoy Gang War Victim"

- Asco took this photograph and sent it to various LA newspapers that covered nightly gang violence in East LA. - The photograph was sent with a caption that the last gang member had been killed.

Rivera, Wall Street Banquet and Night of the Poor

- Contrast of the rich and poor - To show the suffering of the poor and the lavishness of the rich

Siqueiros, "América Tropical", Los Angeles

- Controversial because he depicts crucified indigenous man - Critiquing colonialism

Orozco, The Trench

- Creates a more dramatic scene that Rivera's depiction - Implication is farmers are the new sacrifice like Jesus was

Kahlo, Las Dos Fridas

- Depicted as two versions of herself - On the left wearing European clothing reflecting heritage - Right is wearing native Mexican dress as reference to mother's heritage

Iturbide, "Magnolia", Juchitán, Oaxaca

- Depiction of Muse "third gender"

Rivera, Ballad of the Revolution

- Depicts scenes of the revolution - Red banner: lyrics of the song that was sang during the revolution

Artemio, Untitled (Portrait of the Women of Juarez)

- Digs a hole that is the same mass of the bodies weight that he estimated - Displays the dirt he dug up in a gallery and calls it a portrait of the women of Juarez

Manuel Alvarez Bravo

- Documentary and ethnographic photography - much of his work displays many characteristics of Surrealism - suggests dreams or fantasies, and he frequently photographed inanimate objects in ways that gave them humanistic - Mentor to Graciela Iturbide

Shizu Saldamando, "Cindy"

- Documents her experience as Mexican Asian American in America - Drawings and paintings combine elements of traditional Chicano portraiture, lowrider art and pinta (jailhouse) art

Frida Kahlo

- Dresses in clothing reflecting her indigenous heritage - Became an Icon of Mexican art - Pushed the boundaries of what was expectable for woman at that time - Bus accident triggers her art career, her pain from the accident is depicted in her artwork - Paintings have a folk sensibility, simplified abstracted style

Rivera, Distributing Arms

- Freda Calo is passing out weapons (was not actually present during revolution) - Idea of working class taking up arms

Enrique Jezik, "Seis Metros Cúbicos de Materia Organica" (Six Cubic Meters of Organic Matter),

- Has 6 cubic meters of organic matters and dumbs it off a cliff - Symbolizing how women's bodies are dumbed and never found

Chicano Park, Barrio Logan, San diego,

- Historically was Mexican American neighborhood - Residents were forced out so that a freeway could be built - Connects San Diego to Coronado island - Community got together and made a park under the overpass - Freeway pylons covered in murals, - like in tradition of Estrada Courts. They created art out of a difficult situation. - Imagery related to indigenous past, UFW logo present, Virgin of Guadalupe images.

Asco, First Supper

- Image of last supper - Meal on a traffic island - this same island was the site of a police shooting during a riot between Chicano anti-war protesters and police. - Surreal and dream-like use of traditional Mexican imagery such as the death masks.

Malaquias Montoya, " Immigrant's Dream"

- Immigrants are expected to immerse themselves in American culture, and its suffocating. - Two years before this, (2001), U.S. gets tighter on immigrants bc 9/11. - Immigrants dream to cross the border, but could be referencing all the people who may have died trying to cross.

Mujeres Muralistas

- In mission district, San Francisco - depicting important women from local history from indigenous past, and focusing on the role of women in Chicanx culture,

David Alfaro Siqueiros (1896-1974)

- Like R. and O., attended art school at San Carlos - At age 18, joined Revolution; was only one of los tres grandes who actually fought - Most controversial and most independent - Most innovative and experimental techniques: experimented with spray can art, use of projector, etc - Active critic of the government, went to prison several times for his radical views; forced to go into exile in the US, where he also ran into trouble too

Jose Clemente Orozco

- Like Rivera, studied at San Carlos - Early in life, met Posada whose work and politics had a strong impact on the young artist - Painted murals at the National Preparatory School, which we received somewhat negatively - Also painted important murals at Dartmouth University in the US - Exposed the dehumanizing nature of modern culture

Linda Vallejo

- Mexican-American artist known for painting, sculpture and ceramics. - Her work often addresses her ethnic identity within the context of American art and popular culture.

Orozco, Miguel Hidalgo, Stairway ceiling, Government Palace,

- Miguel Hidalgo celebrated - Twisting corpse on fire: reference to hell - Hidalgo has same pose as Michael Angelo's Last Judgement

Teresa Margolles Exhibition, "What Else Could We Talk About?"

- Mopping the floor with water and blood from crime scene - People mopping are family members of victims that were killed in cartel violence

Frida Kahlo, Self Portrait on the Border between Mexico & the US

- On the Mexican side pre-Colombian - US side you see industrialization - She in the middle of the composition, caught in-between two worlds

Proceso Pentagono, "Pentagono"

- Pentagon shaped room filled with objects refencing the "dirty war" - Also referencing torture - Repression of the Mexican government in the 1970s

Yolanda López, "Who's the Illegal Alien Pilgrim?"

- Played integral role of Chicanx history in SF - Figure pointing at us like Uncle Sam poster - Asking who is the illegal alien Pilgrim - people who are calling immigrants illegal aliens are usually of europen descent - Refers to UFW logo vaguely.

Teresa Margolles, Cards to Cut Cocaine

- Recreates cards that she made in the 1990s to cut cocaine - On the cards are people who died from cartel violence - Gave them to people who are about to cut cocaine to have them see the victims before cutting their cocaine

Ester Hernandez, "Sun Mad Raisins", Screen print on paper,

- Related UFW movement - Artist is using language of advertising and subverting that message - Skeleton implies that the people supplying the food are suffering physically.

Vasconcelos

- Secretary of education - commissioned Mexican Muralism

Laura Aguilar, Three Eagles Flying

- Sense of being bound, or imprisoned - Maybe two parts of her identity - Mexican and American - Rope around her neck where the Mexican flag, could be symbolic of the risk it is to have a Mexican identity in the US, considering hate crimes.

Avalos, Hock & Sisco "Art Rebate"

- Social Practice - They passed out rebated to undocumented workers in San diego county - Used money from NEA grant - Used to symbolically pay these undocumented workers who don't have papers, who pay taxes but get no money back.

Rivera, Ministry of Public Education Murals,

- Some of the most important works during his career - images of rural Mexico, teacher seated with the group, farmer/working class individuals. - Presented in an idealized way - Positive depiction of the education of the working class of Mexico - Celebrating the everyday lives

Teresa Margolles, "Autorretrato"

- Starts her artistic career taking self-portraits of herself with corpses (victims of violence)

Kahlo, The Cesarean

- Struggle with fertility - Depiction of her physical pain and emotional pain

Diego Rivera

- Studied at Academy of San Carlos - Influenced Posada - Expelled from Academy for participation in political protest - Supported ideals of Revolution - Traveled to Europe; influenced by European modernism - Later rejects easel painting as elitist - Expirements with a cubist style

Rivera, Mexico through the Centuries

- Subject: the history of mexico - Arrival of conquistador, clash of Aztecs and the Europeans - vision of the future and past - Documenting how people lived (past mural) - How mexico will look, workers, unions fighting for rights (future depiction

United Farm Workers Union (UFW)

- The earliest expressions of Chicano art - in support of the UFW and their leaders Dolores Huerta and Cesar Chavez - they fight for better work conditions to California's agricultural workers. - UFW logo

No Grupo, masks sent to Paris Biennial

- They don't actually go to participate but instead send mask which are stuck into the lawn - Visitors could use as they saw fit

Nayla Altamirano "Las Nobodies"

- This artist traveled to Arizona and she walked along the border and she noticed womens bras left on the trees - learns that bras tropies of men that raped the women they smuggled across the border. - She collects the bras and in a performance she washes the bras - Sprinkles salt on the tree where she got the bra which is in reference to indigenous healing methods

Los Tres Grandes

- Three great muralists of post-rev Mexico. - Art was clearly political and artists had a moral obligation to create art for the benefit of the people - Art should be visible in public spaces - You see glorification of the revolution, - themes of the history of mexico, - mainly politically motivated artwork

Baca, Las Tres Marías

- Three piece, life-size, color pencil - drawing of the artist and a friend of hers, dressed as stereotypical women - Sexy femme-fatale, tough women, and the center is a mirror so the viewer sees themselves with iconic images

Rivera, The Trench and Ballad of Zapata

- Two heroes of the revolution - Below are indigenous farmers, sing the ballad of the revolution

Javier Viramontes, "Boycott Grapes", silkscreen

- UFW logo seen, - holding grapes - Subject matter, the figure looks vaguely indigenous, looking to Latin American past, important part of identity, headdress reminiscent of sun god depictions. - blood = sacrifice - Determined look on face, maybe portrays aggressive stance. "we've got your grapes, so if you wanna move forward we gotta talk this out."

Juan Capistran, "The Breaks"

- Unauthorized performance in the museum - Began break dancing on a famous sculpture - bridges gap between high and low art

Regina Jose Galindo, "Who can erase the traces?"

- Utilizes blood in her performances - She walks from palace of justice to the government palace with bucket of blood. - Leaves path of bloody footprints - Reference to Guatemalan Civil War and all the people that died in it

Siqueiros, Mexican Electricians Union Mural, Mexico City, 1939-40: "Portrait of the Bourgeoisie, or The Infernal Machine of Capitalism"

- Very critical of capitalism - Figures are dressed in mask, overwhelmed with greed - Armies marching, burning: symbol of democracy - Capitalism = fiery depths of hell

Orozco, Dartmouth, "Quetzalcóatl Brings Civilization to the Toltecs"

- Very different from Rivera's depiction of indigenous life - God depicted is intimidating vs. Rivera's quetzalquatel

Rufino Tamayo "Children's Games"

- abstract

Gunther Gerzso "Figure in Red and Blue"

- abstract painting

Enrique Chagoya

- an American-Mexican artist best known for his mixed-media paintings and prints. - In his work, the artist combines contemporary cultural icons with Pre-Columbian imagery as a means of tackling controversial and politically charged subjects.

Orozco, Dartmouth, "Ancient Human Sacrifice and Modern Human Sacrifice"

- ancient human sacrifice (left) is Aztec sacrifice - Modern human sacrifice (right) is a dead soldier - suggest that we are no different from the Aztec's "savage" ways

Rafa Esparza

- collaborative practice involves durational performance and sculpture, and considers the impact of migration, colonization, and collective histories on the formation of identity and communities.

Lorena Wolffer, "Mientras Dormíamos" (While We Were Sleeping),

- creates performance that consist of her walking into gallery space, and on the audio track, new reports are playing. - She is wearing a hairnet, hinting that she is a factory worker. - Factory workers are open late at night, making women vulnerable - As news audio is playing she begins to undress and marks up her body as if she is these collective victims

Alma Lopez, "Our Lady"

- digital print on canvas - Artist never intended to offend or sexualize virgin Mary - Cloak has the coyoxhauxii stone on it. - Thought to be an empowering image (artist intent) - Speaks to dealing with identity as lesbian in modern LA, and finding herself in the images of the Virgin Mary. - caused a lot of uproar and scandal

Teresa Margolles Exhibition, "What Else Could We Talk About?" BACK ROOM

- hanging in the back room are blood soaked fabrics - Later the blood soaked fabrics are embroidered - Embroidering text from Narkomatas in gold thread

Teresa Margolles

- has a strong following in Mexico City - Uses traces of the human body in her work - One of her shows was putting water in a vaporizer that was used to clean bodies from the morgue

Jose Luis Cuevas, "Doctor Rudolph van Crefel and his Patient"

- his image are more dark then Tamayo and Gerzso

Grupo Suma, El Desempleado (The Unemployed)

- how does the meaning change when you bring street art into the gallery? - Reproduction by Mario Rangel Faz, from original stencils from the archives of the Grupo Suma

Rupert Garcia, "El Grito del Rebelde"

- influenced by Cuban Poster Art: - Simple composition, and bright colors to make political statement.

Los Grupos

- made up of three main groups: Group Suma, Procesco Pentagono, & No Grupo - were interested in experiments in collaboration & revolutionizing the interaction between artists and the public. - They brought art out from the gallery onto the streets - aimed to get public to participate in dialogue about contemporary, political, economic and social circumstances. - they set the stage for contemporary artists in Mexico

Muxe

- means "third gender" - n Zapotec cultures of Oaxaca (southern Mexico), a muxe is an individual assigned male at birth who dresses and behaves in ways otherwise associated with the female gender. - Unrelated to sexual preference. - Revered figures in Zapotec culture of Juchitán.

Patrick Martinez

- mediums: painting, neon, ceramic and sculpture - His LA suburban upbringing and his diverse cultural background (Filipino, Mexican and Native American)

Estrada Courts

- members of community gathered together, bought paint, recruited individuals from the neighborhood to make this - housing development - reference to street culture and Mexican American heritage

Massacre at Tlatelolco

- on October 2nd 1968 students are out protesting in the plaza, due to Mexico's spending on modernizing, since the Olympics are coming to Mexico. (they believe their money should be spent on something else.) - During the protest someone fires a gun. Then military opens fire on citizens as a result. - Students, women, and children were not sparred from the massacre.

Great Wall of LA

- project conceived by Judy Baca - depicts history of LA and people who have been written out of mainstream history. - story starts at 30,00 bc and reached to the 80s.

Ruben Ochoa & Marco Rios, "Rigor Motor"

- references low rider culture, immigration, performance art, conceptual work

Grupo Suma, Tania la desaparecida

- she disappeared in the 70s fighting against government repression was found in Bolivia, believed to be killed my military - realtion to pop art and graphic design - street youth element to it

Proceso Pentagono "El Secuestro"

- stage a kidnapping, because this was an actual thing that often occurred in the 70s in Mexico - staged in broad daylight in the streets and nobody did anything to stop the kidnapping - social experiment

Magu (Gilbert Lujan)

- was a well known and influential Chicano sculptor, muralist and painter. - He founded the famous Chicano collective Los Four that consisted of artists Carlos Almaraz, Beto de la Rocha, Frank Romero and himself.

Teresa Margolles, "Patron Saint" of cartels

Creates jewelry from shards of glass that are from drive by shootings