Laws & principles of physics

Lenz's law

"The Induced current is such as to OPPOSE the CHANGE in applied field."

Navier-Stokes equations

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Kirchhoff's laws

*The algebraic sum of current into any junction is zero. * The sum of current into a junction equals the sum of current out of the junction. *(i2 + i3 = i1 + i4) *The algebraic sum of the voltage (potential) differences in any loop must equal zero. *v1 + v2 + v3 + v4 = 0

Kepler's laws of planetary motion

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Stokes' law

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Ampère's circuital law

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Biot-Savart law

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Boltzmann equation

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Dalton's law (of partial pressures)

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Faraday's laws of electrolysis

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Gauss's law for magnetism

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Stefan-Boltzmann law Planck's law of black body radiation Wien's displacement law Radioactive decay law

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Law of parallelogram of forces

If two forces acting at and away from the point be represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through the point of intersection of the two forces represents their resultant in magnitude and direction.

Carnot's theorem

All heat engines between two heat reservoirs are less efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs. Every Carnot engine between a pair of heat reservoirs is equally efficient, regardless of the working substance employed or the operation details.

Faraday's law of induction

Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.

Joule heating

Joule heating, also known as ohmic heating and resistive heating, is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor releases heat. The amount of heat released is proportional to the square of the current such that Q is propotional to I^2 R

Second law of thermodynamics

Kelvin & Planc "No (heat) engine whose working fluid undergoes a cycle can absorb heat from a single reservoir, deliver an equivalent amount of work, and deliver no other effect" Clausius "No machine whose working fluid undergoes a cycle can absorb heat from one system, reject heat to another system and produce no other effect"

Kopp's law

Kopp found "that the molecular heat capacity of a solid compound is the sum of the atomic heat capacities of the elements composing it; the elements having atomic heat capacities lower than those required by the law of Dulong and Petit retain these lower values in their compounds." In studying organic compounds, Kopp found a regular relationship between boiling points and the number of CH2 groups present.

Ideal gas law

PV=nRT where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, n is the amount of substance of gas (also known as number of moles), T is the temperature of the gas and R is the ideal, or universal, gas constant An ideal gas is defined as one in which all collisions between atoms or molecules are perfectly eleastic and in which there are no intermolecular attractive forces. One can visualize it as a collection of perfectly hard spheres which collide but which otherwise do not interact with each other. In such a gas, all the internal energy is in the form of kinetic energy and any change in internal energy is accompanied by a change in temperature.

Avogadro's law

States that under equal conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain an equal number of molecules.

First law of thermodynamics:

The First Law of Thermodynamics simply states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed (conservation of energy). Thus power generation processes and energy sources actually involve conversion of energy from one form to another, rather than creation of energy from nothing

Law of conservation of energy

The energy can neither be created nor destroyed, though it can be transformed from one form to another form.

Newton's Law of Gravitation

The force of attraction between any two bodies in universe is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them

Gauss's law for gravity states:

The gravitational flux through any closed surface is proportional to the enclosed mass.

Joule's law

The heat which is produced due to the flow of current within an electric wire is expressed in Joules. Now the mathematical representation or explanation of Joule's law is given in the following manner. i) The amount heat produced in current conducting wire is proportional to the square of the amount of current that is flowing through the circuit, when the electrical resistance of the wire and the time of current flow is constant. i.e. H ∝ i^2 (When R & t are constant) ii) The amount of heat produced is proportional to the electrical resistance of the wire when the current in the circuit and the time of current flow is constant. i.e. H ∝ R (when i & t are constant) iii) Heat generated due to flow of current is proportional to the time of current flow, when the resistance and amount of current flow is constant.

Gauss's law for electricity

The net outward normal electric flux through any closed surface is proportional to the total electric charge enclosed within that closed surface.

Ohm's law

The potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is proportional to the current through it. The constant of proportionality is called the "resistance", R. Ohm's Law is given by: V = I R

Newton's law of cooling

The rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to the temperature difference between the body and its surroundings.

Boyle's law

The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature; when volume increase, pressure decreases. P1V1=P2V2

Unit Newton force

Unit Newton force or 1 N force is that force which when acts on a body of mass 1 kg produces an acceleration of 1 m/sec^2 in it. 1N= 1kg X 1 m/sec^2 1 kgf=9.81N

Archimedes' principle (Buoyancy)

When a body is immersed in a fluid, an upward force is exerted by the fluid on the body. This upward force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body and is called as force of buoyancy or simply buoyancy.

reference

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_laws_named_after_people

flemings left hand rule

if fore finger represents the direction of magnetic field, the middle finger represents the direction of current, then the thumb represents the direction of force.

flemings right hand rule

if thumb represents the direction of the movement of conductor, fore-finger represents direction of the magnetic field, then the middle finger represents direction of the induced current.

Coulomb's Law

the force of attraction or repulsion acting along a straight line between two electric charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely to the square of the distance between them

Charles's law

the law that states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as the temperature of the gas increases and the volume of the gas decreases as the temperature of the gas decreases V1/T1=V2/T2

Gay-Lussac's law

the law that states that the pressure of a gas at a constant volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature

Photonics Classically, optics is based on a variational principle: light travels from one point in space to another in the shortest time. Fermat's principle In geometric optics laws are based on approximations in Euclidean geometry (such as the paraxial approximation). Law of reflection Law of refraction, Snell's law In physical optics, laws are based on physical properties of materials. Brewster's angle Malus's law Beer-Lambert law In actuality, optical properties of matter are significantly more complex and require quantum mechanics.

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