Law and Ethics Q's
The _____ goals of the dental hygiene code of ethics are listed in the beginning of the code, and these capture the essence of why the code is important to dental hygienists and the public.
4
More than ___ million people in the United States are estimated to be underinsured or have no health insurance.
47
How many steps are in the ethical decision-making model as interpreted by Atchison and Beemsterboer?
6
The code of ethics for dental hygiene can be amended at any meeting of the ADHA House of Delegates by a __% vote of that group.
66
Which of the following is Stage 1 of Piaget's Four-Stage Model of Moral Development?
Amoral stage
Which of the following is one of the "Four A's" to rise above moral distress?
Assess
Each of the following ethical values focuses on society EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
Autonomy
Which of the following principles gives rise to the concept of permitting individuals to make decisions about their own health?
Autonomy
Admissions committees aim to select candidates who are the best qualified academically as well as candidates of good character, because integrity and character are important criteria for acceptance.
Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
Which of the following "Standards for Clinical Dental Hygiene Practice" requires interpretation of assessments in order to reach conclusions about the dental hygiene treatment needs?
Dental hygiene diagnosis
Which of the following ethical theories proposes that some actions are required by the rightness or wrongness of the action, regardless of the consequences of the action?
Deontology
Which of the following is one of the three most frequently encountered practice dilemmas according to a survey conducted by Gaston and colleagues in 1990?
Failure to refer patients to a specialist
A person's cognitive moral development _________ stop developing at a specific age, and their ability to employ what they understand in actual decisions ________ stop developing at a specific age.
does not; does not
In 1989, the American Dental Education Association (ADEA) established guidelines that stated curriculum should provide opportunities for refining skills of ______ so students are able to apply ethical principles to new and emerging problems in the profession.
ethical analysis
The __________ branch of state government plays a major role in the implementation and enforcement of the prescriptions and prohibitions enacted into law.
executive
Some philosophers have noted that most codes of ethics stress the __________ of health care professionals rather than describe the __________ of those receiving health care services.
obligations; rights
A ___________ is a general normative standard of conduct, holding that a particular decision or action is true or right or good for all people in all times and all places.
principle
The responsibility of all oral health care professionals to assist and lead society in finding solutions to oral health disparities is based on the historic definition of a
profession.
The development of more specific requirements for implementing statutory law is accomplished through a process known as
rule making.
If dental hygienists are unable to meet their patients' expressed expectations, the patients must understand this limitation and either accept the limitation and alter their expectations or
seek care from an alternative provider.
The higher standards expressed in a professional code of ethics and enforced by those within the profession represents
self-regulating behavior.
Two reports from the Institute of Medicine in the early 2000s advocated increased professionalism and ____________ as a part of improving quality and bridging the gaps in health care.
social justice
The three fundamental ethical principles of the "Physician Charter" include the primacy of patient welfare, patient autonomy, and the principle of
social justice.
Many factors besides finances must be identified when determining why certain populations become patients and others do not, including
social, political, economic, and cultural factors.
According to Campbell and Rogers, moral uncertainty exists when
there is a question as to whether a moral obligation exists.
Moral __________ occurs when moral responsibilities conflict with personal inclinations.
weakness
A hygienist who is unfamiliar with placing dental sealants should
defer placing sealants until achieving competency.
Learning what is expected of a professional person reinforces ________ in the developing professional.
deference to authority
The government regulation that most specifically controls the practice of dental hygiene is the state
dental practice act.
The code of ethics that was first developed in ____ is more comprehensive than earlier versions and provides extensive guidance for the dental hygienist working in a variety of health care delivery settings.
1995
Brainstorming to identify as many alternatives as possible is part of step __ of the six-step decision-making model.
3
Which of the following is the term used to describe the system that has been developed in the United States to protect the public welfare and provide standards for the evaluation of educational programs and schools?
Accreditation
Some of the choices that the dental hygienist will face will be simple issues of right and wrong, whereas others may be ethical _________ that require careful decision making.
dilemmas
Which of the following preemployment questions is permitted?
Ability to meet specified work schedules and attendance requirements.
American Dental Education Association (ADEA) recommendations for improving the oral health status of all Americans includes increasing the
diversity of the oral health workforce.
A dentist's decision to participate in safety net programs such as Medicaid can be seen as maintaining a social justice perspective. This can pose a challenge for the dental hygienist who believes in a social purpose perspective.
Both statements are true.
Ethical issues concerned with employment are common in the dental office. Most dental hygienists are employees.
Both statements are true.
If the patient selects a treatment option that is consistent with accepted standards of care, the professional may ethically act on the patient's choice. The practitioner may also choose to not provide a service requested by the patient if that service is in conflict with the standards of patient care.
Both statements are true.
Students need opportunities to develop the analytical skills needed to assess ethical dilemmas. Posing ethical dilemma cases when a panel of experts is available to help students analyze and arrive at possible solutions to the hypothetical dilemmas is a means of affording those opportunities.
Both statements are true.
Every society must address the problem of how its resources will be distributed, because every society has a scarcity of resources.
Both that statement and reason are correct and related.
Tolerance for others goes beyond the legal warning to not discriminate, because it means caring for all individuals who seek treatment whether or not they are likeable.
Both that statement and reason are correct and related.
Which of the following is the name given to the practice of withholding information from a patient because of a belief on the part of the clinician that the information may harm the individual?
Benevolent deception
Principles, values, and rules in health care will help guide decision making in the process of providing the best dental health care for the patient. Weighing and balancing ethical principles are the major tasks involved in ethical decision making.
Both statements are true
A code of ethics provides an enforceable standard of minimally decent conduct for those who fall below that standard. A code of ethics indicates in general terms some of the ethical considerations a professional must consider when deciding on conduct.
Both statements are true.
The ethical decision-making model presented in the text is diagrammed as a _______.
circle
According to which of the following persons, the duty to report a case of suspected child abuse is derived from the relationships surrounding the child and the need to protect the interests of the child?
Carol Gilligan
___________ usually is defined as qualities or dispositions that are consistently practiced.
Character
Each of the following is true of codes of ethics EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
Codes of ethics are legal mandates.
____________ are essential skills requiring knowledge, skill, and ability that are performed by a health care provider.
Competencies
Each of the following preemployment questions is not permitted EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
Criminal conviction history
Basic beliefs and core values are part of which of the following sections of "The Dental Hygiene Code of Ethics"?
Fundamental principles
The first ethical code dates back to the time of Greek physician
Hippocrates.
Which of the following correctly represents the sequence of the first three steps of the decision-making model?
Identify the ethical dilemma or problem, collect information, and state the options.
The concept of a universal law in ethical thinking was developed by
Immanuel Kant
Which of the following models of professionalism described by Ozar is considered to be the most desirable?
Interactive model
Who was responsible for writing a political philosophy essay in the mid-1800s that is the basis for societal presumption that individuals are free to act as they see fit?
John Stuart Mill
Each of the following is listed under the ADHA Standards of Professional Responsibility EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
Liberty
Which of the following is the top stage of competency according to the expert learning continuum?
Master
The practice of dental hygiene is uniform for all states, because the practice of dental hygiene in the United States is nationally regulated.
NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.
Each of the following is one of the "Major Findings of Oral Health in America" EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
No more information is needed to improve oral health and eliminate health disparities.
Which of the following states does not require a license to practice as a dental hygienist?
None of the above. All states grant a license to practice.
According to Garetto and Yoder, we do not have a responsibility for accessibility to health care for which of the following groups?
None of the above. We have a responsibility for accessibility to health care for all of these groups.
_________ involves situations in which excessive services or services that are unnecessary for a particular case are provided.
Overtreatment
Which of the following is characteristic of successful moral education programs?
Participant involvement in discussion of moral dilemmas.
Externally established rules determine right and wrong action for which of the following levels of reasoning according to Kohlberg's Three-Level Model of Moral Development?
Preconventional reasoning
Maintaining current knowledge of dental hygiene theory and technique is one facet of which of the following professional traits of a dental hygienist?
Reliability and Responsibility
According to the ethicist Laurence McCullough, which of the following is one of the two virtues required in a professional person?
Self-effacement
Which of the following organizations developed the "Standards for Clinical Dental Hygiene Practice"?
The American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA)
The first code of ethics for dental hygienists was created by
The American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA).
The legislative branch of the state government is responsible for the enactment of the state dental practice act in all 50 states. The state dental practice act may be a single law or a compilation of laws that regulate the practice of dentistry.
The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.
The responsibility and power for legislative protection of the public rest with the dental schools and dental hygiene programs. The primary purpose of licensure is to protect the health and safety of the public.
The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.
Lack of access to health care can be caused by fear and complex psychosocial or cultural assumptions. How to address the need is a social responsibility of all health care professionals working with public agencies but not private agencies.
The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.
The first Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health was published in 2000. There have been more than 50 surgeon general reports on oral health published since that time.
The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.
Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive moral development?
The model categorized stages in the moral development of male children.
If a dentist intentionally charges an insurance company for procedures not performed it is an ethical dilemma, because an ethical dilemma occurs when one or more ethical principles are in conflict.
The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
The Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health established that oral health should be looked at separately from general health, because oral health is a critical component of overall health.
The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
Which of the following represents the highest stage of Kohlberg's Three-Level Model of Moral Development?
Universal ethical principle orientation
_______________ refers to the kind of moral thinking that is concerned with considering the consequences of alternative courses of action before deciding on a right action.
Utilitarian ethics
A code of ethics is
a reference and a guide.
Regulation of the practice of dental hygiene may be facilitated by
an appointed board or elected regulatory body.
State statutory law that regulates the practice of dental hygiene is likely to include provisions regarding
approval of education programs.
Ethical decision making is __________.
behavior
All of the professional traits of a health care professional are rooted in
beneficence.
Gilligan believes that complete moral development occurs in the context of
both male justice orientation and a female ethic of care.
Both nonmaleficence and beneficence require the physician to do what will best benefit the patient, which is a _____________ approach.
consequentialist or utilitarian
A major purpose of a professional code of ethics is to bind the members of a group together by expressing their goals and aspirations, as well as define
expected standards of behavior.
It is reasonable to assume that the professions find codes of ethics and standards of professional behavior to be
extremely valuable.
According to Piaget's Four-Stage Model of Moral Development, a person accepts the moral authority of others during the ____________ stage.
heteronomous
The most critical step in the ethical decision-making model is to
identify the ethical dilemma or problem.
The final step of the six-step decision-making model is to
implement the decision.
Avoiding harm _______ always possible and promoting good _____ always possible in the practice of dental hygiene.
is not; is not
It _____ prudent [and or but] it ______ feasible for a dental hygienist employee setting in which a solo dentist or small group of dentists owns and manages the dental care business to provide free or discounted dental hygiene care.
is not; is not
There _____ a legal mandate for dental care to be available to all persons in the United States, and the provision of dental care ________ applied equally.
is not; is not
A professional must consider our obligations as a group, by honoring the _______ principle in the code of ethics and sharing ethical concerns as a moral community.
justice
The principle of __________ is concerned with providing individuals or groups with what is owed, due, or deserved.
justice
The main normative principles in health care are nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy and
justice.
The term interprofessional education (IPE) refers to occasions when students from two or more health professions
learn together during part of their professional training.
Experiences, as we make sense of them, in turn change the basic conceptual structures by which people construct
meanings.
Causing some degree of harm when that harm will lead to a greater good may be desirable as well as necessary according to the principle of double effect which is part of the principle of
nomaleficence.
After entering professional practice, it becomes the _________ of those professionals to help regulate their profession.
obligation
