Launchpad 24

great apes :0

Humans are included in which of the following groups?

in their adult state they resemble juvenile chimpanzees.

Humans are neotenous because:

bipedalism→more dexterous thumbs→human jaw→ language

A young student is trying to figure out the order in which certain traits evolved in humans. Which of the arrangements below is most likely correct?

1-4

According to genetic analyses, approximately _____% of the genome of every non-African is derived from Neanderthals.

convergent evolution; multiple Old World populations

According to the multiregional hypothesis of human origins, modern H. sapiens evolved by _____ from _____ of H. ergaster.

did

All evidence suggests that the Neanderthals _____ interbreed with our ancestors.

not

All of the genetic differences between humans and chimpanzees are ______ responsible for making us human.

speech and language

Although the FOXP2 amino acid sequence is highly conserved, humans have two unique amino acids that chimpanzees don't have. These unique amino acids are highly correlated with differences in _____ seen between chimps and humans.

that all humans evolved in Africa and only later migrated to other places

Cann's studies involving mitochondrial DNA showed that the two deepest branches of the human family tree are African. Which of the following observations explains this statement?

Gorillas and chimpanzees, which are the primates most closely related to humans, only live in Africa.

Charles Darwin noted that the human lineage probably arose out of Africa. Which of the following was most likely the reason behind his hypothesis?

heidelbergensis

Consider the following hypothetical hominin lineage: Homo ergaster → Homo heidelbergensis → Homo sapiens. This is currently the accepted hypothesis because H. ergaster evolved into H. ________________________.

homo sapiens

Cro-Magnon is the name of the group of the first _______ ____________ found in Europe

transmit learned behavior.

Culture is defined as the ability to:

FOXP2 is a gene encoding a transcription factor that controls the expression of many genes involved in the development of speech.

FOXP2 is the name of a gene that may be important to language, as mutations in this gene are implicated in many speech pathologies. Why does FOXP2 have such a broad impact on the development of speech?

Natural selection would likely have selected for humans with little skin pigmentation.

Imagine that alien scientists are carrying out an experiment on Earth. They effectively construct a "shield" surrounding the planet that limits the amount of sunlight/UV radiation that reaches Earth's surface. If the alien scientists return after 60,000 years, what may they discover?

Cann's research using mitochondrial DNA demonstrated that humans originated in Africa, and subsequently migrated to other continents.

Imagine that one of your friends has just learned about the multiregional hypothesis, and she is astonished that humans evolved independently on different continents. What evidence would you provide your friend that contradicts the multiregional hypothesis?

possible

It is _____________ that subtle changes in gene regulation allowed for human neoteny, whereby humans resemble juvenile chimpanzees more so than adult chimpanzees.

wider stance

Which of the following is not an anatomical change that would be associated with a transition from four to two legs?

multiregional hypothesis

Many researchers hypothesize that modern humans have derived from the Homo ergaster populations that spread around the world starting about 2 million years ago. This is known as the:

retains characteristics of the juvenile form.

Neoteny refers to the case when a sexually mature organism:

significant

Population genetic studies of humans show a __________________ amount of variation across all humans.

cultural

Sometimes _______________ change can drive biological evolution.

The more complementary two strands of DNA are, the higher the melting point.

The first DNA comparison studies between humans and chimpanzees relied on which of the following?

1.3 million; migrate out of Africa

The fossil Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) is significant because, at _____ years old, hers is the first hominin species to _____.

Look at the Y chromosome because it is paternally inherited.

The mitochondrial DNA study indicated that there was no genetic input from Neanderthals in modern humans, but the whole-genome study suggests that in fact there was. One suggestion to explain this discrepancy is that the Neanderthal input into modern human populations was from males only. Which of the following strategies could be employed to test this hypothesis?

human

The size of the __________ brain may be the result of "selective factors," such as tool use.

that all humans, no matter how distantly related they are, share a recent common ancestor

The tree of human evolution is shallow. What does that mean?

Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited, so if Neanderthal females did not interbreed with our ancestors, Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA would never have entered the modern human gene pool.

There are seemingly conflicting studies that have taken a look at whether Neanderthals interbred with human ancestors. One study of mitochondrial DNA suggests that the two groups did not interbreed. Another study, of the whole genome, suggests that they did. Which of the following could explain these results?

If paternal mtDNA with Neanderthal sequences did show up in the offspring alongside maternal mtDNA, these would have immediately indicated that the two groups interbred.

There is a phenomenon called parental leakage, in which a small amount of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the father is found in the offspring. If parental leakage is assumed to have occurred throughout human history, how does it change our interpretation of Matthias Krings and Svante Pääbo's studies of mitochondrial DNA in specimens of Neanderthals and modern humans?

If it is truly a small amount, then those deviations shouldn't influence the conclusions generated from the study.

There is a phenomenon called parental leakage, in which a small amount of the mitochondrial DNA from the father is found in the offspring. If parental leakage is assumed to occur in most matings, how would it change our interpretation of studies of mitochondrial DNA in human ancestors and in groups of different modern humans?

The smaller body size was advantageous for living on an island, as food is often limited on islands.

There is some debate about whether Homo floresiensis is a separate species or an aberrant form of Homo sapiens. Regardless, what we do know is that H. floresiensis were only found on an Indonesian island and adults were only 3 feet tall. What factors would have selected for this distinct phenotype on an island habitat, specifically?

people becoming lactose tolerant in areas where the domestication of cattle occurred

Which of the following is an example of how cultural change influences evolution?

The number of differences among human populations will decrease.

Travel around the world has gotten a lot easier in the past century. It has become very common for immigrants to move to new areas, establish lives in regions other than where they were born, and find spouses in new regions. What, if any, changes to genetic diversity between populations will be the likely result of changes in mobility of humans?

Africa

What continent was the starting point for the origin of humans?

because mitochondrial DNA is more abundant and therefore easier to extract

When Rebecca Cann decided to conduct research on the evolution of humans, she chose to study mitochondrial DNA. Which of the following explains why she chose this type of DNA?

the development of a "basin-shaped" pelvis, the development of longer legs,the narrowing of the human foot, the repositioning of the foramen magnum in the skull

Which of the following anatomical changes accompanied the transition (in humans) from partial to full bipedalism?

Primates have nails instead of claws.

Which of the following characteristics separates primates from other mammals?

Sexual reproduction allows for new genetic combinations of phenotypic variants.

Which of the following explains why the human population has so many phenotypic differences despite relatively low numbers of nucleotide differences from individual to individual?

the out-of-Africa hypothesis

Which of the following hypotheses is the most current and accepted one regarding modern human origins?

The additional capabilities are by-products of what was necessary for evolutionary fitness.

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why the human brain is capable of so much more than what would be required for evolutionary fitness?

humans

Which of the following organisms has the largest brain compared to their body size?

New Zealand

Which of the following places was the last to be colonized by humans?

chimpz

Which of the following primates is the most closely related to humans?

They are a species that is closely related to, but distinct from, Homo sapiens.

Which of the following statements describes Neanderthals?

Chimpanzees are capable of teaching and learning, Chimpanzees could be said to have their own distinct culture, Chimpanzees do not have a universal grammar, Chimpanzees in different populations have different methods of performing the same task (e.g., catching ants).

Which of the following statements is true regarding chimpanzees?

Culture can be transmitted through multiple, unrelated individuals at the same time. Biological evolution occurs through traits passed only from parent to offspring.

Which of the following statements reflects why cultural evolution is more rapid than biological evolution?

if early human material was discovered in Asia that had DNA completely different from the DNA found in early Homo sapiens in Africa

Which of the following, if true, would force us to reevaluate the findings that Cann discovered with regard to the human family tree?

The fossil record gives us examples of the extinct intermediate stages of evolution

Which one of the following is an advantage of using the fossil record to obtain information about our evolutionary history?

Humans originated in Africa, and subsequent migrations resulted in populations seeded by small groups with relatively small amounts of variation.

Why do African populations of humans have HIGHER levels of genetic variation compared with non-African populations?

because much of the variation is in visible characters

Why is it hypothesized that sexual selection is responsible for most of the variation seen in the human population?

if gene X was active in humans, juvenile chimpanzees and inactive in adult chimpanzees

You are working in a lab and come across a gene, gene X, that you think might explain some of the differences seen between chimpanzees and humans. Which of the following results would support your hypothesis?

Phenotypic

_________________ differences between humans and chimpanzees may be explained by the time during development when genes are turned on in humans and chimpanzees

Mitochondrial

______________________ DNA studies were used to determine that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and only later did they become established elsewhere.

"Hominins"

refers to members of all the different species in the lineage leading to humans.