Law Enforcement
Prior to the restructuring, which of the following was true of U.S. law enforcement at the federal level? There were fewer federal law enforcement agencies. Agencies were housed in a number of different departments. Growth in the number of law enforcement agencies was out of control. There was significant overlap in activities of law enforcement.
Agencies were housed in a number of different departments.
A critical incident is defined as having the potential to cause catastrophic loss of life. True False
False
A substantial and visible police presence has a fairly uniform effect on deterring all categories of criminal activity. True False
False
All police departments in the United States have identical testing requirements. True False
False
Almost all police officers have total respect for the law, department policy, and court rulings that limit their behavior. True False
False
Another name for the Bow Street Runners was the thief tamers. True False
False
In the decentralized model of state law enforcement, the duties of criminal investigations and state highway patrol are combined. True False
False
Like city police chiefs, sheriffs are appointed by local officials. True False
False
O. W. Wilson started the nation's first police school. True False
False
Police are required to prevent all crimes. True False
False
Police burnout is typically the result of a single, devastating event. True False
False
The majority of calls to the police involve situations that might lead to arrest and eventual prosecution. True False
False
When the public and police officers identify the role of police as enforcing the law, they capture the essence of what it means to be a police officer. True False
False
What is a key characteristic of the patronage system that sets it apart from the civil service system in police department hiring? Hiring decisions were made solely on the basis of a candidate's merit. Hiring decisions were primarily made by politicians, rather than police officers. Hiring decisions were notably influenced by a candidate's politics. Hiring decisions were influenced by mentors charged with guiding candidates.
Hiring decisions were notably influenced by a candidate's politics.
Which police organization has the mission of promoting "global and cultural friendship among peace officers"? National Black Police Association International Police Association (IPA) International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) International Union of Police Associations (IUPA)
International Police Association (IPA)
Collecting trace evidence may be challenging for all of these reasons except which one? It gets old very quickly. It requires technology to detect it. It is minute or nearly invisible. Someone has tried to remove it.
It gets old very quickly.
How does denial fit into the five phases of response to a critical incident? It is the fourth stage and is an attempt to recover from depression. It follows the initial stage of anger and resentment, when emotions are deadened. It is the first stage of response in coping with critical incidents. It happens immediately after the incident and precedes the five phases.
It is the first stage of response in coping with critical incidents.
How does federalism help facilitate democracy? It promotes participation at all levels of government. The federal government funds state activities. Federal and state governments share powers in certain areas. It divides the work of government among many agencies at many levels.
It promotes participation at all levels of government.
Whose research identified the characteristics of an effective bureaucratic organization? Sir Robert Peel O. W. Wilson Frederick W. Taylor Max Weber
Max Weber
Seniority within law enforcement agencies limits discretionary decisions for all of these reasons except which one? Older officers as a group are less apt to rely on discretion. Administrators' financial decisions are limited by budget constraints. Hiring decisions are limited by rules, union pressures, and influential politicians. High level administrators spend little time on the street.
Older officers as a group are less apt to rely on discretion.
Which state's modern police agency has served as a model for a number of other states? Texas Pennsylvania California Massachusetts
Pennsylvania
Which of the following is true of preventive patrols for deterring would-be criminals? Police administrators have increased them based on research evidence. Police administrators are not swayed by the lack of research support for them. Police administrators have cut back on them in the wake of research evidence. Police administrators repeatedly ask researchers to study the issue.
Police administrators are not swayed by the lack of research support for them.
What is demonstrated by the fact that nearly half of the affirmative action programs in place for police hiring in America's 50 largest cities are court mandated? Affirmative action is most likely illegal if not imposed by the court. City police forces have more trouble than rural forces in ending discrimination. Police departments are not voluntarily ending discrimination. The courts are interfering in police hiring.
Police departments are not voluntarily ending discrimination.
What distinguishes dual federalism from federalism? Powers not vested in the federal government are left to the states. Powers must be strictly divided, rather than shared out as needed. There are more meetings between levels of government. There are two centers of power, rather than one.
Powers not vested in the federal government are left to the states.
Once a motorist has been stopped, an officer can legitimately do all of the following as described except which? Frisk the driver as a result of safety concerns. Search the passenger compartment without consent. Order the driver out of the vehicle without justification. Seize any items that are in "plain view."
Search the passenger compartment without consent.
Which of the following is a significant difference between the convening of a grand jury and a criminal trial? The prosecutor has no role in a grand jury investigation. Police officers do not testify before grand juries. Testimony presented before a grand jury cannot be used at the trial. Suspects are not present and cannot offer testimony in their defense.
Suspects are not present and cannot offer testimony in their defense.
How did shire-reeves address crime? They fined criminals and parishes that failed to capture criminals. They apprehended criminals and brought them before the king. They caught and jailed criminals for set periods of time. They put criminals in the stocks to shame them publicly.
They fined criminals and parishes that failed to capture criminals.
"Staff" is a synonym for "non-sworn personnel" in police organizations. True False
True
According to sociologist Egon Bittner, the coercive authority of policing is the distinguishing feature that sets law enforcement apart from other professions. True False
True
Eustress is the opposite of distress. True False
True
In the early days of the American colonies, crime control was largely provided by the churches. True False
True
In the world of police work, common sense refers to recognizing hidden danger in a seemingly safe world. True False
True
It was not until the twentieth century that a woman was first hired by a U.S. police force. True False
True
Many police calls are routine and frustrating. True False
True
Most citizens see patrol officers more often than they see detectives. True False
True
Officers who see crime control as their primary role are more likely to end a dispute with force or an arrest than with an attempt to settle it verbally with mediation. True False
True
Police officers who believe in selective enforcement of the law are more likely to use informal methods to deal with disputes. True False
True
Private police are focused on private justice rather than public justice. True False
True
Shire-reeves derived their authority from Norman kings. True False
True
Some, but not all, of the values that characterize police subculture are shared by all Americans. True False
True
The nature of police work means that leaving right at quitting time may not be an option. True False
True
The tithing system was based on multiples of ten. True False
True
When an emergency occurs, it takes priority over all other police work until order is restored. True False
True
What was the significant step toward full public policing that occurred in 1735? Two London parishes set up criminal investigative units. Two London parishes allowed their sheriffs to appropriate tax moneys. Two London parishes paid their watchmen out of tax collections. Two London parishes set curfews to keep all private citizens inside at night.
Two London parishes paid their watchmen out of tax collections.
All of the following are part of the Department of Homeland Security except which one? U.S. Forest Service U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Secret Service
U.S. Forest Service
What is a key difference between police organizations and all other organizations? Usually, only police can confiscate property from private citizens. Usually, only police are authorized to provide security for private citizens. Usually, only police are allowed to carry concealed deadly weapons in public places. Usually, only police have legitimate arrest power and authority to use force.
Usually, only police have legitimate arrest power and authority to use force.
Most local governments, no matter what their form, include which element? a council a strong mayor a weak mayor a city manager
a council
Which is the best definition of democracy? a form of government that vests supreme authority in the people a form of government with an executive, legislative, and judicial branch a form of government with a Congress a form of government with elected officials who hold power
a form of government that vests supreme authority in the people
Which is the most objective explanation of the causes of on-the-job stress for police officers? being under constant threat failure to implement an effective stress management program a mismatch between employee's capabilities and the job requirements the possibility of violence erupting at any moment
a mismatch between employee's capabilities and the job requirements
A group of officers who work the same shift may be called what? a section or a division a platoon or a squad a band or a company a troop or a congregation
a platoon or a squad
Which best describes the role of a public information officer? a police department's specialist hired by media outlet a police department's public relations person, responsible for department image a police department's spokesman, responsible for fielding media inquiries a police department's representative on the board of a news organization
a police department's spokesman, responsible for fielding media inquiries
Slave patrols were slaves who kept watch during runaway attempts. a private activity, mainly by volunteers, to apprehend runaway slaves. small groups of slaves selected to secretly watch and report on their fellow slaves. groups of former slaves who assisted the Union Army in the Civil War.
a private activity, mainly by volunteers, to apprehend runaway slaves.
Which of the following is not a possible consequence for the investigating officer when a prosecutor elects to develop a case? an analysis of the quality of the report writing a sense of standing alone in efforts to fight crime an increased demand on the officer's on-duty and off-duty time an examination of the procedures followed in the investigation
a sense of standing alone in efforts to fight crime
What is kin policing? a European system that grew out of the night watch approach to policing an American colonial adaptation of the Norman shire system a very early system in which each group member has enforcement authority a system from the Old Testament that has the idea of being one's brother's keeper
a very early system in which each group member has enforcement authority
Officers who patrol smaller areas, especially in small towns, tend to adopt more of a service orientation. be less prone to make arrests for drunk driving. be slow to develop "people skills." be less adept at handling a range of situations.
adopt more of a service orientation.
The proper order for the three steps police officers use to identify an "a$$hole" is affront, remedy, clarification. remedy, affront, clarification. clarification, affront, remedy. affront, clarification, remedy.
affront, clarification, remedy.
A focused patrol might target certain locations. problems. times. all of the above
all of the above
A set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that another person has committed a specific crime is often easier to find for a serious offense. known as probable cause. proper legal justification for making an arrest. all of the above
all of the above
That police discretion is not as simple in practice as Kelling's two-part definition is underscored by the identification of 770 possible action combinations in response to a traffic stop. the wide variance in how serious different crimes are. communities each having their own set of problems and priorities. all of the above
all of the above
Typical violent encounters that officers respond to are considered what? a source of a sense of satisfaction in their jobs altercations between friends and acquaintances routine, and thus unfulfilling to deal with random acts between total strangers, as portrayed by the media
altercations between friends and acquaintances
How do most police officers spend the majority of their time? working on long, involved, and dangerous undercover cases building community relations and engaging in crime prevention investigating crimes and apprehending offenders answering non-emergency calls, controlling traffic, and writing tickets
answering non-emergency calls, controlling traffic, and writing tickets
Which is the most expensive and time-consuming phase of the hiring process? interview medical and drug screening polygraph exam background investigations
background investigations
Foot patrol and automobile patrol have opposite effects in terms of officer mobility and community rapport, with a middle ground being found in special-terrain vehicle patrol. bicycle patrol. air patrol. water patrol.
bicycle patrol.
Which of the following is a possible characteristic of eustress? overwork fatigue threat challenge
challenge
Police officers dressed in riot gear during a high-profile public protest exemplify a reactive approach. demonstrate a proactive step. create a sense of alarm and fear. make a riot more likely to happen.
demonstrate a proactive step.
What is the key criterion that would allow a police department to legally refuse to hire an applicant with a disability? offering the person a reduced job description at a reduced salary always treating everyone with a similar disability the same way hiring another applicant who has a disability determining that the person could not perform key functions of the job
determining that the person could not perform key functions of the job
Hot spots and hot times are associated with which type of patrol? K9-assisted patrol directed patrol focused patrol saturation patrol
directed patrol
All of these are ways that other government officials and agencies can affect law enforcement agencies except which one? making decisions that affect the activities of officers on patrol hiring and firing the police chief making funding decisions disciplining a police officer
disciplining a police officer
The idea of making policing a civil service profession was tied to the idea of police providing essential services for those in need. requiring officers to attend college. creating a national police force. divorcing law enforcement from politics.
divorcing law enforcement from politics.
How do officers who are on the force demonstrate that they are ready for promotion? passing tests of knowledge and physical agility continuing academic accomplishments in criminal justice studies increasing their technical qualifications above those of their peers exhibiting job performance that demonstrates readiness for increased responsibility
exhibiting job performance that demonstrates readiness for increased responsibility
Mechanical repetition skills and rote memory capabilities are characteristic of which type of training? police training officer (PTO) approach tactical training of new recruits field training officer (FTO) approach hybrid academy training
field training officer (FTO) approach
Ballistics is the study of blood typing. handwriting identification. the analysis of paper documents. firearms identification.
firearms identification.
Which of the following is not a focus of private policing? focus on detection, apprehension, and punishment focus on private justice focus on protection of private property focus on loss prevention
focus on detection, apprehension, and punishment
What can private police do that would be unethical for employees of law enforcement agencies? sleep while on duty use force to stop a crime in progress work proactively to prevent crime follow a client-driven mandate
follow a client-driven mandate
Pathologists, toxicologists, anthropologists, and psychiatrists are types of forensic experts. sleuths. detectives. crime scene investigators.
forensic experts.
Research has found that the police sergeants' attitudes and approaches correlate to the performance of the officers under them. are critical factors in shaping line officers' attitudes. have virtually no direct effects on their subordinates' activities. are the lynchpin of police subculture.
have virtually no direct effects on their subordinates' activities.
Which type of academy is characterized by allowing some training to take place prior to seeking employment as a police officer? in-house academy state academy hybrid academy regional academy
hybrid academy
Under what conditions does a prosecutor decide to bring charges against a suspect? if the evidence is persuasive enough to be compelling if the community is disturbed enough to demand justice if the crime is severe enough to warrant it if the suspect is likely enough to plead guilty
if the evidence is persuasive enough to be compelling
Under what conditions would it be useful for an officer to apply the broken windows theory in decision making? in any neighborhood with a majority of low socioeconomic status residents in any neighborhood with signs of physical and social disorder in any neighborhood with a high crime rate in any neighborhood in which shoplifting is a major problem
in any neighborhood with signs of physical and social disorder
When was fingerprinting first used in a criminal justice context? in the early twentieth century in NYC in first-century Rome in the nineteenth century in England in the nineteenth century in the American West
in first-century Rome
Predictable beats and schedules can get boring. Research has found that rotating officers into different beats, units, or shifts results in heightened interest among citizens in the police presence. decreased boredom and more engagement. increased distance between officers and the community. better development of the sixth sense.
increased distance between officers and the community.
Which of these was a key effect, on police departments, of passage of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994? increased funding through grants to local agencies, allowing additional hiring broadened powers for law enforcement, resulting in more convictions longer penalties for first time offenders, dissuading juveniles from criminal activity stricter penalties for violent crimes, keeping criminals off the streets longer
increased funding through grants to local agencies, allowing additional hiring
A rational theory of a crime is based on inductive reasoning. deductive reasoning. syllogistic reasoning. analogical reasoning.
inductive reasoning.
Interactions between new hires and both their colleagues and seasoned officers is responsible for entrenching particularistic traits. informal socialization. development of predispositions. formal socialization.
informal socialization.
What are quality-of-life offenses? infractions that occur solely within private property infractions that cause fear and terror infractions that demoralize residents by creating disorder infractions so serious that they undermine quality of life
infractions that demoralize residents by creating disorder
Suspicion can become a problem when it comes to define police subculture. it pervades the work experience. it spills over into a officer's private life. it leads to being "on guard" at work.
it spills over into a officer's private life.
Sir Robert Peel's concept of uniformed police was primarily supposed give police a sense of unity and pride. distinguish police officers from military officers. make police easily identifiable to citizens who required help. make police stand out in a crowd to discourage crime.
make police stand out in a crowd to discourage crime.
British citizens were initially fearful about the police force because of concerns that the line between policing and the military was too thin. they suspected Rowan and Mayne of being unscrupulous and self-serving. they thought a centralized and unified system would be harsh and cruel. after centuries of the frankpledge system, they did not trust strangers to be fair.
of concerns that the line between policing and the military was too thin.
Which law enforcement employees are empowered to make arrests? only frontline officers only staff only line officials only officers, corporals, and sergeants
only line officials
Police control is somewhat synonymous with order maintenance. coercive action. dominion. territoriality.
order maintenance.
What is the name of the concept of leadership that allows subordinates a role in decision-making and planning? administrative justification span of control boundary-less policing participatory management
participatory management
All of these are attitudinal dimensions identified by Robert Worden as explaining differences among individual police officers except which one? role orientation perceptions of legal restrictions views on selective enforcement perceptions of authority
perceptions of authority
Which of the following is an institutional value that is ubiquitous in policing? a traditional approach to managing police organizations centralization decentralization personal responsibility
personal responsibility
Which of the following most typically happens immediately after booking? giving the suspect a breathalyzer test having the suspect participate in a lineup bringing the suspect before a grand jury placing the suspect in a holding cell
placing the suspect in a holding cell
During the political era police officers were intolerant of even the most minor crimes. William M. "Boss" Tweed was a welcomed voice for reform. police jobs were given to the winning political candidate's supporters. strong ties to citizens were achieved through foot patrols and preserving quality of life.
police jobs were given to the winning political candidate's supporters.
Which is a feature of federalism? social, economic, and political pluralism government based on the consent of the governed values of tolerance, pragmatism, cooperation, and compromise power divided between a centralized body and constituent units
power divided between a centralized body and constituent units
If research demonstrated that policing draws a particular personality type, it would provide evidence of the power of collaboration. predisposition. socialization. sensitivity.
predisposition.
The type of patrol associated with deterrence theory is saturation patrol. directed patrol. foot patrol. preventive patrol.
preventive patrol.
What is the key attribute of the college system of training in an academy for police officers? taking a military-style approach focusing on technical training having training run by a college or university promoting professionalism among budding officers
promoting professionalism among budding officers
Punishment in the colonies was distinguished by being innovative. lenient. public. delayed.
public.
At the end of a shift, police officers are likely to do all of the following except which? change back into civilian attire prepare to head home finish their paperwork receive the next day's assignments
receive the next day's assignments
The decentralized police force model that developed in America was closely linked to the high regard in which police were held. was modeled on the forces in a number of other nations. may be a necessity, but is at odds with the American ideal. represents American rejection of the idea of a national police force.
represents American rejection of the idea of a national police force.
All of these may influence a police officer not to arrest someone except which one? thinking that the prosecutor will reject the case respecting the contributions of courts, judges, and prosecutors assuming that there might not be enough room in the local jail believing that a judge would hand down a lenient sentence
respecting the contributions of courts, judges, and prosecutors
What might white officers accuse their superiors of if they were systematically bypassed for promotion in order to promote minority officers? exigent circumstances reverse discrimination racial profiling profiling
reverse discrimination
What is the second most common activity of patrol officers? traffic stops preventive patrols emergency response routine incident response
routine incident response
Police officers' attitudes toward the courts run from very favorable to very unfavorable. are almost entirely unfavorable. can almost all be characterized as apathetic. are almost entirely favorable.
run from very favorable to very unfavorable.
The self-confirming nature of culture means that it is what? self-conscious self-reinforcing self-centered self-reliant
self-reinforcing
All of the following may be tasks of the police commission except which one? shadowing officers to evaluate their performance reviewing department rules and regulations reviewing the chief's proposed budget investigating charges of department wrongdoing
shadowing officers to evaluate their performance
How long is the typical tenure of a law enforcement administrator? short very long long medium
short
The attitude of rejecting beliefs based on faith or tradition alone and demanding rigorous scientific proof for acceptance of ideas is called what? skeptical positivism suspicion cynicism liberalism
skeptical positivism
The fact that Americans disagree over whether eavesdropping on domestic phone conversations by federal antiterrorism investigators is necessary for security or a threat to democratic values demonstrates which "pillar" of democracy? social, economic, and political pluralism guarantee of basic human rights sovereignty of the people constitutional limits on government
social, economic, and political pluralism
The relationship between the police and the media can be a double-edged sword because some media give space to police matters, while others ignore them. some journalists understand policing, while others don't. some media coverage can aid investigations, while some can be damaging. some journalists are objective, while others sensationalize cases.
some media coverage can aid investigations, while some can be damaging.
Instances of police discretion usually come to the public's attention when there aren't many convictions. a potentially deadly situation is well handled. something goes wrong, e.g., abuse or corruption. a large amount of money is saved.
something goes wrong, e.g., abuse or corruption.
The rules put in place to protect citizens and police organizations are known as: standard operating procedures a code of ethics bureaucracy institutional values
standard operating procedures
Health-related problems, family breakdown, and alcoholism are all potential results of what aspect of police work? the continual threat of sexual harassment in the workplace exposure to critical or traumatic incidents extreme overwork, including more than 80 hours a week stress related to the constant potential for violence
stress related to the constant potential for violence
A high number of undercover assignments in an officer's career is associated with all of these problems except which one? drug use alcohol abuse taking bribes disciplinary action
taking bribes
In jurisdictions in which a grand jury is used, police officers may be called upon to do which of the following? search the suspect testify before the grand jury present charges before the grand jury guard the suspect
testify before the grand jury
Which document ensures that the government of the United States cannot go too far without answering to the people? the Bill of Rights the Fourth Amendment the Fifth Amendment the U.S. Constitution
the Bill of Rights
Which of the following remained in the Justice Department rather than moving to the newly formed Department of Homeland Security (DHS)? the Federal Protective Service the Federal Bureau of Investigation the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center the Transportation Security Administration
the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Which of these institutions was the first to be founded? the Federal Bureau of Investigation the U.S. Marshals the Texas Department of Public Safety the Secret Service
the U.S. Marshals
Which of these is NOT a phase in the criminal justice process? the after trial phase the trial phase the arrest phase the pretrial phase
the arrest phase
What was the prafectus urbi? the first military police official the first paid law enforcement official the first appointed law enforcement magistrate the first police patrol
the first paid law enforcement official
The universalistic perspective focuses on an officer's character. an officer's family life. an officer's innate skills. the influence of peers and coworkers.
the influence of peers and coworkers.
The systems perspective on organizations is rooted in the study of mechanical systems. theories of Frederick W. Taylor. the model used in the military. the science of biology.
the science of biology.
Which of the following does not affect whether a trial is held? the severity of the charge, minor or serious the grand jury's decision to bring charges the prosecutor's decision to bring charges the defendant's plea in response to the charges
the severity of the charge, minor or serious
In terms of police subculture, the transfer of officers results in what? fresh perspectives shed on investigations and workflows an increase in socialization between and among officers many periods of reduced performance while officers re-acclimate the spread of knowledge about co-workers from the larger department
the spread of knowledge about co-workers from the larger department
In which of these locales do police officers perform daily tasks that involve interaction with ordinary citizens? the stationhouse the street environment the prison the courthouse
the street environment
Police officers are considered policy makers because police are among the biggest lobbying groups in the U.S. the sum of their discretionary decisions adds up to policy. legislators note citation records in revising criminal statutes. police administrators are often elected to state legislatures.
the sum of their discretionary decisions adds up to policy.
What is the chain of command? the supervisory channel within a law enforcement organization the organization of sworn personnel (as opposed to non-sworn personnel) the limitations that come with having a supervisory role in law enforcement the number of subordinates supervised by a law enforcement officer
the supervisory channel within a law enforcement organization
What is the name for the sense of obligation and protectiveness that officers who routinely patrol the same area feel for it? the territorial imperative community justice participatory management gratuity
the territorial imperative
What is one way that private police can temporarily gain the same authority as public police? through completing training through being deputized through special circumstances through giving up their exemptions
through being deputized
What is the primary function of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)? to be proactive on behalf of individuals who might potentially face abuse to punish organizations that they find guilty of discriminating to reverse discrimination through carefully used quotas to intervene on behalf of affected individuals and file suit on their behalf
to intervene on behalf of affected individuals and file suit on their behalf
The use of federal-local law enforcement partnerships in recent years has led critics to contend that we need to take the partnerships further than has yet been dared. we need to redefine the role of local law enforcement. we are repeating history in an undesirable way. we are moving towards a national police force.
we are moving towards a national police force.
Under what circumstances is a city council likely to approve a mayor's desire to fire the police chief without specific cause? when the local government is of the strong-mayor type when a new mayoral administration is taking office when the police chief is older than sixty when the replacement is known, so the department won't be leaderless
when a new mayoral administration is taking office
What is the first part of the police discretion decision, according to George Kelling? ascertaining problem context how to intervene whether to intervene reviewing community priorities
whether to intervene
In order to prevent crime, August Vollmer suggested, police should undertake an unpredictable pattern of street patrol. be models of an exemplary lifestyle. work with families, schools, and other influential institutions. severely punish apprehended criminals as a deterrent.
work with families, schools, and other influential institutions.
In the late nineteenth century, patrol of residential districts was common in large U.S. cities. undertake an unpredictable pattern of street patrol. be models of an exemplary lifestyle. work with families, schools, and other influential institutions. severely punish apprehended criminals as a deterrent.
work with families, schools, and other influential institutions.
