Leadership Chapter 4

What scale answers the question, "Are you more task-oriented or relationship-oriented?" Maslow's hierarchy of needs Least-preferred coworker Leadership traits assessment Two-factor motivation test

Least-preferred coworker

Which of the following is a major criticism of the leadership continuum model? The three factors don't consider the context of our jobs when making changes. Changing situational forces are beyond the control of anyone decision-maker. The three factors to consider when selecting a leadership style are very subjective. It is too specific in determining the leadership style within a given situation.

The three factors to consider when selecting a leadership style are very subjective.

How do you determine whether a task or relationship leadership is appropriate? Use the LPC decision tree to answer three questions. Shift positions so others can lead the team. Switch to another leadership style and check results. Change the team to better match your style.

Use the LPC decision tree to answer three questions.

What is a major criticism of the substitute or neutralized leader? When substituting, the behaviors are replaced by a similar leader. There is no strong evidence that leadership substitution impacts job satisfaction. The relationship among the variables is not strongly correlated. Informal leaders can counteract formal leaders' negative behaviors.

When substituting, the behaviors are replaced by a similar leader.

In order to use the normative model, a leader must have ______. a specific decision to make, the authority to make it, and specific potential followers to participate in the decision a specific problem, a controllable situation, and a team to help implement changes multiple decisions to make, limited decision-making time, authority to make it, and resources available to complete it a single decision that can be vague but aligned to organizational goals with access to a team to help implement the decisions

a specific decision to make, the authority to make it, and specific potential followers to participate in the decision

What is the extent to which employees can perform tasks to achieve goals? skill ability production output

ability

Approximately how many Fortune 500 companies believe they are lacking in globally competent executives? a very small percentage roughly half roughly one-third almost all

almost all

The first situational leadership theory was developed by ______. analyzing self-assessments from leaders and followers observing follower responses to environment and leader behaviors analyzing how situation variables interacted with leader personality and behaviors observing environmental factors and their influence on follower reactions

analyzing how situation variables interacted with leader personality and behaviors

According to the normative leadership theory, a delegating leader would ______. answer questions and provide encouragement and resources to followers. make decisions alone and announce them to individual team members. speak to group members individually and then make an independent decision first make a decision, then run the plans by the group at one time

answer questions and provide encouragement and resources to followers.

How many total leadership styles are found in the normative leadership model? 2 3 4 5

5

Which of the following is an example of needing different leadership skills in different situations. A small startup begins to expand rapidly. The original CEO steps down to appoint a new leader with more experience managing a larger company. A large company has twenty teams with one manager for each team. Every two months the managers rotate to manage a new team. A small company with six employees shares the workload and decision-making responsibilities equally across the team. A CEO retires after 30 years. The company replaces them with the most senior manager for consistency in leadership.

A small startup begins to expand rapidly. The original CEO steps down to appoint a new leader with more experience managing a larger company.

How has technology changed time-driven and development-driven models? Computerized systems have combined the two models into one with 11 questions with five variable measures instead of H or L. An online-based system has expanded the two models into three with five more variables measured on a continuum. Computerized systems have expanded the reach of leadership styles into a global market with translated and culturally appropriate questions. An online system has increased the speed of decision-making to help answer situational questions for organizations to find appropriate leadership styles.

Computerized systems have combined the two models into one with 11 questions with five variable measures instead of H or L.

If you are trying to determine the level of decision significance while using the normative leadership theory, what question can you ask yourself? How important is follower commitment to implement the decision? Is this decision highly important? How much knowledge is needed to make the decision? Do followers have a high level of support for the team and goals?

Is this decision highly important?

Which of the following is a major criticism of path-goal theory? It is not as complex as the continuum leadership theory. It showed that support for path-goal theory was by chance. It does not add any support for behavioral change. It is difficult to know which style to use when.

It is difficult to know which style to use when.

Which of the following is a major criticism of Fiedler's contingency leadership theory? We should not change our leadership style, but instead the context of our jobs. It is easier to change our leadership style to fit the context of the job. There are only two paths leaders can go within the model, up or down. The model provides teachable lessons to change our jobs contexts.

It is easier to change our leadership style to fit the context of the job.

Which of the following is a criticism of the normative model? There are none since the results from multiple empirical research teams have supported the model. It treats decisions as a single discrete episode, which is rarely how decision-making occurs in real life. It assumes that the leader does not have the skills needed to make important decisions. Managers who used other situational models were more likely to be successful.

It treats decisions as a single discrete episode, which is rarely how decision-making occurs in real life.

What was the first leadership model developed to match the leadership style to the job? habits and traits of effective leaders contingency theory of leader effectiveness leadership continuum theory behavior traits theory of leadership

contingency theory of leader effectiveness

What type of leadership models are found in descriptive models? only continuum leadership models contingency and normative leadership models continuum and path-goal models path-goal and contingency models

continuum and path-goal models

Outside of the US, managers have more ______. cultural than technical variables to respond to technical variables than situational changes to planning for anonymity in decision-making processes with fewer employees skills and technical variables to address

cultural than technical variables to respond to

A company is considering creating self-managed teams instead of having a traditional manager. They evaluate the existing team and note that all members are highly skilled and experienced. Furthermore, they have all been very well trained up until this point. The company is currently ______. determining the spatial distance between the leader and followers appraising the formalized nature of the organization evaluating the characteristics of followers determining the types of tasks they complete

evaluating the characteristics of followers

When a leader holds a meeting and acts as a moderator to define the problem, and discusses the limitations with each decision, they are performing which leadership style in the normative model? delegation consult group facilitate decide

facilitate

The leadership continuum model states that a leader's choice should be based on forces in the boss's preferred leadership style and ______. forces in the subordinates preferred way to be lead situational forces that impact the leadership style relationship building within small and large teams forces that align with the organizational objectives

forces in the subordinates preferred way to be lead

A(n) ______ is a short summary of the theory to be used when selecting the appropriate leadership style for a given situation. ethics guide leadership theory leadership model behavior model

leadership model

The path-goal leadership model helps leaders use the appropriate ______, regardless of preferred traits and behaviors. leadership style goals and objective variable of personality goal-orientation

leadership style

What has practical value to understand, predict, and control successful leadership? contingency model leadership theory leadership model behavior model

leadership theory

In situational favorableness, the more control a leader has over the situation, the ______. less favorable the environment or working condition easier it is to change leadership style harder it is to build positive relationships more favorable the situation is for the leader

more favorable the situation is for the leader

What does contingency mean for leaders? one thing depends on another given the situation have a secondary or backup plan for if there are problems recruit backup leaders to support the team an ability to change goals to meet needs

one thing depends on another given the situation

Which theory specified the number of situational moderators of relationships between task- and person-oriented leadership and their effects? theory of X and Y behavioral leadership theory path-goal leadership theory leadership continuum theory

path-goal leadership theory

Contingency Theory of Leader Effectiveness is a reflection of ______. personality and behavior attitudes and situations trait theory and technical skills ethical and global understanding

personality and behavior

What leadership model tells the user exactly which style to use in a given situation? prescriptive leadership models descriptive leadership models behavioral leadership models continuum leadership models

prescriptive leadership models

What is the leadership role? increase external motivation using situational styles to manipulate followers' performances reinforce the directions already provided by the organization and goals provide the direction and support not already being provided by the task, group, or organization decrease negative behaviors with oversight and training to reach organizational goals

provide the direction and support not already being provided by the task, group, or organization

Steven Kerr and John Jermier noted that by providing task-oriented direction or people-oriented supports, an organization may ______. decrease follower's responsibilities speed up organizational change increase production and outputs replace or neutralize a leader

replace or neutralize a leader

When substituting or neutralizing a leader, what are the needed characteristics of the organization? motivation lead by extrinsic rewards on a regular basis positive group dynamics and team working space for collaboration rigid rules and procedures with the distance between leaders and followers high need for dependency between followers with cross-over training

rigid rules and procedures with the distance between leaders and followers

Managers need to use behavioral leadership styles based on ______. the employee the situation their attitude their strengths

the situation

A contingency approach to leadership is valuable because it acknowledges that ______. there is no one best leadership style in all situations leadership styles are on a continuum trait and behavioral theories worked in all situations tasks and relationships were the most important styles

there is no one best leadership style in all situations

In the leadership continuum model framework, what does the situation refer to? time location followers decisions

time

When a decision has a short-term horizon and no value is placed on follower development, which normative model would be best to use for the situation? leader expertise continuum model development-driven time-driven

time-driven

Leadership styles are all based on the same ______. seven-question decision tree structure as the normative situational model characteristics as successful leaders with ethics and cultural relevance two leadership behavior concepts of task and relationship three leadership characteristics of focus, value, and orientation

two leadership behavior concepts of task and relationship

What are the characteristics of the time-driven and development-driven models? value, focus, and orientation skills, traits, and behaviors characteristics and situations time, value, and resources

value, focus, and orientation

According to the normative leadership model, when should followers be involved in making decisions? when important commitment decisions may not be liked or wanted only when highly important decisions are being made when a leader has expertise in the area of the decision when a decision has large amounts of support

when important commitment decisions may not be liked or wanted

According to contingency leadership, leaders need to know when to give orders, and ______. where to send employees for negative behaviors how to motivate culturally different employees when to address the subordinates' needs to get a task completed when to get out of the way and let others lead based on the situation

when to get out of the way and let others lead based on the situation

Which of the following is part of the environment in the path-goal leadership model? authoritarianism locus of control workgroup ability

workgroup