Leadership Exam 1

"Georgia Hospital will provide care that is a national example of consumer service" is a: a. Vision statement. b. Statement of philosophy. c. Mission statement. d. Rationale for care.

ANS: A A vision statement is an articulated goal that provides an inspirational target to which the organization aspires at some future time. A statement of philosophy expresses values and beliefs, and a mission statement provides the reason for the existence of the organization.

The nurse manager for a unit's culturally diverse staff creates a staff-development program so the professional nursing staff members can enhance their understanding of cultures on the basis of published literature. The literature reveals that the following characteristic is inherent in a culture. It: a. Develops over time. b. Maintains a strong work ethic. c. Changes easily. d. Develops quickly.

ANS: A Culture is a patterned behavioral response that evolves slowly as times change. The culture may or may not maintain a strong work ethic.

The workgroup on NU 23 is marked by apathy toward the ward's patients, high absenteeism, open conflict among team members, and high turnover of personnel, including managers. The underlying behavior in this situation may be characterized as: a. Powerlessness. b. Anger. c. Apathy. d. Oppression.

ANS: A Emotions such as anger and apathy result from a workplace in which powerlessness is exhibited.

A functional résumé focuses on: a. Experience and skills gained in positions. b. Positions held and specific roles in the positions. c. Academic qualifications and achievements. d. Relating skills and experience to qualifications in a specific position.

ANS: A Functional résumés highlight skills and experience gained rather the details of specific positions. As with résumés in general, skills and experiences are customized to create an image of an individual in a particular position.

A unit manager watches a new RN graduate interacting with a patient. When the RN comes out of the room, the unit manager says, "I don't know what they taught you in your nursing program, but if I see you do that again, I will write you up." This example demonstrates: a. Coercive use of power. b. Appropriate application of control. c. Use of informatory power. d. Use of power to provide coaching.

ANS: A Influence is the process of using power. Influence can involve the punitive power of coercion, as is used in this example.

Hospital ABCD is a Magnet™ hospital. This designation has been applied to Hospital ABCD because it: a. Facilitates active staff participation in decision making related to quality nursing care. b. Has implemented a graduate nurse orientation program. c. Espouses commitment to excellence in patient care. d. Is establishing career ladders for nurses.

ANS: A Magnet™ hospitals are particularly successful in implementing excellence in patient care through use of standards, evidence, and participatory decision making in quality improvement. Organizations that cannot pursue Magnet™ status can implement strategies such as career ladders.

Mr. M. complains to you that one of your staff asked him details about his sexual relationships and financial affairs. He says that these questions were probing and unnecessary to his care, but he felt that if he refused to answer, the nurse would be angry with him and would not provide him with good care. Mr. M.'s statements reflect concern with: a. Privacy. b. Confidentiality. c. Veracity. d. Informed consent.

ANS: A Privacy protection includes protection against unwarranted intrusion into the patient's affairs.

Steady state styles would be most likely in which of the following situations? a. Small hospital, in an isolated rural setting, with limited hierarchy b. Large urban teaching hospital c. Health network with several organizations d. Travel nurse agency

ANS: A Steady state career styles (career-long commitment to a particular position) are more likely in rural settings, where commitment to the community is high and alternative career opportunities are limited.

As a patient care advocate, you regularly coach patients on how to stay safe in health care by educating them about: a. The need to understand and record all medications being taken. b. Bringing their own linens and other personal items to the hospital. c. Washing hands frequently while in a healthcare environment and using a hand sanitizer. d. Following closely the directions and orders of healthcare providers.

ANS: A The Five Steps to Safer Health Care for patients include keeping a list of medications that patients are taking.

The SBAR approach to patient safety encourages: a. Consistency in assessment and practices. b. Continuing education. c. Multidisciplinary approaches. d. Patient feedback.

ANS: A The use of SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation) checklists are designed to decrease omission of important information and practices.

As a nurse manager, you want to institute point-of-care devices on your unit. The rationale that you provide to support the point-of-care devices includes (select all that apply): a. Reduction in incidents of medication error. b. Immediate documentation of care. c. Comparison of patient data with previous data. d. Immediate access to staffing schedules.

ANS: A, B, C Point-of-care devices that allow documentation of assessment, care, and teaching at the bedside reduce the gap in time between care and documentation, thereby reducing error, increasing accuracy, and improving communication of care. Medication devices and patient databases enable accurate clinical decision making.

Which ethical principle is primarily involved in informed consent? a. Veracity b. Autonomy c. Beneficence d. Nonmaleficence

ANS: B Autonomy refers to the right to choose freely, which is inherent in informed consent.

Nurses who engage in in-fighting, seek physician support against nursing colleagues, and avoid political advocacy through membership in nursing organizations: a. Refuse to believe that they are acting like members of groups that suffer socioeconomic oppression. b. Do not understand how their failure to exercise power can limit the power of the whole profession. c. Purposefully choose to exercise their power in the workplace through indirect means. d. Suffer from learned helplessness as a result of abuse by powerful nurse executives.

ANS: B Becoming an active, productive, collegial member of groups and teams within the workplace and in professional associations and community groups ensures that the nursing voice is heard on healthcare issues and problems and is an appropriate exercise of power.

Budgeting and protection of revenues is a function of: a. Leadership. b. Management. c. Team leadership. d. Followers.

ANS: B Managers address complex issues such as planning, budgeting, and allocating resources, whereas leaders address change.

The outcome statement "Patients will experience a ten percent reduction in urinary tract infections as a result of enhanced staff training related to catheterization and prompted voiding" is: a. Physician-sensitive and nonmeasurable. b. Measurable and nursing-sensitive. c. Precise, measurable, and physician-sensitive. d. Patient care-centered and nonmeasurable.

ANS: B Nursing-sensitive outcomes refer to outcomes that are affected by nursing activity and are precise, measurable, and patient-centered.

You document your patient's vital signs into a bedside documentation device and are able to compare your patient's vital signs with patients who have similar diagnoses and similar medications, and who are of a similar age. You are accessing: a. E-mail. b. Telecommunications. c. A database. d. Technology.

ANS: C A database is a collection of data elements stored and organized together for the purposes of interpreting information such as vital signs.

An experienced staff nurse applies for a distinct position of patient advocate at a new clinic. Based on the various tools available to her, which of the following should she bring to her interview to best present her skills? a. Résumé b. Annual evaluations c. Portfolio d. Patient advocacy project

ANS: C A portfolio enables prospective employers to view evidence of significant achievements and responsibilities that would be pertinent to the position.

A patient refuses a simple procedure that you believe is in the patient's best interest. The two ethical principles that are directly in conflict in such a situation are: a. Fidelity and justice. b. Veracity and fidelity. c. Autonomy and beneficence. d. Paternalism and respect for others.

ANS: C Autonomy refers to the freedom to make a choice (e.g., refuse a procedure), and beneficence to doing good (performing a procedure that will benefit the patient).

At an organizational level, which of the following strategies would assist in ensuring that EBP is incorporated into nursing care? a. Formation of nursing-only implementation teams b. Restriction of evidence to RCTs c. Formation of a network of individuals doing research and/or interested in research utilization d. Avoidance of partnership with experienced researchers

ANS: C Collaboration, partnerships, and consideration of a variety of evidence appropriate to the clinical questions are important in ensuring translation of evidence into practice. Collaboration is considered particularly critical and can occur through practice-based networks.

In the Unity Healthcare organization, communication flows: a. Laterally. b. Bottom to top. c. Top to bottom. d. Intermittently.

ANS: C In a bureaucratic organization, communication flows vertically top to bottom.

From the information supplied in this chapter, which statement best defines critical thinking? Critical thinking is a: a. High-level cognitive process. b. Process that helps to develop reflective criticism for the purpose of reaching a conclusion. c. High-level cognitive process that includes creativity, problem solving, and decision making. d. Discussion that guides the nursing process.

ANS: C It is generally accepted by many authors and researchers that this statement best defines critical thinking.

High-quality decisions are most likely to be made in nursing situations when: a. Team leaders make the crucial decisions. b. Individuals are advised of the problems. c. Group size is neither too small nor too large. d. Members are passively involved.

ANS: C Research has shown that group size is important. Too small a group means a limited number of options generated. Too large a group can mean lack of structure or lack of meaningful discussion.

Healthcare organization XYZ provides women's health services on an inpatient basis (average stay of less than 30 days). This facility would likely be considered: a. Primary care, specialized. b. Tertiary care, long-term. c. Acute care, specialized. d. Public care, specialized.

ANS: C The AHA defines an acute care hospital as a facility in which the average length of stay is less than 30 days. Because of the focus on women's health services, it would also be considered specialized.

To solve a problem, the nurse manager understands that the most important problem-solving step is: a. The implementation phase. b. Identification of numerous solutions. c. Accurate identification of the problem. d. Evaluation of the effectiveness of problem resolution.

ANS: C To proceed effectively, it is important to determine if a problem exists and to accurately identify a problem. Failure to resolve problems is most often linked to improper identification of the problem.

A rural-urban health consortium enables physicians in a rural remote setting to consult with specialists in care through electronic conferencing, which includes consultation using intranet radiology images. This system may be in which phase of electronic medical technology adoption, according to the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS)? a. 0 b. 1 c. 3 d. 6

ANS: D According to the HIMSS, this healthcare organization may be in phase 6, which includes the capacity to transmit all radiology images through intranet or another secure source. Level 1 refers to the installation of major ancillary clinical systems (such as radiology) and level 3 to the retrieval of radiology images from picture archives and communication systems.

A necessary, basic condition for successful integration of clinical information systems is: a. Software. b. Standard medical nomenclature. c. Confirmatory evidence from nursing-led studies. d. Strong interdisciplinary cultures.

ANS: D An integrated clinical information system draws on specific knowledge from many involved disciplines that interface at the patient. Successful integration of clinical information systems requires that the various disciplines work together collaboratively to transform the data into meaningful knowledge.

During a staff shortage, you hire an RN from a temporary agency. The RN administers a wrong IV medication that results in cardiac arrest and a difficult recovery for the patient. Liability in this situation: a. Is limited to the temporary agency. b. Is restricted to the RN. c. Could include the RN, the agency, and your institution. d. May depend on the patient's belief regarding the employment relationship.

ANS: D Apparent agency may apply here because your liability and that of your institution could be established if it can be shown that the patient believes that the RN was an employee of yours and of your institution.

Sarah, one of your RNs, tells you that she can't understand why Jim, an Aboriginal patient, wants to do a smudge. In coaching Sara, you suggest which of the following? a. "Explain to Jim that there is no smoking in the hospital." b. "Inform Jim that fires are not allowed in the hospital." c. "Insist that he give you his tobacco because it is unhealthy for him." d. "Ask him what he means by a smudge and what meaning it has for him."

ANS: D By talking with Jim, Sarah is able to step outside her "circle of familiarity" and find and enhance her understanding of personally held prejudices. Prejudice enables Sarah to find meaning in situations, but it also limits understanding. Paradox describes this tension. We have the responsibility to acknowledge the "possibility of tension" as a potential for new and different understandings derived from our communication and interpretation. Possibility, therefore, presumes a condition for openness with a person from another culture (Spence, 2004).

A method commonly used in Quality Assurance to monitor adherence to established standards is: a. A Pareto chart. b. Brainstorming. c. Patient interviews. d. Chart audit.

ANS: D Chart audits are a common method of addressing process standards. Chart audits over time yield trend charts.

During a unit meeting, you notice that Vivian listens attentively when Mary is speaking and offers support and advice when Mary presents ideas to the group. You are surprised because Vivian has often confided that she does not like Mary. Vivian's behavior is best described as: a. Insincere. b. Networking. c. Politically sophisticated. d. Collegial.

ANS: D Collegial behavior requires respect, not friendship.

The nurse manager of a unit is asked by a family member of a dying Native American patient if it is possible to have the patient's eight-member family recite the rosary by the bedside. The manager responds affirmatively. The nurse manager is most likely exhibiting behavior related to: a. Acculturation. b. Ethnocentricity. c. Cultural diversity. d. Cultural sensitivity.

ANS: D Cultural sensitivity involves the capacity to feel or react to ideas, customs, and traditions unique to a group of people.

As the head nurse involved in leading determination of which patient surveillance systems to acquire for your unit, one of your aims is to avoid adverse events through the implementation of appropriate technology. This particular aim recognizes that: a. Human error is significant in contributing to adverse events. b. Documentation of patient data is often illegible and therefore, misinterpreted. c. Data systems provide backup documentation with adverse events that staff cannot provide. d. Physiologic monitoring systems enable detection of early changes before an adverse event occurs.

ANS: D Data about adverse events suggests that a majority of physiologic abnormalities are not detected early enough and may be present hours before the event actually occurs. Physiologic monitoring aids in early detection of changes.

When interviewing a candidate for a nursing position who has an Aboriginal background, you recognize that the candidate's lack of eye contact reflects the candidate's: a. Lack of confidence. b. Professional behavior. c. Cultural sensitivity. d. Ethnicity.

ANS: D Ethnicity refers to groups of people who are classified according to common racial, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural backgrounds.

After a newly hired director of nursing has reviewed the hospital's strategic plans, she develops a timeline for achieving those plans. The new leader is: a. Not expecting that novice leaders will have a vision. b. Demonstrating mistrust of the abilities of her staff to implement the plans. c. Instituting deadlines against which the performance of staff will be evaluated. d. Translating a global document into realistic plans for nursing.

ANS: D Followers need three things from leaders: direction, trust, and hope. Developing timelines for the strategic plan involves translating a vision into reality and being able to communicate a vision meaningfully, which is an example of a leader's influencing behavior.

A clinic nurse has observed another nurse deviating from agency policy in performing wound care. The best approach for the clinic nurse to take is to: a. Stay out of it. b. Inform the nursing supervisor. c. Fill out a notification form (incident report). d. Assess the risk to the client and the agency before proceeding.

ANS: D If the situation is subjective, non-routine, and unstructured or if outcomes are unknown or unpredictable, the nurse leader and manager may need to take a descriptive or behavioral approach. More information (such as degree of risk to the client and to the agency) needs to be gathered to address this situation effectively.

As a nurse manager, you know that the satisfaction of patients is critical in making QI decisions. You propose to circulate a questionnaire to discharged patients, asking about their experiences on your unit. Your supervisor cautions you to also consider other sources of data for decisions because: a. The return rate on patient questionnaires is frequently low. b. Patients are rarely reliable sources about their own hospital experiences. c. Hospital experiences are frequently obscured by pain, analgesics, and other factors affecting awareness. d. Patients are reliable sources about their own experiences but are limited in their ability to gauge clinical competence of staff.

ANS: D Patients are reliable and motivated sources of their own experience but often do not have sufficient knowledge of clinical procedures to provide feedback about clinical competence.

As a nurse manager, you notice that Maria, a Hispanic nurse aide, is visibly upset. When you ask her if something is wrong, she becomes tearful and says, "Why is it that when John and I work together in giving patients care, he jokes about my being "a little fat Mexican"? The nurse manager's best response is, "Do you think he: a. Is sensitive to your culture?" b. Wants to learn more about you?" c. Has been hurt and wants to hurt others?" d. Is stereotyping you without thinking?"

ANS: D Prejudices "enable us to make sense of the situations in which we find ourselves, yet they also constrain understanding and limit the capacity to come to new or different ways of understanding. It is this contradiction that makes prejudice paradoxical." (Spence, 2004, p. 163). Prejudices enable us to predict behaviors and make sense of situations but constrain our understanding and development of new insights.

The clinic nurse has just accessed a client's chart on the computer. The resident comes over and asks her to stay logged on because he needs to add a note to that client's chart. She should say: a. "No problem. Just log me off when you're done." b. "I'll put the note in for you. What do you want to say?" c. "Just make sure that you sign your note because it's under my password." d. "I'm sorry, but you will have to enter the information using your own password."

ANS: D System users must never share the passwords that allow them access to information in computerized clinical information systems. Each password uniquely identifies a user to the system by name and title, gives approval to carry out certain functions, and provides access to data appropriate to the user. All users must be aware of their responsibilities for the confidentiality and security of the data they gather and for the security of their passwords.

The nursing manager of a surgical unit has been asked by administration to evaluate client outcomes post cardiac catheterization. Using data about client outcomes post cardiac catheterization for the past 6 months so as to modify practice is an example of: a. Information. b. Cost-effective care. c. Meeting standards. d. Evidence-based practice.

ANS: D Technology enables evidence-based practice by collecting good clinical knowledge, translating nursing knowledge into reference materials that can be accessed at the point-of-care, and, potentially, assisting nurses to take action based on best evidence for practice (Lang, 2008; Lang et al., 2006; Staggers & Brennan, 2007).

As a nurse manager on the West Surgery Unit, you are interested in increasing patient safety and reducing morbidity and mortality on your unit. Which of the following recommendations would be consistent with the IOM The Future of Nursing report? a. Careful screening of nursing staff for substance use and abuse b. Increased RN staffing on the unit c. Salary and benefits that reflect nursing accountabilities d. Increase in the percentage of baccalaureate-prepared nurses to 80%

ANS: D The Future of Nursing advocates for having 80% of the nursing population at a baccalaureate-prepared level. This recommendation reflects research that suggests that improved mortality and morbidity rates occur with a better educated workforce.

In preparation for redesignation as a MagnetTM Hospital, how would you prepare? a. Commit staff resources over a 6-month period to updating procedure manuals. b. Educate staff through meetings and training sessions regarding appropriate answers to questions. c. Prepare a manual that outlines orientation procedures and ensure that all safety issues are addressed. d. Ensure that there are empirical data to support review of patient outcomes, actions taken, and results of actions.

ANS: D Through the MagnetTM model, organizations must demonstrate how they provide excellence in five areas. Between designation and redesignation as a MagnetTM organization, greater emphasis is placed on empirical quality results.

A cover letter and a résumé together should be no longer than ________ page(s). a. Two b. One c. Four d. Three

ANS: D Two pages is recommended for a résumé and one for a cover letter.

The risk manager wants to evaluate the reasons for an increased number of falls on the rehab unit. The risk manager devises a fishbone diagram. A fishbone diagram is a useful tool to: a. Identify the root causes of problems. b. List possible solutions to problems. c. Help leaders select the best options. d. Evaluate the outcomes of decisions made.

ANS: A A fishbone diagram, also known as a cause-and-effect diagram, is useful for determining the reasons (causes) for an effect (falls).

Which of the following is an outcome of managed care? a. Shift of patients to outpatient and home health services b. Less complexity in funding sources c. Less complexity in rules for consumers to follow d. Greater consistency in the quality of care

ANS: A A goal of managed care is to reduce the cost of expensive acute hospital care by focusing on out-of-hospital preventive care and illness follow-up care, which has led to shifts in where health care is delivered.

A facility that provides care for patients whose average length of stay is less than 30 days and to patients whose average length of stay is longer than 30 days, and who require inpatient and ambulatory care for addictions, through a spectrum of wellness and illness services and providers, would be considered: a. A healthcare network. b. A tertiary care institution. c. Rehabilitative. d. Long-term care.

ANS: A Healthcare networks embrace and provide wellness and illness services, including primary, secondary, and tertiary care, through a network of providers.

In designing programs through your institution to address the health needs of Hispanics in your community, you most likely would develop programs related to: a. Diabetes. b. Cardiovascular disease. c. Cancer. d. Asthma.

ANS: A Hispanics with diabetes are twice as likely to die from diabetes as non-Hispanics.

A nursing-led classification system that has led to greater reliability and standardization in data utilized for QI processes is: a. NANDA. b. AHRQ. c. NIOSH. d. Nursing process.

ANS: A NANDA has been developed by nurses and uses standardized terminology that enables study of health problems across populations, settings, and caregivers.

Literature on oppression in nursing has: a. Verified the presence of behaviors associated with oppression within nursing. b. Suggested that oppression leads to bullying but has little or no effect on patient outcomes. c. Failed to establish that oppression is present in nursing groups. d. Indicated that nurses use oppression negatively.

ANS: A Oppressed group behavior is apparent when a population is dominated by another group and begins to take on the characteristics of the dominant group (Roberts, 1993), often bullying and abusing their peers. In the twenty-first century, bullying and incivility have become epidemic in both nursing education and clinical settings.

After being interviewed for the unit manager position, the staff nurse reflects on the interview process. The staff nurse is aware that leadership begins: a. Within. b. Through a relationship with a mentor. c. With the job description. d. With the chief nursing officer of the organization.

ANS: A People notice differences in workplaces and tend to choose those that evidence a high degree of trust between leaders and followers. Stephen M.R. Covey suggests that trust begins with self and that leaders must focus first on developing character and confidence, which is their credibility. Credibility enables leaders to trust themselves and gives others someone or something that they can trust.

A good nursing decision maker is one who: a. Uses various models to guide the process based on the circumstances of the situation. b. Adopts one model and uses it to guide all decision making. c. Decides not to use any models because they are all useless. d. Develops a new model each time a decision has to be made.

ANS: A The decision model that a nurse uses depends on specific circumstances. Is the situation routine and predictable or complex and uncertain? Is the goal to make a decision that is "just good enough" (conservative) or one that is optimal?

Examples of sentinel events include (select all that apply): a. Forceps left in an abdominal cavity. b. Patient fall, with injury. c. Short staffing. d. Administration of morphine overdose. e. Death of patient related to postpartum hemorrhage.

ANS: A, B, D, E Sentinel events are serious, unexpected occurrences involving death or physical or psychological harm.

To develop a curriculum vitae, or résumé, a nurse must develop a personal data file. The goal of a personal data file is to: a. Create an opportunity to be interviewed. b. Have a listing of facts about your professional life. c. Have a tool in place for marketing yourself. d. Create a document that lists your skills.

ANS: B A personal data file enables storage and recall of career-specific details that can be retrieved and shaped for a specific purpose using cut-and-paste approaches rather than creating whole new documents.

To enhance team leadership skills for your team leaders, you arrange opportunities for: a. Certification. b. Continuing education. c. Graduate courses. d. Volunteerism.

ANS: B Continuing education provides systematic learning opportunities that augment existing skills and knowledge for delivery of quality care and advancement of career goals. Graduate and certification courses provide advanced knowledge and skills.

A young male nurse began in nursing as a staff nurse at a hospital. After 3 years, he moved to a home healthcare agency. After 2 years, he was promoted to a managerial position and now has returned to another hospital as a new director of nursing. This career style is known as: a. Linear. b. Spiral. c. Steady state. d. Entrepreneurial/transient.

ANS: B The spiral career style, as described by Friss (1989), involves an in-and-out and up-and-down approach to opportunities.

As a nurse manager, you have to be effective in managing a culturally diverse staff. Which of the following nurse manager attributes would assist you in addressing the cultural needs of your staff (select all that apply)? a. Stereotyping of others b. Respecting others c. Understanding the importance of language d. Encouragement of potential in all staff e. Age bias f. Disrespect for others

ANS: B, C, D Cultural competence involves knowledge of diverse cultural and ethnic groups, including knowledge of staff members and respect for others and their cultural differences.

You volunteer at a free community clinic. A 13-year-old girl claims to have been diagnosed with SLE and presents with chlamydia. The team leader at the clinic advises that: a. The state-defined age of legal consent is 18; therefore, no treatment can be delivered. b. The teen is underage and should be referred to the family general practitioner. c. Care can be provided as long as consent is voluntary and information about treatment and options is provided. d. Treatment is provided as long as telephone consent is obtained from a parent or legal guardian.

ANS: C All states have a legal age for consent; generally, this age is 18. However, emancipated minors, minors seeking treatment for substance abuse, and minors seeking treatment for communicable diseases can provide their own consent.

A manager relies on his director (immediate supervisor) for advice about enrolling in graduate school to prepare for a career as a nurse executive. The director may exercise what kinds of power in the relationship with the manager in this advisory situation? a. Expert, coercive, and referent b. Reward, connection, and information c. Referent, expert, and information d. Reward, referent, and information

ANS: C Because the director is in a leadership role, he comes with knowledge or expertise that is required to assume a leadership role, and he has information that he is willing to share, which gives him the power of information. The employee sees him as credible and seeks his advice, which gives him referent power.

As the nurse manager who wants to increase motivation by providing motivating factors, which action would you select? a. Collaborate with the human resource/personnel department to develop on-site daycare services. b. Provide a hierarchical organizational structure. c. Implement a model of shared governance. d. Promote the development of a flexible benefits package.

ANS: C Complexity theory suggests that systems interact and adapt and that decision making occurs throughout systems, as opposed to being held in a hierarchy. In complexity theory, every voice counts, and therefore all levels of staff would be involved in decision making. This principle is the foundation of shared governance.

As a manager, you are responsible for two separate units: a CCU and a cardiac step-down unit. The organization and relationships on these units are distinct and very different from one another. Your decision has been to support the uniqueness of these units because each is effective in different ways in providing patient care. This approach is consistent with which principle? a. Transculturalism b. Cross-culturalism c. Multiculturalism d. Acculturation

ANS: C Multiculturalism refers to maintaining several different cultures, such as the uniqueness of different work units. Cross-culturalism means mediating between/among cultures, and transculturalism denotes bridging significant differences in cultural practices.

Justin is a nurse manager in a rehabilitation unit in a small urban center. There is a high turnover rate among rehab-assistants because of the heavy work assignments. Despite his need for staff, Justin decides to review each application thoroughly and interview candidates carefully because he recognizes that it is important to hire staff who can best provide high-quality care and who will fit well with the team. Which of the following decision-making models did Justin use in making his decision? a. Subjective model b. Objective model c. Optimizing model d. Satisficing model

ANS: C Optimizing is a decision style in which the decision maker selects the option that is best, based on an analysis of the pros and cons associated with each option. A better decision is more likely when using this approach, although it takes longer to arrive at a decision.

Politics is usually: a. Confined to legislatures. b. Seen in dysfunctional workplaces. c. Found in all social organizations. d. A representation of self-interest.

ANS: C Politics involves social interaction among organizations and as such, politics permeates in all organizations, workplaces, legislatures, professions, and even families.

In preparing for a fair interview process as a hiring manager, you should: a. Put water out for the candidates. b. Ensure that you know the names of all candidates. c. Dress comfortably and professionally. d. Prepare a schedule of questions to be asked of all candidates.

ANS: D Although providing water, knowing names, and dressing appropriately sets a professional and respectful tone for the interview, developing a schedule of questions to be asked of all candidates is important for gathering comparative data and ensuring equitable treatment.

Electronic health records (EHRs) are being instituted at Pleasant Valley Hospital. Some of the staff on Unit 4 complain to the manager that acquiring the technologic skills required is too time consuming. They question its value in patient care. The manager responds that: a. The use of technology is inevitable in our technologically oriented society. b. The hospital is no longer able to find the space to accommodate paper record keeping. c. The initiative is being driven by decision makers higher up in the hierarchy and there is no choice. d. EHRs will increase effectiveness of care by enhancing coordination and improving patient outcomes.

ANS: D As technology improves, informatics must be integrated with budget and personnel as a critical resource element. Basing practice on evidence-based care can assist in making solid decisions about resources and in leading and encouraging staff toward positive changes in patient outcomes. EHRs, for example, are expected to enhance coordination of care, improve health outcomes, and increase accuracy of diagnoses.

The chief nursing officer understands that to be able to compare data across client populations and sites, it is important that nurses use: a. Similar settings. b. Information systems. c. Knowledge systems. d. Structured nursing languages.

ANS: D Data are standardized and use structured terminology, which enables cross-site comparisons.

In designing a quality, safe healthcare environment, the primary emphasis needs to be on: a. Evidence-based practice. b. Informatics. c. Staffing. d. The patient.

ANS: D Focusing on the patient moves care from concern about who controls care to a focus on what care is provided to and with patients, which was an aim identified in the IOM report Crossing the Quality Chasm.

As a nurse manager, you embrace the usefulness of resources such as Smart Bed. This behavior is important to: a. Budget development. b. A manager's role. c. Succession planning. d. Encouragement of staff utilization of technology.

ANS: D Informatics such as Smart Bed facilitates effectiveness and efficiency in care. By becoming an early adopter of technology, staff members, particularly older staff, who may be less comfortable with technology, are encouraged to value its use in care delivery and management.

Which of the following patients would be most likely covered under Medicare? a. Jim, who lives on the street and has occasional infections b. Alysha, who is on social assistance and has a 5-year-old daughter with frequent ear infections c. Karen, a housewife, 45 years of age, whose husband recently abandoned the family d. Dan, who is 68 years of age and in good health

ANS: D Medicare is a federal government program for individuals over 65 and with certain permanent illnesses, such as end-stage renal disease. Medicaid provides financing of health care for the medically indigent.

When confronted with the controversy and the apparent poor morale of the evening staff, the unit manager decided the staff needed to take some time off. He scheduled holidays for the staff without consulting them. A couple of the staff nurses approached the manager and indicated that the problem was not scheduling, but rather the team leader and her patient assignments. What was the unit manager's first missed step in problem solving? a. Not using a problem-solving model b. Not considering a number of alternatives c. Poor evaluation of outcomes d. Incorrect problem identification

ANS: D The unit manager did not begin with an accurate identification of the problem. Problem solving needs to begin with "why?"

A nursing unit is interested in refining its self-medication processes. In beginning this process, the team is interested in how frequently errors occur with different patients. To assist with visualizing this question, which organizational tool is most appropriate? a. Histogram b. Flowchart c. Fishbone diagram d. Pareto chart

ANS: A Histograms are bar graphs that are useful in outlining and identifying frequency.

The nurse manager is anticipating changes on the unit because of managed care. It is up to the manager to "sell" the staff on this care concept. A goal of managed care that the staff must understand is that managed care is: a. Grounded in business theory. b. Useful for long-term patients only. c. Designed to reduce unit resources and staff. d. Not concerned with the best interests of clients.

ANS: A Managed care combines delivery of needed care with business principles of efficiency and cost. Nurse managers who know business principles become conduits for ensuring safe, effective, affordable care.

Which of the following would managers and staff review annually in order to ensure compliance with the Joint Commission (TJC) to improve patient safety? a. Appropriateness of charting terms and abbreviations b. Nursing hours per patient c. Acuity of patient admissions d. Wait times for care

ANS: A The Joint Commission issues setting-specific patient goals annually, as well as a list of "do-not-use" terms, abbreviations, and symbols and sentinel events.

One of your staff nurses asks for your advice because a patient refuses to sign a consent for surgery. The patient says that he won't sign because he doesn't understand the nature of the surgery. You advise that (select all that apply): a. Consent must not be coerced. b. The patient has a right to choose not to consent. c. The patient must sign the consent because the doctor wants him to sign. d. Witnessing a consent is related only to the voluntary nature of the signature.

ANS: A, B, D Consent must be voluntary and not coerced; the patient must understand what he is signing, must have legal capacity, and must understand the consequences of refusal. Witnessing a consent means attesting to the voluntary nature of the patient's signature.

During a staff meeting held to discuss developing a mission statement for the unit, the idea of placing patient needs first is: a. Empowering. b. A leadership tag. c. A symbol. d. A management task.

ANS: B According to complexity theory, leadership tags, which are similar to values, reflect the patient-centered philosophies and values-driven characteristics that define an organization and give it personality.

Amy has worked in the dialysis unit on staff for about 12 years. She is frequently consulted by other nursing staff regarding protocols and policies on the unit. What type of power is Amy using? a. Position power b. Expert power c. Personal power d. Competency power

ANS: B According to the types of power outlined in the text, Amy is most likely evidencing expert power in that she is being consulted regarding areas of knowledge and competency on the unit and is at the same level, potentially, in the hierarchy as her colleagues.

With the rise of violence in the psychiatric department, the nurse manager decides that she should work with the risk manager in violence prevention. The nurse manager should: a. Request all staff to accept new risk management practices. b. Hold staff accountable for safe practices. c. Document inappropriate behavior. d. Hire more police security.

ANS: B Active involvement of staff in risk management activities is key to prevention of adverse events. Nursing has a primary role in leadership in optimizing patient outcomes, preventing patient care issues, and mitigating adverse events. Accountability for safety can be one aspect of performance evaluations.

Sarah, RN, complains to you that a male nurse from a different culture sits very close during charting and leans toward her when speaking. In responding to Sarah, you consider that differences across cultures that are relevant to this situation include: a. Eye contact. b. Personal space. c. Harassment. d. Expressions of feeling.

ANS: B Body movements, eye contact, gestures, verbal tone, and physical closeness when communicating are all part of a person's culture. For the nurse manager, understanding these cultural behaviors is critical in accomplishing effective communication within the diverse workforce population.

"At Thoroughcare, we provide health care for women and children in transition" is an example of a: a. Vision statement. b. Mission statement. c. Goal statement. d. Statement of philosophy.

ANS: B Mission statements provide a reason or rationale for the existence of the organization and are indicative of the structure of the organization and of who consumes the services provided.

Before beginning a continuous quality improvement project, a nurse should determine the minimal safety level of care by referring to the: a. Procedure manual. b. Nursing care standards. c. Litigation rate of unsafe practice. d. Job descriptions of the organization.

ANS: B Standards establish the minimal safety level of care. Procedure manuals provide information about how standards are to be achieved.

Decision making is described by the nursing educator as the process one uses to: a. Solve a problem. b. Choose between alternatives. c. Reflect on a certain situation. d. Generate ideas.

ANS: B The hallmark of decision making is choosing among options. Generating options is one phase of decision making, and solving a problem refers to problem solving, which is problem centered. Decision making does not always begin with problems, but rather is defined as a purposeful, goal-directed effort that uses a systematic process to choose among options.

Within the deaf culture, there is considerable disagreement about the use of SEE (Signed Exact English) and ASL (American Sign Language). This is indicative of: a. Dominant versus nondominant behaviors. b. The need to recognize diversity within groups. c. The impact of cross-culturalism. d. How language separates subgroups.

ANS: B When working with various cultural groups and diversity, it is important to recognize that diversity also exists within groups. Cultural differences among groups should not be taken in the context that all members of a certain group or subgroup are indistinguishable.

In reviewing the current delivery model, the nurse manager is aware that a demographic change that will have a significant effect on the healthcare delivery systems of the future is: a. Changes in staffing patterns. b. Increasing reports of violence in the workplace. c. The increasing percentage of the population that will be over age 65. d. Escalations in the cost of health care.

ANS: C A demographic change that will significantly impact the healthcare system of the future is the increasing proportion of individuals 65 years and older. By 2025, more than 18% of the population is expected to be 65 years and older, which means that new healthcare organizations will evolve as the system attempts to maintain older adults in the community for as long as possible.

A nurse manager has been employed in the same facility for 20 years and has held the same position. This career style is known as: a. Linear. b. Spiral. c. Steady state. d. Entrepreneurial/transient.

ANS: C Career styles that are marked by selecting and staying in a role throughout a career are characterized as steady state.

A hospital is working toward becoming a Magnet™ hospital. The chief nursing officer is aware that professional nursing departments of the future will: a. Not be directed by nurses. b. Be virtual organizations. c. Be designed to maintain nursing standards of practice. d. Be entitled to have client care departments.

ANS: C Hospitals that are successful in recruiting and retaining nurses have found that the major contributing characteristic to success is a nursing department that is structured to provide nurses the opportunity to be accountable for their own practice. Accountability is guided by nursing standards of practice and thus, successful nursing departments emphasize maintenance of these standards.

Collaborative partnerships between hospitals and schools of nursing are examples of hybrid organizational structures. A hybrid organizational structure: a. Has many divisions of labor. b. Best fits long-term care units. c. Has a mixture of the characteristics of various organizational types. d. Places the authority for decision making closest to the places where workers perform.

ANS: C Hybrid structures include characteristics of various organizational types and reflect the needs of the situation and the environment.

A 39-year-old patient awaits a kidney transplant. Because he must immediately arrange to get to the hospital when a donor kidney is available, it is important that he can be reached anywhere and at any time. To ensure that he receives the message, what type of technology is most effective? a. Internet b. Telecommunications c. WL pager d. CDS

ANS: C Wireless (WL) communication is an extension of an existing wired network environment and uses radio-based systems to transmit data signals through the air without any physical connections. Patients awaiting organ transplants are provided with WL pagers so that they can be notified if a donor is found.

At Orangetown Hospital, the nursing department is developing a mission statement for nursing. Which would be a suitable mission statement? a. "Nursing provides services for patients admitted to Orangetown Hospital." b. "To participate fully in the professional services offered by Orangetown Hospital." c. "To lead by the lamp; services for seniors." d. "At Orangetown, the nursing department provides caring services that recognize the diversity of clients and promote optimal health with clients through partnership, education, and interprofessional collaboration."

ANS: D A nursing mission statement within an organization needs to establish the reason for nursing within the organization and lays out relationships with clients, the community, and other disciplines.

To prepare for the orientation of newly hired nurses, the nurse manager plans a presentation outlining the concept of healthcare networks. Healthcare networks are: a. Units that provide only primary care services. b. Owned by the institutions. c. A feature of all public institutions. d. Units that serve large populations.

ANS: D Healthcare networks are interconnected units. Their aim is serving large regional populations.

A new director of nursing in a small rural hospital wants to make changes from the traditional model of governance to a shared-governance model. Select the characteristic below that best describes the traditional organizational structure in which a staff nurse is assigned to carry out nursing tasks for clients but is not given the chance to provide input into forming the policies and procedures by which care is delivered or the standards by which care is evaluated: a. Bureaucratic b. Decentralized c. Delegated authority and responsibility d. Delegated responsibility but no authority

ANS: D In traditional structures, decision-making authority (right to act) is held by a centralized decision-making body, so that staff members have responsibility for certain functions but do not participate in decisions related to those functions.

A nursing informatics specialist hired by Blue Cross/Blue Shield (a form of third-party payers benefit package for a prepaid fee that uses specific standards to approve a period of time for the use of inpatient and community health services) is participating in: a. Critical pathways. b. Healthcare networks. c. Health maintenance organizations. d. Managed care.

ANS: D Managed care strives to contain costs (e.g., through limitation of time in care) while maintaining quality. Managed care combines care delivery with financing and provides comprehensive services for a fixed prepaid fee. Group practice plans take various forms. One form has a centralized administration that directs and pays salaries for physician practice (e.g., HMOs).

Role theory has its underpinnings in management theory. Management theories influence managers' leadership styles. Which of the following theories would a nurse manager be most likely to follow when redesigning the staffing schedule? a. Humanistic b. Productivity c. Psychological d. Quantum

ANS: D Quantum theory is one way a manager can serve as an agent of change when patient care work/workflow must be redesigned. Quantum theory recognizes the need to understand behaviors and relationships before changing them, the connectedness of parts such as workflow and relationships, and the need to be analytical, flexible, and empathetic.

As a nurse manager on a urology unit, you note that there has been a marked increase in medication errors on the unit. Which of the following actions would be consistent with the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) measures? a. Staff are consulted regarding improvements in interprofessional approaches to patient care. b. Nursing staff are asked for input regarding the purchase of new medication carts. c. A recognition program is developed to acknowledge nurses who have provided safe and exemplary care utilizing skills in the staffing mix to optimize the delivery of patient care. d. Recent changes in staffing mixes are examined to determine if the timing of changes coincides with the increase in errors.

ANS: D The NDNQI measures are specifically concerned with patient safety and aspects of quality of care that may be affected by changes in the delivery of care or staffing resources. The quality indicators address staff mix and nursing hours for acute-care settings, as well as other care components. The NDNQI project is designed to assist healthcare organizations in identifying links between nursing care and patient outcomes.

At Hospital Ajax, there has been a 20% increase in instruments and sponges being left in patients during surgery and surgeries on the wrong limbs. These are known as: a. Sentinel events. b. Medically sensitive events. c. Nurse-sensitive events. d. Never events.

ANS: D The NQF and CMS define never events as errors in medical care that are clearly identifiable, preventable, and serious in their consequences for patients and that indicate a real problem in the safety and credibility of a healthcare facility. Examples of never events include surgery on the wrong body part, foreign body left in a patient after surgery, mismatched blood transfusion, major medication error, severe pressure ulcer acquired in the hospital, and preventable postoperative deaths.

The agency in which you are a nursing leader makes a decision to reduce the number of RN positions in favor of PN positions because agency data suggest that the clients in the agency can receive appropriate care from PN staff. Furthermore, the agency is facing a decline in funding and without restructuring, some clients might not receive services at all. You provide this information on this decision to the staff and ask them to advise you if they have any feedback, concerns, or alternative solutions. This decision-making style is known as: a. Paternalistic. b. Shared. c. Reasoned d. Informative.

ANS: D The informative model offers the staff the ability to make a decision after the information has been shared and without the active involvement of the manager.

The primary difference between a résumé and a CV is that a résumé: a. Reflects your skills, knowledge, and background in relation to a specific position. b. Offers a detailed listing of positions held and where positions were held. c. Includes a long and detailed explanation of academic and work experience. d. Provides contact information and focuses on your background, in general.

ANS: A A résumé is a short, customized overview of your professional life that relates to the qualifications of specific positions and how you are able to match your background to the qualifications that are desired. Provision of contact information is common to both the résumé and the CV. Résumés are more effective if details of particular positions that have been held are highlighted as compared with a detailed listing of positions held.

Through the QI process, the need to transform and change the admissions process across administrative and patient care units is identified. In this particular situation, what method of data organization will be most effective? a. Flowchart b. Histogram c. Narrative d. Line graphs

ANS: A Flowcharts are useful in identifying and visualizing sequential steps, such as the admissions process.

The adage "leaders are born and not made" reflects which of the following ideas around leadership? a. Management can be taught; leadership depends on abilities. b. Mentorship is important in developing innate skills of leaders. c. Leadership is a natural skill that cannot be refined or developed. d. Succession planning and formal education related to leadership are ineffective.

ANS: A Leadership is an abilities role that is reflective of rich personal experience. It can be developed and refined through such strategies as coaching, mentorship, and reflection. Management can be taught and learned.

Which of the following is a meta-analysis? a. Review of 35 studies on nurse work satisfaction to determine the significance of the aggregated research findings b. Review of multiple chart audits to determine which errors are being reduced through implementation of evidence-based guidelines c. RCT comparing the effectiveness of a local anesthetic in reducing the pain of venipuncture in young children d. Analysis of factors contributing to nurse burnout and dissatisfaction at emergency room sites

ANS: A Meta-analysis statistically combines the results of several similar studies to determine whether aggregate findings are significant.

As a nurse manager in a hospital, you would expect which of the following to be the major contributor to funding and revenues in your organization? a. The federal government b. Medicare c. Medicaid d. Blue Cross/Blue Shield

ANS: A The federal government is responsible for both Medicare and Medicaid and is the largest and most influential health insurance program in the United States. The federal government is the primary payer of healthcare costs in the United States.

The nurse executive at the local hospital began working there 20 years ago and has risen to the highest designation in nursing. This career style is known as: a. Linear. b. Spiral. c. Steady state. d. Entrepreneurial/transient.

ANS: A The linear career style, as described by Friss (1989), refers to vertical advancement in an organization and is of interest to those with a desire to gain organizational knowledge and different perspectives on nursing.

According to Leininger, "cultural imposition" is a major concern in nursing because nurses have a tendency to impose their values, beliefs, and practices on patients of other cultures. The discussion topic most likely to be without cultural imposition would be: a. Abortion. b. Wound management. c. Blood transfusion. d. Advance directives.

ANS: B Abortion, blood transfusion, and advance directives are heavily imbued with values, beliefs, and practices that may be different between patients and nurses.

The chief nursing officer and the dean of the School of Nursing believe that by establishing rules and regulations and controlling the environment, this partnership will: a. Promote professional medical authority, autonomy, and responsibility. b. Need a degree of flexibility to engender success. c. Be essential for self-governance. d. Provide for the establishment of medical committees.

ANS: B Bureaucratic structures have a centralized command structure (chain of command). with a clear division of labor and well-articulated and commonly accepted expectations for performance. Rules, standards, and protocols ensure uniform actions and limit individualization of services and variance in workers' performance. Although bureaucracy enhances consistency, by nature, it limits employees' autonomy and thus the potential for innovations.

An outpatient surgery manager is evaluating infusion pumps for the operating room. The manager should: a. Select the least expensive brand. b. Use a decision-making tool to evaluate brands. c. Ask the nursing staff which brand they prefer. d. Select the vendor the institution usually buys from.

ANS: B Decision-making tools such as decision grids and SWOT analyses are most appropriate when information is available and options are known.

In matrix organizational structures, a nurse manager understands that this type of structure: a. Is a simplified organizational structure. b. Has both a functional manager and a service or product-line manager. c. Arranges departments strictly according to function. d. Promotes harmony in organizational decision making.

ANS: B Matrix structures are complex, integrated organizational structures that involve both functional and service or product-line managers. In this structure, team members or teams from various functional departments may combine to complete a project or program, thereby becoming responsible to both their functional department manager and their product-line manager.

What is a strategy that can be used by a small community hospital with limited resources to develop an evidence-based nursing practice program? a. Hiring a nurse researcher b. Partnering with nurse researchers at a local university c. Subscribing to journals devoted to evidence-based nursing d. Including research competencies in managers' job descriptions

ANS: B Partnering with nurse researchers assists in providing nurse researcher expertise and leadership to organizations that do not have the size or the resources to hire nurse researchers.

To reduce the incidence of falls in a skilled nursing unit, the nurse manager contacts the risk manager. Risk management is a process that attempts to identify potential hazards and: a. Compensate for previous injuries. b. Eliminate these risks before anyone else is harmed. c. Supersede the need for staff members to file incident reports. d. Discipline staff members who have been involved in previous incident reports.

ANS: B Risk management involves taking proactive steps to identify and eliminate risks and liability.

As a senior executive, you are keen to develop your hospital as a learning organization. Part of your purpose in translating this vision into practice is to (select all that apply): a. Retain funding from third-party payers. b. Develop leaders. c. Maintain and/or improve quality of care. d. Stay abreast of new knowledge and evidence.

ANS: B, C, D Learning organizations are concerned with providing opportunities and incentives for individuals and groups to engage in lifelong learning, in recognition of the positive impact that learning has on patient outcomes and staying abreast of new knowledge. Lifelong learning and reflection are also characteristics of leaders.

A primary care clinic is established in Pleasantville to provide comprehensive services to infants, children, and families within the community. The executive director of the clinic oversees physician and nursing services for infants, children, and families; a neurodevelopmental clinic; psychology, family counseling, and social work services; nutritional counseling; speech and hearing services; and physiotherapy. This type of organizational structure is known as: a. Hierarchical. b. Bureaucratic. c. Service-line. d. Matrix

ANS: C In service-line structures (sometimes called product lines), the functions necessary to produce a specific service or product are brought together into an integrated organizational unit under the control of a single manager or executive.

One day, at coffee, your co-worker suggests that you and she sit with unit members of the hospital research committee. She suggests that this would be an excellent way to get to know people who share her interest in research. Her actions are an example of: a. Mentorship. b. Politics. c. Networking. d. Empowerment.

ANS: C Meeting individuals outside the normal workgroup to share ideas and gain support and encouragement is an example of networking.

According to the complexity theory, which of the following should be the focus of measurement? a. Cost per hospital day b. Bed utilization c. Infection rates d. Staff morale and budgets

ANS: D According to complexity theory and the principle "Think systematically," you cannot ignore objective data or nonmeasurable data, as both inform decisions.

Sarah is a clinical nurse educator in the dialysis unit at Pines Health Center and provides education, consultation, and training support. Sarah has: a. Direct responsibility for patient care. b. Direct accountability for patient outcomes. c. An authority relationship to staff. d. An influence over patient outcomes.

ANS: D In a staff position, Sarah supports line positions in accomplishing the primary goals and objectives of the unit and provides support, counsel, and advice, but she has limited or no authority for decision making.

Before beginning her own nursing agency, a nurse worked with other temporary nursing agencies in nine states. This career style is known as: a. Linear. b. Spiral. c. Steady state. d. Entrepreneurial/transient.

ANS: D The entrepreneurial/transient career style, as described by Friss (1989), is appealing to nurses who enjoy variety in experiences.

As the head of a nursing program, you consistently invite the ideas of your team about innovations in teaching, community partnerships, and curriculum design and invite participation in decisions. Many of these ideas have been implemented successfully, and your staff members are keen to try on other ideas. You are employing _____ leadership. a. Situational b. Trait-based c. Contingency-based d. Transformational

ANS: D Transformational leadership involves attending to the needs and motives of followers, which results in creativity, improvement, and employee development.

The nurse manager wants to use evidence-based recommendations to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. In order to effectively gather evidence to guide practice, what is the critical first step? a. Develop the clinical question. b. Identify the databases to be used. c. Appraise the evidence. d. Integrate available evidence with unit expertise.

ANS: A Identifying the question may be the most challenging part of the process. Once the clinical question has been identified, writing it down will help in moving on to the next step of gathering evidence.

Leaders in nursing must advocate for information and knowledge systems that support nursing practice. This is best accomplished by: a. Participating in organizational information technology committees. b. Submitting written requests for needed information systems. c. Requesting budgetary funds needed for systems. d. Sending staff nurses to conferences that discuss cutting-edge technologies.

ANS: A Nurse leaders and direct care nurses must be members of the selection team, participate actively, and have a voice in the selection decision. The information system must make sense to the people who use it and fit effectively with the processes for providing patient care.

As a manager in a new nursing home, where might you consult for guidance and evidence to support the development of safe patient practices? a. Hospitals b. Business c. Industry d. Outpatient clinics

ANS: A Practices that were once mostly studied in hospital settings are now scrutinized for implementation in other settings, such as outpatient clinics, rural settings, and nursing homes.

If you are supporting the steps in the AHRQ document "Five Steps to Safer Health Care," you would ensure that: a. Patients are actively encouraged to make decisions related to care. b. Rules and decisions are made through centralized processes. c. You monitor the performance of each staff member closely. d. Preference is given to increasing staff numbers rather than staff credentials.

ANS: A The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) outlines "Five Steps to Safer Health Care," which suggests that safe, patient-centered care is facilitated by assisting patients to become active partners in their own care.

The implementation of saline flushes for capped angiocatheters is an example of: a. How multilevel and interprofessional application of a procedure can slow adoption of EBP. b. How competition among disciplines can lead to negative patient outcomes. c. The reluctance of hospital administrators to act on recommendations from EBP. d. How a safe, well-known practice outweighs the benefits of adopting a newer practice.

ANS: A The translation of research into practice operates at four levels: The individual healthcare professional, healthcare groups or teams, organizations, and the larger healthcare system or environment. The adoption of saline flushes illustrates the challenges of communicating EBP to other disciplines and organizations and of the involvement of different levels. This particular innovation needed endorsement by nurses, physicians, and pharmacists, as well as by administrators who needed evidence of lost savings to support adoption.

The successful integration of informatics into healthcare settings is key to: a. Quality decision making related to management of resources and patient care. b. Accessing current information about business practices. c. Meeting the modern-day expectations of staff regarding technology use. d. Speeding up calculations and decisions in budget development.

ANS: A The use of informatics to research evidence and alternative models of delivery, to compare data and solutions with those of other managers, and to enhance the coordination and delivery of patient care can assist managers in making solid decisions about resource utilization. The use of informatics is embraced by Generation X-ers and Millennials who grew up with technology, but may be more difficult for older staff.

With the help of a federal grant, the local school nurse has established a spreadsheet that contains relevant nursing data so that she can analyze children's health. School health programs are: a. Increasingly seen as primary care sites for children. b. Providing only health education programs for children and their parents. c. Capable only of providing referrals for health problems to primary care providers. d. Funded exclusively by local authorities.

ANS: A Traditionally, school health programs were organized to control infectious disease outbreaks, treat and control on-site injuries, and educate parents and children about basic health. Increasingly, schools are being seen as primary healthcare sites for children.

Before implementation of the new policy and procedure on central line catheter care, the nurse manager uses an appraisal system to evaluate the evidence. What is important in using an appraisal system to evaluate the evidence gathered in preparation for development of a new protocol? a. Limiting the search to randomized clinical trials b. Matching the appraisal tool to the type of evidence c. Eliminating qualitative research studies d. Using only pre-processed evidence

ANS: B Appraisal tools are specific to the number of studies, as well as to the study design (type of evidence), type of review, and strategy for determining the applicability of evidence to your practice.

A nurse manager of a 20-bed medical unit finds that 80% of the patients are older adults. She is asked to assess and adapt the unit to better meet the unique needs of the older adult patient. Using complexity principles, what would be the best approach to take in making this change? a. Leverage the hierarchical management position to get unit staff involved in assessment and planning. b. Engage involved staff at all levels in the decision-making process. c. Focus the assessment on the unit, and omit the hospital and community environment. d. Hire a geriatric specialist to oversee and control the project.

ANS: B Complexity theory suggests that systems interact and adapt and that decision making occurs throughout the systems, as opposed to being held in a hierarchy. In complexity theory, every voice counts, and therefore, all levels of staff would be involved in decision making.

Your colleague Mary, a recent graduate, announces one day that she intends to leave nursing in 3 to 4 months to pursue a position in marketing. While at your agency, she plans to give patients excellent care and to learn as much as she can, because "Who knows? Nursing is a great job with a great pay and I may return someday." Mary's statements most accurately exemplify which orientation to the concept of nursing? Nursing as a(n): a. Profession. b. Occupation. c. Flexible discipline. d. Career with off and on ramps.

ANS: B Concern with nursing as potentially one in a series of possibly well-paid jobs reflects a view of nursing as an occupation.

Tara, the unit manager, is telling her colleague about her recent project, which involves seeking the most effective approaches to incontinence care, with the intention of adopting evidence-supported approaches on her dementia care unit. Her colleague suggests that translation of research into practice is: a. Less important than knowledge-generating research, which is required to advance the nursing profession. b. A priority of all healthcare practitioners to improve patient care. c. Characterized by lack of knowledge about how to use evidence to guide practice. d. So difficult that it is useless to begin the query in the first place.

ANS: B The National Institutes of Health identified translational research, or getting research into the hands of practitioners to improve patient care, as a priority.

Which of the following would be most effective in implementing the findings of Dobbins et al. on treating problems associated with bowel motility? a. Lecture by a nurse practitioner b. Workshop for surgical nurses that involves discussion of case studies and application of evidence c. Discussion of the findings on the bulletin boards at the workstation d. Education of unit opinion leaders regarding the evidence presented in the studies

ANS: B Work by Dobbins et al. suggests that translation of research into practice is best facilitated through interactive learning such as workshops. Least effective strategies included didactic learning and distribution of learning materials.

A grievance brought by a staff nurse against the unit manager requires mediation. At the first mediation session, the staff nurse repeatedly calls the unit manager's actions unfair, and the unit manager continues to reiterate the reasons for her actions. What would be the best course of action at this time? a. Send the two disputants away to reach their own resolution. b. Involve another staff nurse in the discussion so as to clarify issues. c. Ask each party to examine her own motives and issues in the conflict. d. Continue to listen as the parties repeat their thoughts and feelings about the conflict.

ANS: C Ury, Brett, and Goldberg outline steps to restoring unity, the first of which is to address the interests and involvement of participants in the conflict by examining the real issues of all parties.

The Wellington Mental Health Institute is fully accredited by the AOA and not directly by the CMS. This means that the Wellington facility: a. Cannot accept mental health patients who are Medicare beneficiaries. b. Can care for only Medicaid and not Medicare beneficiaries. c. Has not met the standards set by the CMS as determined by an external review panel. d. Has been reviewed and accredited by the AOA, which is a deeming authority for CMS.

ANS: D CMS accreditation or external review of an organization's compliance with the standards set by the CMS can be conducted by the AOA, which is a deeming authority for CMS.

A nurse belongs to several professional organizations, serving on a state-level committee of one group and on two task forces at work. The nurse is committed to a range of health issues and knows the state senator from the nurse's district, as well as the name of the representative in Washington, DC. This nurse exemplifies which level of political activism in nursing? a. Gladiator b. Buy-in c. Self-interest d. Political astuteness

ANS: D Political involvement is a professional responsibility and nurses' perspectives of the critical issues for improving the healthcare system can shape the policy agenda of the nation's political leadership. This nurse exemplifies several of the skills associated with political astuteness.

Individuals living with asthma, who also live in poverty, are much less likely to seek early care and are more likely to go to emergency rooms for assistance. This example reflects: a. Stereotyping. b. Cultural diversity. c. Ethnocentricity. d. Transcultural care.

ANS: D Transcultural care involves consideration of health beliefs and practices between genders among races, ethnic groups, and those with different socioeconomic status.

Which of the following needs revision on a résumé or CV? a. John Jones 87 Highway Drive City, MI 79110 [email protected] b. M. Howes Anyway Highway City, MO 77700 (H) 777-777-0000 e-mail: [email protected] c. Dr. L. Jones 99 Carway Drive City, NY 84003 (H) 999-999-0000 (Cell) 999-000-9999 d. Tanya Jones 67 Honeywell Drive City, MO 66907 [email protected]

ANS: D When including Web or e-mail addresses, it is important to use addresses that are not overly casual or that communicate personal information.

In opening a new dialysis unit, the nurse manager has to develop a philosophy for the unit. This philosophy needs to: a. Reflect the culture of the unit and its values. b. Be developed by the nursing manager on the unit. c. Identify the clients that will be served on the unit. d. Replicate the organization's philosophy.

ANS: A A philosophy expresses the values and beliefs that members of the organization hold about the nature of their work, about the people to whom they provide service, and about themselves and others providing the services.

During orientation of new nurse managers, the chief nursing officer stresses strategies that help nurse managers to achieve a powerful image. Which groups of behaviors best contribute to a powerful image for the nurse manager? a. Greeting patients, families, and colleagues with a handshake and a smile; listening carefully when problems arise b. For men, no facial hair, always wearing a suit and tie; for women, always wearing a suit and high-heeled shoes c. Maintaining a soft voice during times of conflict; making unbroken eye contact during interactions d. Smiling all the time; always wearing a suit, carrying a briefcase, and, if a woman, wearing no jewelry

ANS: A A powerful and positive approach is communicated through confident behaviors such as greeting others, smiling, and showing respect for the opinions of others through listening. Grooming and dress need to be clean, neat, and appropriate to the situation. Speech needs to be firm and confident.

A new graduate is seeking a new position in nursing and wants to "sell" herself effectively. The best strategy is to: a. Create a résumé. b. Practice interviewing. c. Call the personnel offices. d. Create a curriculum vitae.

ANS: A A résumé provides a customized overview of details of your professional background that relates specifically to a position for which you are applying. Résumés advertise your skills to a prospective employer.

As a nurse manager, you have hired two new staff members who have recently come to the United States from other countries. Which of the following strategies might indicate your efforts to assist these staff members with acculturation to your unit? a. Analyze a recent situation with them in which an order with a physician was not clarified and explore their beliefs about nurse-physician relationships. b. Expect them to behave in ways that are expected of staff who have grown up and been educated in the United States. c. Stress to these new staff that your unit is a "family" and that staff members take pride in saying that they are from Unit 4. d. Recognize that culture develops over time and leave them alone to figure out differences between their culture and that of the unit.

ANS: A Acculturation refers to adapting to a particular culture. Assimilation occurs when individuals now define themselves as members of the dominant culture and is evidenced by when individuals say they are from where they live and practice. When individuals grow up within a culture and take on the characteristics of that culture, it is referred to as socialization. Assisting the staff to recognize differences in the relationships between physicians and nurses on the unit and those in their country of origin is assisting adaptation or acculturation and is promoting positive patient outcomes.

A 66-year-old native Chinese patient, hospitalized for a myocardial infarction, asks the nurse manager about seeing his "acupuncture doctor" for treatment of his migraine headache. The best response to this patient would be: a. "How long have you been using acupuncture treatment?" b. "Do you think acupuncture relieves your pain satisfactorily?" c. "What have you told your heart specialist about your migraines and treatment?" d. "Have you tried nonprescription pain medication or been given a prescription drug for your headaches?"

ANS: A Acknowledging the patient's use of acupuncture demonstrates cultural sensitivity through acknowledgement of treatments that would be consistent with the patient's cultural interpretation of illness and responses to it. The other responses indicate lack of cultural sensitivity as well as cultural imposition, in that the nurse diverts the line of inquiry toward interventions that would be common to the nurse's experience of health care in Western cultures.

Knowing when to have the entire team participate in the decision-making process or when to have only the team leader make the decisions depends on the situation and the desired outcomes. The autocratic process is used in which of the following situations? a. The task and the outcome are relatively simple and defined b. It is unlikely that the group will reach a consensus. c. A decision has to be discussed thoroughly. d. A number of options need to be considered.

ANS: A An autocratic style is appropriate when rapid decision making is required and in situations where the task and the potential outcome are well-defined.

A staff nurse who was fired for reporting patient abuse to the appropriate state agency files a whistleblower lawsuit against the former employer. Reasons that the court would use in upholding a valid whistleblower suit claiming retaliation include that the nurse: a. Had previously reported the complaint, in writing, to hospital administration. b. Had threatened to give full details of the patient abuse to local media sources. c. Was discharged after three unsuccessful attempts at progressive discipline had failed. d. Had organized, before filing the complaint, a work stoppage action by fellow employees.

ANS: A An employer is unable to fire an employee who, in good faith, reports what is believed to be a violation of a law, rule, or state or federal law.

As a nurse manager representative on a clinical information system selection team, you would be particularly concerned if the favored system: a. Involves screen displays that are best configured for non-clinical users. b. Requires an upgrade to servers in the facility. c. Requires staff orientation and training during implementation of the software. d. Minimizes the amount of data entry necessary.

ANS: A An ideal hospital information system should include as much instrumentation as possible to minimize data entry. As a clinical end user, you would expect orientation and training on how the screen display can be configured so as to suit the purposes and preferences of users in clinical areas.

You pull staff together to assess a situation in which the family of a seriously ill patient is anxious and is absorbing a great deal of staff time in consultation, discussion, and questioning of treatment decisions. Staff members are becoming distanced from the family. After inviting the concerns of staff, you explain that the organization values patient-centered care and that evidence supports that acting as an advocate and a listener is helpful to families. You ask the staff for ideas as to strategies that are effectively patient-centered in these situations. In this situation, you are taking on which role? a. Leadership b. Management c. Follower d. Visionary

ANS: A As a leader, you provide and communicate vision and direction based on evidence and experience, and you engage others in decision making that moves them toward the vision with a reasonable level of risk taking.

A family is keeping vigil at a critically ill patient's bedside. Other, distant family members, not yet able to come, call the unit continuously, asking for updates and wanting to express concern. You speak with the distant family members and suggest that you are going to refer them to the hospital social worker, whose role is to work with people in such situations. What role are you assuming through this action? a. Manager b. Leader c. Follower d. Laissez-faire

ANS: A As a manager, you are concerned with managing and coordinating resources to achieve outcomes in accordance with established clinical processes. Referral to a social worker alleviates demand on staff time and is consistent with hospital procedures.

Knowing your professional strengths is important to: a. Finding your fit in positions and a career path. b. Maintain a professional status. c. Act in a manner that is legal and ethical. d. Understand the role expectations of a position.

ANS: A Being aware of your strengths is critical in determining what you will bring to a position and can be used to find your fit and possible career path. Knowledge and experience are important in maintaining the privilege of belonging to a profession and of behaving ethically and legally.

Three gravely ill patients are candidates for the only available bed in the ICU. As the supervisor, you assign the bed to the patient with the best chance of recovery. This decision reflects which of the following ethical principles? a. Beneficence b. Autonomy c. Veracity d. Nonmaleficence

ANS: A Beneficence refers to doing what's good for the patient; in this situation, doing what's good means providing care to the patient with the best likelihood of recovery.

A nurse on your inpatient psychiatric unit is found to have made sexually explicit remarks toward a patient with a previous history of sexual abuse. The patient sues, claiming malpractice. Which of the following conditions may not apply in this situation? a. Injury b. Causation c. Breach of duty d. Breach of duty of care owed

ANS: A By virtue of employment, the nurse owes a duty of care to the patient; this care has been breached by a nurse, who would be expected to know that this behavior violates usual standards of care. The resultant injury, the fifth malpractice element, must be physical, not merely psychological or transient. In other words, some physical harm must be incurred by the patient before malpractice will be found against the healthcare provider, which is not evident in this situation where the action did not involve physical harm.

You are in the process of designing a patient education program that will provide education and monitoring for patients with hypertension. To support your planning, you draw out and present patient data from: a. A clinical database. b. Biomedical technologies. c. E-mail. d. Internet sources.

ANS: A Clinical databases are collections of elements organized and structured for the processing, organization, and presentation of data for interpretation as information, which, in this particular instance, includes outpatient data.

A recent nursing graduate in a busy emergency department triages a patient who has sustained a large, deep puncture wound in his foot while working at a construction site. He is bleeding and is in pain. The nurse enters the triage data that she has obtained from the patient into a computerized, standard emergency patient classification system. After she enters the assessment data, she notices an alert on the computer screen that prompts her to ask the patient about the status of his tetanus immunization. What system of technology is involved in generating the alert? a. Clinical decision support b. WL technology c. Computerized provider order d. Electronic health record

ANS: A Clinical decision support (CDS) is a clinical computer system, computer application, or process that helps health professionals make clinical decisions to enhance patient care. The clinical knowledge embedded in computer applications or work processes can range from simple facts and relationships to best practices for managing patients with specific disease states, new medical knowledge from clinical research, and other types of information.

Because an increasing number of Hispanic patients are being admitted, a nurse manager designs a staff-development program to help her staff understand the Hispanic culture. A nurse should understand that culture is determined by which of the following? a. Behavior b. Love for people c. Shared vision d. Genetic predisposition

ANS: A Culture is determined by behaviors and beliefs and develops slowly.

Hospital Magnet™ decides against creating a separate department to lead and monitor quality activities because: a. Total organizational involvement is critical to QI. b. Data generated by a single, separate department are generally flawed. c. Monitoring and commitment to QI can come only from senior-level managers. d. Staff resent suggestions for improvement that originate outside of their unit.

ANS: A Decentralized approaches are effective in developing unit-level solutions, as well as commitment to strategies and implementation of changes.

The nurse manager of an ICU wants to implement the revised policy and procedure on central line catheter care. What would be the most effective method of getting the staff nurses to incorporate a new evidence-based practice into their care? a. Conducting an interactive educational workshop b. Distributing educational materials on clinical units c. Sharing the results of a chart audit with staff d. Providing staff with a short DVD on the topic

ANS: A Dobbins et al. suggest that effective strategies for promoting behavioral change in health professionals include active involvement strategies such as face-to-face information sessions in small groups and one-to-one interactions. Other approaches have mixed or few results.

Once evidence related to the use of prompted voiding in patients with cognitive impairment has been appraised and integrated with practice, it is important to: a. Consider whether patients' families see this as necessary for the well-being of family members. b. Search large databases such as CINAHL to amass further evidence. c. Clarify the clinical practice question. d. Solicit input regarding integration with practice.

ANS: A EBP is the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and the patients' unique values and circumstances. In this situation, the family's values and preferences would be considered. Search of databases, clarification of the question, and gaining staff input would occur in the process.

A nurse manager must implement a 2% budget cut on the nursing unit. Which approach should the manager use to most effectively empower the staff of the unit? a. Discuss the guidelines for the budget cuts with the staff, making the decisions with those who participate. b. Inform the staff of the budget cuts in a series of small group meetings and accept their ideas in writing only. c. Provide the staff with handouts about the budget cuts and let them make recommendations in writing. d. Hold a series of mandatory meetings on the budget cuts, asking staff for ideas on the cuts.

ANS: A Empowerment is the process of exercising one's own power to facilitate the participation of others in decision making and taking action so they are free to exercise power It means releasing authority and enabling others to have accountability, for participation and decisions.

The chief nursing officer at a local hospital seeking Magnet™ status creates staff development classes about incorporating evidence-based practice in nursing. What best describes evidence-based practice? a. Applying best research evidence to care of patients b. Using research-based information to develop practice guidelines c. Conducting a randomized control trial to determine effectiveness of handwashing techniques d. Developing standards for practice

ANS: A Evidence-based medicine is derived from evidence-based medicine and involves integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and the patient's unique values and circumstances in making decisions about the care of individual patients. It is focused on searching for, appraising, and synthesizing the best evidence to address a particular clinical practice problem.

A nurse manager in a for-profit environment finds it difficult to recruit staff. This difficulty may be most related to aggressive profit goals and: a. Lower salary compensation for staff. b. Rising expectations of impoverished and indigent individuals for services. c. Poor orientation and retention practices for staff. d. An overwhelming emphasis on accepting learners from health disciplines.

ANS: A For-profit hospitals tend to have lower wage and salary costs that are most likely connected to aggressive goals for profit.

A charge nurse on a busy 40-bed medical/surgical unit is approached by a family member who begins to complain loudly about the quality of care his mother is receiving. His behavior is so disruptive that it is overheard by staff, physicians, and other visitors. The family member rejects any attempt to intervene therapeutically to resolve the issue. He leaves the unit abruptly, and the nurse is left feeling frustrated. Which behavior by the charge nurse best illustrates refined leadership skills in an emotionally intelligent practitioner? a. Reflect to gain insight into how the situation could be handled differently in the future. b. Try to catch up with the angry family member to resolve the concern. c. Discuss the concern with the patient after the family member has left. d. Notify nursing administration of the situation.

ANS: A Goleman suggests that emotional intelligence involves insight and being able to step outside of the situation to envision the context of what is happening as well as being able to manage emotions such as frustration effectively.

A merger has occurred between a hospital and a local home health agency, creating new roles for the nursing staff in both agencies. The nurse managers of both systems begin to evaluate and revise patient care processes and systems. With the merger, the healthcare organization's changes are: a. Creating more jobs in the community for registered nurses. b. Resulting in an overall loss of jobs for registered nurses. c. Controlled by the federal and state governments. d. Controlled by the insurance agency.

ANS: A Home care agencies staffed appropriately with adequate numbers of professional nurses have the potential to keep older adults, those with disabilities, and persons with chronic illnesses comfortable and safe at home. Home care is the fastest growing segment in health care and the volume of home health care may have a subsequent impact on the numbers of nurses required.

Taylor Hospital has well-defined organizational units that provide maintenance, financial services, care for cardiac patients, care for surgical patients, and so on. The organizational chart indicates that surgical units report to a surgical manager and all nursing units report to a vice president of nursing; financial services to an accountant and then to a business executive; and so on. The primary disadvantage of this organizational structure is: a. Breakdown in function and communication across specialties. b. Lack of congruence in culture and organizational values. c. Highly centralized decision making and authority. d. Wide span of control.

ANS: A In a functional organizational structure, departments and services function according to specialty. This model supports professional expertise but can lead to silos in communication and decision making and discontinuity in patient services.

The nurse manager of a rehab unit wants to purchase a new anti-embolic stocking. To make a high-quality decision, the nurse manager would: a. Involve the rehab staff in the decision. b. Involve the sales representative. c. Make the decision alone. d. Involve administration in the decision.

ANS: A In a shared decision model, the decisions are made through an interactive, deliberate process and the staff may express and discuss options and preferences. The shared decision model has been shown to increase work performance and productivity, decrease employee turnover, and enhance employee satisfaction.

The maintenance department wishes to have the nursing lounge renovated, so the lounge will be more "user-friendly." The department asks the nursing staff to make a wish list of everything that they would like to see in the new lounge. This process is an example of which part of the decision-making process? a. Assessment/Data collection b. Planning c. Data interpretation d. Generating hypotheses

ANS: A In this particular model (a model similar to the nursing model), data collection is the first step toward identifying important alternatives or determining if there is a problem or problems.

A staff nurse asks the nurse manager for a few days off for personal reasons. The nurse manager turns in the request to the human resources office with a note indicating that the staff nurse has demonstrated excellent working skills and is a valued employee. The nurse manager has used the influence of her position to help this staff member. Influence is the process of: a. Using power. b. Empowering others. c. Understanding power. d. Moving past apathy.

ANS: A Influence involves the use of power to effect certain outcomes—in this situation, to arrange days off for a valued employee.

The manager of a surgical area has a vision for the future that requires the addition of RN assistants or unlicensed persons to feed, bathe, and walk patients. The RNs on the staff have always practiced in a primary nursing-delivery system and are very resistant to this idea. The best initial strategy in this situation would include: a. Exploring the values and feelings of the RN group in relationship to this change. b. Leaving the RNs alone for a time so they can think about the change before it is implemented. c. Dropping the idea and trying for the change in a year or so when some of the present RNs have retired. d. Hiring the assistants and allowing the RNs to see what good additions they are.

ANS: A Influencing others requires emotional intelligence in domains such as empathy, handling relationships, deepening self-awareness in self and others, motivating others, and managing emotions. Motivating others recognizes that values are powerful forces that influence acceptance of change. Leaving the RNs alone for a period of time before implementation does not provide opportunity to explore different perspectives and values. Avoiding discussion until the team changes may not promote adoption of the change until there is opportunity to explore perspectives and values related to the change. Hiring of the assistants demonstrates lack of empathy for the perspectives of the RN staff.

Becky graduated five years ago and is keenly interested in pursuing leadership opportunities. She has been active in learning about leadership through workshops and Internet research and recently began a graduate degree program with a focus on nursing administration. She has excellent clinical skills and eagerly accepts responsibility for various projects on the unit. Her sarcastic and sometimes aggressive behavior tends to alienate other staff members on the unit. In coaching Becky, you: a. Suggest that she reflect on situations in which she has had a positive influence and consider how her interactions contributed to the situation. b. Suggest that she not consider leadership roles because her interaction skills are more suited to roles in which she has limited opportunities to work with others. c. Ask staff members on the unit with whom she works to provide her feedback about ways in which her behavior irritates or turns them away. d. Encourage her to continue her graduate courses, as information about strategies and technical aspects of the role will compensate for negative interactions.

ANS: A Leadership involves radiating positive energy and the ability to inspire and motivate others. Management can be taught through formal instruction, but leadership is attained through reflection on rich personal experience.

During managers' meetings, Lindsay is surprised by the forthrightness of male managers. She finds that, during discussions, she would be more likely to say: a. "I wonder if we should consider changing our policy on performance appraisals? What do you think?" b. "Sean, your approach to appraisal is completely off track and does not reflect available evidence." c. "The system that has been developed needs to be implemented. We have already spent enough time in discussion." d. "Forget about change in this policy. It is fine as it is."

ANS: A Males and females in the workplace are likely to have different management styles, and although not all males are authoritative or females more participatory, women are likely to use more participatory and inclusive methods.

Nurses on Unit 17 complain that their manager frequently "checks up on them" and encourages little involvement in decision making and yet, during performance reviews, praises them for their outstanding performance. Nurses on Unit 18 indicate that their experience is different from that of nurses on Unit 17. The manager on Unit 18 encourages active involvement in decision making and provides authentic, growth-promoting feedback. The practices on Units 17 and 18 reflect. a. Differences in the managers' expectations of their role. b. Shaping of the workplace behavior of employees. c. Different approaches to cooperation and collaboration. d. Recognition of institutional priorities.

ANS: A Management theory addresses how managers address employees' concerns and needs and the interactions of managers with employees. Expectations of the managerial role affects expectations of self as the manager and of others. McGregor's (1960) Theory X and Theory Y made two basic opposing assumptions about employees and how the manager should interact with them. Theory X suggests that people do not like their work and that lower-order needs are more important. Theory Y adopts an optimistic view in which people are seen as capable of self-direction and autonomy.

While interviewing for a nurse manager position, Ann is asked to give an example of a situation in which she demonstrated leadership. Which of the following examples exemplifies leadership? a. Through research and investigation of best practice and practice-based evidence, she proposed a change in the management of incontinence in elderly patients. b. She ensures that new policies related to parenteral infusions are implemented consistently within her team. c. When asked by her students about institutional policies, she readily and patiently interprets policies to facilitate quality care. d. She organizes the team and delegates responsibilities effectively in providing nursing care.

ANS: A Nurse managers have the responsibility of day-to-day decisions for their units and interpret established policy, procedures, and mandates. They meet their goals by organizing, staffing, controlling, and solving problems. By contrast, leaders develop a vision and translate that direction into action.

During a discussion of concern about approaches used with aggressive patients in the Emergency Department, several staff members express concern for their safety. As a leader, the nurse manager should: a. Look directly at speakers and acknowledge their comments. b. Promise to implement each suggestion that is made. c. Implement the idea that receives the most discussion. d. Listen but implement the plan that she had in mind before the discussion began.

ANS: A One of the five rules for leaders is to listen to the constituents—in this instance, the staff members who have safety concerns. Active listening in the United States means establishing direct eye contact and asking probing questions. Listening does not obligate the leader to any one course of action. Action will be based on what is best for the group.

When assessing the appropriateness of adopting WL PDAs for a nursing unit, you need to consider the advantages, which include: a. Lower cost relative to PCs. b. Small display screen. c. Font size. d. Speed of operation.

ANS: A PDAs offer a lower-cost method of documentation and communication than PCs, as well as easy portability. Disadvantages of PDAs include small screen size, suboptimal readability, and slowness in situations when speed is most needed.

An example of an effective patient outcome statement is: a. Eighty percent of all patients admitted to the Emergency Department will be seen by a nurse practitioner within 3 hours of presentation in the Emergency Department. b. Patients with cardiac diagnoses will be referred to cardiac rehabilitation programs. c. The hospital will reduce costs by 3% through the annual budget process. d. Quality is a desired element in patient transactions.

ANS: A Patient outcomes must be measurable, specific, and patient-centered.

Mr. Cruiser has been surfing the Web. He is looking for healthcare information on low back pain. He shows the clinic nurse a Webpage he thinks is great and tells her that he has been following the exercises recommended by the author. He wants to know what she thinks about the site. When the clinic nurse evaluates this site, she discovers that its author is a personal trainer. No credentials are listed. In several testimonials on the page, people (their pictures are included) say how wonderful they feel after having done these exercises. The exercises all have animated demos when you click on the pertinent highlighted text or icon. They seem easy to follow. The site was posted five years earlier and was last updated three years before. The clinic nurse advises Mr. Cruiser to: a. Avoid this site. b. Check with his primary healthcare provider. c. Continue with the exercises. d. Contact the author for additional exercise and feedback.

ANS: A Patients need coaching as to how to use and decipher information that is available through the Internet. In this situation, the provider on the site lacks credibility because no credentials are listed, and the information is not current.

In an ICU, you order new devices to measure heart rhythm and rate, respiratory rate, oxygen levels, and intracranial pressure. These devices involve: a. Biomedical technology. b. Telecommunications. c. Retrieval of patient history information. d. Internet.

ANS: A Physiologic monitoring devices and patient surveillance systems involve biomedical technology.

A colleague asks you to give her your password access so that she can view her partner's healthcare record. This request violates the patient's right to: a. Privacy. b. Confidentiality. c. Undue authorization of treatment. d. Protection against slander.

ANS: A Privacy refers to the right to protection against unreasonable and unwarranted interference with the patient's solitude. Privacy standards limit how personal health information may be used or shared and mandate safeguards for the protection of health information. Institutions can reduce potential liability in this area by allowing access to patient data, either written or oral, only to those with a "need to know." Persons with a need to know include physicians and nurses caring for the patient, technicians, unit clerks, therapists, social service workers, and patient advocates. Others wishing to access patient data must first ask the patient for permission to review a record.

As a charge nurse, you counsel your RN staff member that he has satisfied his duty of care by notifying a child's physician of his concerns about deterioration in the child's status at 0330 hours. The physician does not come in. The child dies at 0630 hours. As the charge nurse, you could be held liable for: a. Professional negligence. b. Assault. c. Avoidance. d. Murder.

ANS: A Professional negligence can be asserted when there is failure to do what a reasonable and prudent nurse would do in the same situation. In this situation, the charge nurse might have advocated further for the patient in light of the evident seriousness of the child's condition.

As a manager, the development of your decision-making skills related to safe patient care is facilitated by: a. Regular reflection on decisions. b. A culture of perfectionism. c. Recognition of who should be held responsible for individual errors. d. A culture of trust between the staff and you.

ANS: A Reflection on how well decisions were enacted enables knowledge of the complexity of situations and ramifications of the decisions made. Reflection enables elimination of strategies and methods that are inappropriate in meeting needs and aids in narrowing choices of best actions to take.

To improve outcomes on the stroke recovery unit, the unit manager leads an evidence-based practice (EBP) project. The goal of this project is to: a. Enable detection of variations in clinical outcomes from well-researched standards that are supported by confirmatory evidence. b. Gain quick access to literature based on studies of patients and families who have experienced stroke. c. Develop a list of articles that could be accessed to address clinical issues and problems with stroke patients. d. Advance the development of staff who are able to conduct independent nursing research on stroke outcomes.

ANS: A Several "intelligent" clinical information systems are in place that collect good data and then translate nursing knowledge, such as well-researched standards, into reference materials at the point-of-care. In addition, computer applications assist nurses to take action and provide patient care based on the best evidence for practice.

The hospital administration gives approval to the chief nursing officer to hire clinical nurse specialists in staff positions rather than in administrative positions. A clinical specialist who has staff authority but no line authority typically is able to: a. Function through influence. b. Take complete responsibility for the care of clients. c. Interview and hire staff nurses for designated nursing units. d. Be granted functional authority to determine standards of nursing care and enforce them.

ANS: A Staff positions provide support to line positions but have no direct accountability for staff or patient outcomes and therefore function through influence.

A nurse executive is hired to restore a unit's productivity, which has decreased as the result of low staff morale. The nurse executive utilizes which of the following leadership principles? a. The leader declares the intent and goals to enhance productivity and assumes that the unit also wishes to increase productivity, which allows nurses to feel in control of the environment. b. If staff members increase productivity, then they are given opportunity to engage in learning events such as workshops and conferences. If the staff members are not satisfied, they will insist on a different leader, who will get them what they want. c. Leaders at the national level who are seeking relief for nurses in the workplace are seen as the solution to the nursing shortage. d. Workplace satisfaction depends on staffing ratios, adequate pay, and tuition reimbursement, and these are things the leader can control.

ANS: A Stephen M.R. Covey suggests that Smart Trust is a method for restoring trust in organizations. Smart Trust Actions include declaration of the leader's intent and assumption by the leader that others also have positive intentions. Building trust involves signaling goals and intended actions in advance. Actions such as promising external rewards such as additional learning opportunities, workload relief, and compensation are consistent with transactional leadership, which leads to low to stable commitment and limited satisfaction.

You notice that Sally, a student on your unit, is giving information to an anxious young teen who seems very uncertain about preparation for an upper GI series. After Sally leaves the room, you ask her how she thought her conversation with the patient went and: a. Encourage her to ask the patient if he has questions or concerns about the procedure. b. Advise her to consider providing the patient with more information. c. Suggest that she leave some brochures on the procedure with the patient. d. Suggest that she also provide teaching to the adolescent's parents.

ANS: A The Five Steps to Safer Health Care for Patients includes the step of asking questions if there are doubts or concerns. The nurse can encourage patients to take a larger role in care by taking these steps and by providing patients with coaching in the steps.

A client requires an appendectomy. The surgeon explains the procedure and asks the client to sign the consent. The patient speaks very little English and looks worried. As a nurse, you would: a. Suggest that an interpreter explain the procedure to the client and answer any questions. b. Ask the client if he has any questions. c. Draw a picture to show the incision. d. Not intervene.

ANS: A The Five Steps to Safer Patient Care identifies that encouraging patients to ask questions when there are doubts and concerns and ensuring understanding before surgery is performed are ways in which nurses can support patients in having greater influence in their own care. In this situation, asking an interpreter to help enables access to information for the patient and active assessment of his understanding.

During review of back injuries, it is determined that a large number of injuries are occurring in spite of mechanical lifts being used. Furthermore, it is determined that some lifts are outdated. In addressing this concern, the unit manager: a. Meets individually with nurses who are observed to be using the lifts incorrectly to review the correct procedure. b. After consultation with the staff about the review, orders new lifts to replace older ones that are malfunctioning. c. Blames the system for inadequate funding for resources. d. Reviews the system of reporting incidents to ensure that appropriate reporting is occurring.

ANS: A The IOM report (2004) points to the need to involve nurses in decisions that affect them and the provision of care.

In determining the relationship between injury-producing falls and proposed preventive measures as part of the QI process, a QI team might turn to which of the following for confirmatory evidence? a. NDNQI b. NANDA c. NIOSH d. AHRQ

ANS: A The National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators is a national, nursing quality measurement program from the American Nurses Association that provides hospitals with unit-level performance reports with comparisons to national averages and rankings.

To achieve nurse-sensitive care standards developed by the NQF, you advocate for which of the following in your health facility? a. Evidence-based practice to reduce the prevalence of pressure sores b. Implementation of informatics at the bedside c. Staff-manager conferences to review reporting of adverse medical events d. Patient councils to review food, recreation, and nurse-patient relations

ANS: A The National Quality Forum (NQF) outlines nursing-centered intervention measures related to prevalence of pressure sores, ventilator-associated pneumonias, volunteer turnover, nursing care hours per day, and skill mix of staff.

Sarah is a second-year nursing student. The clinical instructor overhears Sarah telling a patient that she "always" checks patients' bracelets before giving medication and she is not sure how the nurses on the unit "get away with" not making more errors than they do. The clinical instructor pulls Sarah aside and explores with her how her communication might affect the patient and what it reflects about her beliefs related to the team. The actions of the clinical instructor reflect competencies outlined by: a. QSEN. b. IHI. c. DNV/NIAHO. d. AHRQ.

ANS: A The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) project provides resources related to competencies that prelicensure and graduate students need to develop to serve as safe practitioners. These competencies include leading and managing, teamwork and collaboration.

A dispute arises between an RN staff member and an LPN over a patient issue. The tension between the two begins to affect other staff members, who are drawn into the conflict; eventually, the team becomes polarized toward either the RN or the LPN. This situation might have been prevented through: a. Expediency in responding to the initial dispute, once it became apparent that it could not be resolved by the two parties themselves. b. Asking other staff members what the real issues were in the dispute between the RN and the LPN. c. Reassigning one of the parties to another unit when it became apparent that the two individuals could not resolve the dispute themselves. d. Calling a staff meeting at the onset of the dispute to allow the team and the RN and LPN to discuss the initial dispute.

ANS: A The initial step in conflict resolution should have involved an expedient response to the issues and putting a focus on the issues involved in the dispute between the LPN and RN through negotiation involving the two parties, before the dispute involved others.

The chief nursing officer is given the task of reviewing and revising the organization's mission, philosophy, and technology. In reviewing them, the chief nursing officer understands that they should be reflected in: a. The organizational structure. b. Line and staff responsibilities. c. The policies and procedures. d. Government regulations.

ANS: A The mission statement is an important foundation for the organizational structure and defines technology and human resources required for the organization.

An individual in a wheelchair is applying for the position of receptionist in an outpatient clinic. The nurse manager understands that the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 requires that employers: a. Make reasonable accommodations for persons who are disabled. b. Allow modified job expectations for persons recovering from alcoholism. c. Hire disabled individuals before hiring other qualified, non-disabled persons. d. Treat, for purposes of employment, homosexuals and bisexuals as disabled.

ANS: A The purposes of the ADA are to eliminate discrimination against persons with disabilities and to provide consistent, enforceable standards to address discrimination in the workplace.

The unit is shifting from primary nursing to a team model in an effort to contain costs. Staff members are angry and ask for a meeting to discuss the change. After hearing their concerns related to reduction in professional autonomy and care quality, you: a. Acknowledge the loss. b. Explain the reasons for change, emphasizing the need to reduce costs. c. Repeat the information several times, giving detailed budget overviews. d. Adjourn the meeting and provide explanation through e-mail.

ANS: A Visioning involves engaging with others to assess the current reality, specify the end point, and then strategize to reduce differences. This requires trusting relationships that acknowledge the differences in values and ideas. When done well, the nurse and the nurses within a unit experience creative tension that inspires working in concert to achieve desired goals.

With revenue reductions and cost-saving measures, the number of managers has been reduced, which has increased the number of team leaders supervised by managers by as many as three. This change may result in: a. Decreased patient satisfaction. b. Increased efficiency in costs. c. A more positive perception of managers. d. Little change to manager-staff relationships.

ANS: A When a span of control becomes too large, supervision can become less effective, which can have a negative effect on staff-manager relationships and on the overall quality of patient care.

In accordance with changes by the Joint Commission (TJC), Pleasant Valley Hospital amends its safety practices and policies to emphasize: a. Safety goals specific to Pleasant Valley. b. Decision-making processes. c. Sufficient staffing for safe care. d. Increased numbers of baccalaureate-prepared RNs.

ANS: A When the TJC, a not-for-profit organization that accredits healthcare organizations, changed its focus from processes to outcomes, it emphasized patient safety and issues setting-specific annual patient safety goals.

With regard to nursing practice, nurse managers are held responsible for (select all that apply): a. Practicing within legal guidelines established under state law and nurse practice acts. b. Ensuring that nursing staff under their supervision are currently licensed to practice. c. Referring all errors in nursing judgment to state discipline boards. d. Ensuring that physicians are properly licensed to provide care on patient care units.

ANS: A, B Nurses are responsible for knowing and practicing under state law and nurse practice acts. Managers are responsible for monitoring staff practice and ensuring that staff hold current, valid licensure.

Sarah wonders about the direction that you have given regarding management of incontinent, confused patients. She brings you evidence that she has found regarding incontinence interventions and asks you if she and you could talk about the guidance that you have given after you have had an opportunity to read the articles she has given you. This is an example of (select all that apply): a. Assertiveness. b. Followership. c. Management. d. Insubordination.

ANS: A, B This is an example of followership in which a staff nurse is demonstrating assertive behavior and presenting evidence that may influence the decision making of her nurse leader and manager.

In a busy rehabilitation unit, the team manager decided that the best way to reward the staff was to give them a monetary bonus rather than time off. The staff was very concerned about the decision and went to the administration with a number of complaints. Critical thinking is a process that entails a number of steps. What steps did the manager omit? She should have (select all that apply): a. Identified what assumptions were underpinning the issues. b. Considered why it was important to make this change or the context for the change. c. Considered how this change might affect staff relationships. d. Attained a majority consensus of all staff.

ANS: A, B, C Taking a majority consensus is not a step in the critical thinking process. Points A, B, and C are "what," "why," and "how" questions that are part of effective critical thinking processes.

As a nurse manager in a for-profit hospital, you are interested in promoting teaching programs for physicians, because evidence suggests that hospitals with teaching programs tend to promote better care for patients. Your administration indicates that it cannot support your ideas or proposal because of (select all that apply): a. Increased salary costs. b. Duplication of tests and procedures. c. Graduate medical education. d. Potential damage to reputation through learner error.

ANS: A, B, C Teaching hospitals tend to incur higher costs because of the salaries required for supervision of physicians, duplication of tests and procedures through the learning process, longer times required to process patients, costs of state-of-the art technology, biomedical research, and stand-by capacity of specialized care. Because of the additional costs, few for-profit agencies and organizations support teaching programs.

Organizational culture includes (select all that apply): a. Norms. b. Traditions. c. Behaviors. d. Values.

ANS: A, B, C, D Organizational culture, the reflection of the norms or traditions of the organization, is exemplified in behaviors that illustrate values and beliefs.

A nurse manager introduces prompted voiding into nursing practice on a unit, which is supported by clinical guidelines based on evidence-based practice. The nurses on the unit resist implementation, indicating that the bathroom facilities are too far away for efficient implementation of the guidelines, and that resources are too few to accomplish the initial voiding observations. For the nurse manager in this situation, it is important to have further discussion with the staff regarding (select all that apply): a. Compatibility of this intervention with the values of staff on the unit. b. Advantages of prompted voiding over incontinence products and catheterizations. c. Usefulness of prompted voiding with the particular population of patients on the unit. d. Feasibility of the program with respect to unit design.

ANS: A, B, C, D Various theories related to the translation of evidence into practice point to strategies for success in introducing innovation and EBP on units, including determination of how well the innovation fits with the values of the staff; benefits of this practice or innovation over current practice; appropriateness of the innovation or practice for the target group for which the practice is intended; and the feasibility of the innovation from a variety of perspectives, including the physical design or layout of a unit.

A nurse manager is discussing with unit staff the repeated lack of staff compliance in documenting exercise activity for post-cardiac surgery clients. The unit's licensed practical/vocational nurses are responsible for ensuring that clients carry out the prescribed exercise regimen and that the activity is documented. Using Drucker's five basic functions of a manager, identify appropriate functions for the nurse manager to use when addressing this situation (select all that apply): a. Divide the necessary activities into manageable tasks, so clients adhere to the exercise regimen. b. Establish objectives and goals for each area and decide who is accountable for them. c. Allow clients to organize the activities. d. Engage in activities that motivate the team, and communicate effectively with the responsible staff members. e. Analyze, appraise, and interpret the performance of responsible staff, and communicate these findings to staff management. f. Allow clients to establish objectives and goals.

ANS: A, B, D, E Drucker's five basic functions include division of work into tasks, development and communication of goals and outcomes, motivation and communication, and analysis, approval, and interpretation of staff performance.

Which of the following patients would be at greatest risk in a healthcare visit (select all that apply)? a. Clyde requires an anticoagulant. He tells the nurse about his medications. He does not include an herbal supplement. b. George is very shy and withdrawn. He asks the nurse to leave him alone. c. Sarah is a new parent who finds that nurses on the children's unit are very helpful. She is eager to accept all suggestions, including those that she does not yet understand. d. Claude is booked for bowel surgery. His doctor explains about the colostomy. Later, Claude tells his wife that he really doesn't know what the doctor meant by colostomy.

ANS: A, C, D Safer health care involves the patient as an active consumer who keeps and brings a list of all medications, including natural remedies, and questions if there are doubts, concerns, or lack of understanding.

A nurse is applying for a new position. This position is one in which she will serve as a liaison between a hospital and a school of nursing. The nurse has to update her résumé to include her teaching experience. The goal of creating a curriculum vitae is to: a. Have a listing of facts about your professional life. b. Provide potential employers with information about where you are in your career. c. Respond quickly whenever a position becomes available. d. Be certain you can recall facts for a prospective position.

ANS: B A curriculum vitae provides an all-inclusive but not detailed listing of your professional life. This approach allows a prospective employer to find the most recent information quickly and gain a sense of where you are in your career.

A group of managers is meeting to discuss ideas related to the successful implementation of evidence-based practice on their units. Susan has been asked by the director of care to assume leadership of these discussion groups. After two such sessions, Susan expresses disappointment to her mentor that the group seems disinterested in her ideas and that they are listening to Ken, who has much less experience with leadership. In discussing this with Susan, the mentor understands that leadership: a. Is a designated role. b. Must be earned. c. Is more likely to be taken by someone who is more talkative. d. Rarely is taken over by someone with less experience.

ANS: B A person can have an impressive title, but title or designation does not make the person a leader. A leader must have the ability to inspire others to follow.

Recruiting among the emerging workforce (18- to 35-year-olds) is a challenge for healthcare agencies. Marketing brochures should address the leadership and vision of the healthcare agency. Which of the following workplace environments will attract applicants in the emerging workforce? a. A highly professional environment b. A nurturing and receptive environment c. An environment highlighted by lots of meetings, so staff members can have lots of input d. A totally online environment, so staff members will not have to interface with uncaring colleagues

ANS: B A study of student nurses who represent this age group indicates that they want a leader who is receptive, approachable, a team player, and motivating.

Joan, the nursing unit manager, finds it difficult to work with Thomas, a new graduate. Thomas has many ideas, and his manner of presenting them irks Joan. After reflection and discussion with others, Joan recognizes that she also feels threatened by his behavior. She comes to understand that Thomas is trying to establish his own role on the unit, is not trying to challenge her, and needs guidance, coaching, and affirmation. Joan is demonstrating: a. A positive self-concept. b. Deepening self-awareness. c. Leadership. d. Acquiescence.

ANS: B According to Goleman (1995), stepping outside oneself to envision the situation while assuming ownership is a component of emotional intelligence.

At a second negotiation session, the unit manager and staff nurse are unable to reach a resolution. It would now be best to: a. Arrange another meeting in a week's time so as to allow a cooling-off period. b. Turn the dispute over to the director of nursing. c. Insist that participants continue to talk until a resolution has been reached. d. Back the unit manager's actions and end the dispute.

ANS: B According to the principles outlined by Ury, Brett, and Goldberg, a "cooling-off" period is recommended if resolution fails.

During a fire drill, several psychiatric patients become agitated. The nurse manager quickly assigns a staff member to each patient. This autocratic decision style is most appropriate for: a. Routine problems. b. Crisis situations. c. Managers who prefer a "telling" style. d. Followers who cannot agree on a solution.

ANS: B An autocratic style is appropriate when rapid decision making is required, such as in a crisis situation.

A nurse executive who considers herself a Baby Boomer will have the challenge of convincing the emerging workforce of the necessity of committee meetings. One of the primary reasons that the Baby Boom generation appears to have so many meetings in the work environment is that: a. They feel more comfortable in a group. b. They find that the journey to the solution is as important as the solution itself. c. They were deprived of collective action opportunities in the past and now feel that solutions are better when many people have input. d. Baby Boomers are aging and need the respite from work that meetings offer, so they can recuperate from the physical demands of the work environment.

ANS: B Baby Boomers mistrust authority and trust in collective action, based on successes with social movements in their formative years.

You are excited by evidence supporting the use of PDAs at the bedside to improve documentation and patient outcomes. You have disseminated the information through discussions and e-mails and are now ready to begin the process of considering implementation on the unit. To develop positive attitudes toward the use and implementation of the technology, you would discuss your ideas with (Rogers' diffusion of innovations theory): a. Harvey, RN, a technology guru, who enthusiastically tries on all new software. b. Berta, RN, who thoughtfully considers evidence and regularly uses it to try new approaches in her practice. c. Carol, LPN, who is positive about new ideas but looks to her friends for their ideas about whether or not to try something new. d. Ben, a 10-year veteran of the unit, who wonders why technology should be used at all. He says that he will use it when there is no chance of security breaks.

ANS: B Berta is the one with whom you should now have informed conversations, because she is an early adopter who is respected for her thoughtful acquisition and critique of knowledge and application of knowledge to practice. Berta, an early adopter (Rogers' characteristics of innovation adopters), is more effective in this stage than Harvey, an innovator who may be seen as open to all new ideas regardless of merit.

You overhear a newly graduated RN telling one of your colleagues that leadership and management belong to the unit manager and not to her. As a nursing colleague, you respond by demonstrating understanding that the perception of the new graduate: a. Is correct. Leadership is not the role of the staff nurse. b. Would benefit from further understanding of her role as a professional, whose influence may affect the decision making of patients, colleagues, and other professionals. c. Has been influenced by nurse leaders and managers who leave for other positions. d. Is related to the general perception that nurse leaders and managers are not satisfied in their jobs.

ANS: B Care coordination that involves the intersection of individual, family, and community-based needs requires that nurses have self-confidence, knowledge of organizations and health systems, and an inner desire to lead and manage. There is often a view that leadership is isolated to those holding managerial positions and that a direct care nurse is subject to following by adhering to the direction of others. Such views fail to acknowledge that to be a nurse requires each licensed individual to lead, manage, and follow when practicing at the point-of-care and beyond.

Healthcare organization X is committed to improving patient outcomes and, as part of the QI process, examines its executive structure and organizational design. This approach recognizes: a. The importance of decentralized structure in QA. b. That structure influences nurse burnout and participation in quality improvement initiatives. c. The need to ensure sufficient supervisory staff to respond in a corrective manner when mistakes occur. d. That a narrow hierarchy ensures accountability for errors and outcomes.

ANS: B Common organizational characteristics of Magnet™ hospitals include structure factors (e.g., decentralized organizational structure, participative management style, and influential nurse executives) and process factors (e.g., professional autonomy and decision making, ongoing professional development/education, active quality improvement initiatives). ANCC Magnet™ designated hospitals and other high-reliability organizations in the United States and Europe generally have lower burnout rates, higher levels of job satisfaction, and provide higher levels of quality care resulting in greater levels of patient satisfaction (Aiken et al., 2012; Kelly, McHugh, & Aiken, 2011).

The local health department nurse manager has developed and implemented a disaster readiness plan as part of a community service. Community services: a. Care for the specific needs of individual families in the community. b. Focus on the treatment of community-wide problems rather than on individual health problems. c. Do not include services provided by public health departments. d. Provide personal health follow-up for all acute care hospitalizations.

ANS: B Community services, including public health departments, are focused on the treatment of the community rather than that of the individual. These funds provide personal health services, care for communicable diseases, services for children with birth defects, mental health care, investigation of epidemiology, and treatment of bioterrorism threats and attacks. Monies are allocated also for environmental services and for health resources.

As a nurse manager, you trial a new pain scale on your unit that is supported by numerous research studies. You compare the patient outcomes with the new scale against the existing scale. Feedback from staff suggests that the new scale is too difficult for patients who have limited language skills and who are already under duress to understand. The difficulty in implementing the new scale refers to testing: a. Efficacy. b. Effectiveness. c. Practice failure. d. Comparative error.

ANS: B Comparing the effectiveness of interventions can help to address the needs of clinicians in determining best practices for their patients. Comparative effectiveness research (CER) is the "generation and synthesis of evidence that compares the benefits and harms of alternative methods to prevent, diagnose, treat, and monitor a clinical condition or to improve the delivery of care" (Institute of Medicine, 2009, p. 29). Efficacy is testing an intervention or treatment in a traditional randomized clinical trial under carefully controlled conditions and is used to determine whether an intervention or treatment works, whereas effectiveness is testing whether the intervention or treatment works in the real world of practice.

As a leader on a rehab unit, you encourage all staff members to see themselves as having a role in decision making and quality care. You see your role as involving particular responsibilities in decision making but not as a hierarchal role. This view of decision making and leadership is consistent with: a. Trait theories. b. Complexity theory. c. Situated theory. d. Emotional intelligence.

ANS: B Complexity theory involves envisioning each member of the team involved in decision making, management, and leadership, with the leader not seen in a hierarchal relationship to other team members.

At a newly built outpatient surgical center, an integrated information system has been purchased. The chief nursing officer creates a series of staff development classes to orient the staff to this new system. One of the advantages of an integrated information system is that client-care data from all sites can be stored in and retrieved from a: a. Nursing information system. b. Central data repository. c. Nurse expert system. d. Handheld device.

ANS: B Computer information systems manage large volumes of data, examine data patterns and trends, solve problems, and answer questions. In other words, computers can help translate data into information from both within and among organizations. Data from all patient encounters with the healthcare system are stored in a central data repository, where they are accessible to authorized users. Patient information in a centralized database is organized, legible, and easily retrievable from a variety of sources and reflects a variety of data.

A primary care clinic in a small urban center sees a high volume of cardiology patients. Patients who attend the clinic have smart cards that they use at hospitals, clinics, and emergency departments within that region of the state. A primary benefit of the smart card for these patients would be: a. Rapid and accurate treatment in emergency situations. b. Reduced wait times to see specialists. c. E-mail notification of test results. d. Readily available information regarding medications.

ANS: B Credit card-like devices called smart cards store a limited number of pages of data on a computer chip and serve as a bridge between the clinician terminal and the central repository of the electronic health record (EHR), making patient information available to the caregiver quickly and cheaply at the point-of-service. Smart cards provide information to healthcare providers regarding the patient's demographic and contact information, allergies, immunizations, lab results, and past patient care encounters and are presented at the point-of-service.

During performance appraisal, you praise Xia for her attention and care to nursing details. You suggest that her care would be further enhanced by greater acknowledgment of patients' feelings. Xia bursts into tears and leaves the office. Later, you learn that criticism is perceived as akin to failure in Xia's culture. You reflect on how you could modify your approach in the future to acknowledge different cultural interpretations of feedback. Your response is indicative of: a. Bias. b. Cultural awareness. c. Cultural diversity. d. Ethnocentricity.

ANS: B Cultural awareness involves self-examination and in-depth exploration of one's own cultural and professional background, including biases, prejudices, and assumptions, including assumptions about thinking modes and decision making.

When interviewing a candidate for a nursing position who has an Aboriginal background, you recognize that the candidate's lack of eye contact reflects the candidate's cultural sensitivity. You are exhibiting: a. Acculturation. b. Cultural sensitivity. c. Ethnocentrism. d. Transculturalism.

ANS: B Cultural sensitivity refers to the affective capacity to feel, convey, or react to ideas, habits, customs, or traditions unique to a group of people. In this situation, acknowledgement of the candidate's background in relation to eye contact demonstrates cultural sensitivity.

The nurse manager plays a unique role in institutional management in that the nurse manager: a. Encourages shared decision making. b. Models professional nursing behavior. c. Interprets healthcare trends and their impact on revenues. d. Coordinates care and allocates resources.

ANS: B Encouragement of shared decision making, coordination of resources, and interface between internal and external factors and a unit are all associated with effective management but could be performed by a manager from any discipline. The nurse manager's unique role is modeling professional behavior.

The nurse manager, as the leader of the unit's "customer (client) first" initiative, has asked the staff nurses to develop and administer a survey to every client before discharge. In asking the staff nurses to accomplish this task, the nurse manager is demonstrating: a. Accountability. b. Shared leadership. c. A common purpose. d. Independence in the nursing manager's role.

ANS: B Healthy work environments are facilitated by involving staff and others in decision making; gaining access to information is one characteristic of shared decision making. Shared decision making enables staff to feel valued in policy development and in directing and leading.

As the RN charge nurse on the night shift in a small long-term care facility, you've found that there is little turnover among your LPN and nursing assistant (NA) staff members, but they are not very motivated to go beyond their job descriptions in their work. Which of the following strategies might motivate the staff and lead to greater job satisfaction? a. Ask the director of nursing to offer higher wages and bonuses for extra work for the night LPNs and NAs. b. Allow the LPNs and NAs greater decision-making power within the scope of their positions in the institution. c. Hire additional staff so that there are more staff available for enhanced care and individual workloads are lessened. d. Ask the director of nursing to increase job security for night staff by having them sign contracts that guarantee work.

ANS: B Hygiene factors such as salary, working conditions, and security are consistent with Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation; meeting these needs avoids job dissatisfaction. Motivator factors such as recognition and satisfaction with work promote a satisfying and enriched work environment. Transformational leaders use motivator factors liberally to inspire work performance and increase job satisfaction.

A new RN staff member asks you about the difference between QA and QI. You explain the difference by giving an example of QI. a. "Last year, the management team established new outcomes that addressed issues such as medication errors." b. "At a staff meeting last year, two of our staff commented on the number of recent falls and asked, 'What can we do about it?'" c. "A process audit was done recently to determine how much time was being spent on patient documentation." d. "Errors are reported on our new computerized forms, and I follow up with staff to make sure that they understand the seriousness of their error."

ANS: B In QI, followers invest in the process by continually asking "What makes this indicator important to measure?" "What has been done to improve it?" "What can I do to improve it?"

A manager who is concerned with ensuring that patients on her surgical unit have the necessary information to make informed choices is: a. Practicing legal nursing care. b. Demonstrating respect for patient rights. c. Avoiding risks. d. Likely experiencing staff issues with informed consent.

ANS: B In demonstrating respect for and advocacy for informed consent, the nurse manager is reflecting a professional philosophy. Professional nurses are ethically and legally accountable to the standards of practice and the accompanying nursing actions delegated to others. Conveying high standards, holding others accountable, and shaping the future of nursing are inherent behaviors in the role of a manager.

A nurse manager was orienting new staff members to computerized charting. To understand computerized charting, staff members must understand informatics. The three core concepts in informatics are: a. Hardware, software, and printers. b. Data, information, and knowledge. c. Decision making, data gathering, and reporting. d. Wireless technology, voice recognition, and handheld devices.

ANS: B Informatics is the application of technology to all fields of nursing to facilitate and extend nurses' decision-making abilities and to support nurses in the use, storage, and linkage of clinical information to provide effective and efficient patient care.

The parents of a toddler who dies after being brought to the ER launch a lawsuit, claiming that the failure of nurses to pursue concerns related to their son's deteriorating condition contributed to his death. The senior nurse executive is named in the suit: a. As a global respondent. b. Under the doctrine of respondeat superior. c. As a frivolous action. d. Under the element of causation.

ANS: B Known as vicarious liability, the doctrine of respondeat superior makes employers accountable for the negligence of their employees, using the rationale that the employee could not have been in a position to have caused the wrongdoing unless hired by the employer.

At Hospital XYZ, staff members on Y3 have dealt with the third head nurse in three years. Donna, the current head nurse, lacks confidence in patient-nurse relationships, and scheduling and other processes are routinely left to the last minute. Staff members approached Donna first and then administration with their concerns about Donna's effectiveness as a leader. The staff was told that the problem is likely staff related, that it is simply an unhappy group, and that there is nothing that will be done further about their concerns. The philosophy of the organization indicates that "open, transparent communication between staff and management is desired and supported," and that "innovation and creative thinking are the foundation of the organization's progress." In assessing this situation as a newly hired senior executive, you anticipate that: a. Staff members will resolve the conflict on their own. b. The situation will lead to ongoing disgruntlement and attrition. c. No further discussion or concerns will come out of the situation. d. The head nurse will be able to resolve the conflict on her own.

ANS: B Lack of congruence between the stated philosophy of the hospital and the experienced organizational culture does not support either the staff or the head nurse and likely will result in ongoing frustration, confusion, and morale, which could result in increased attrition.

The new head nurse on G Unit has been the subject of a great deal of discussion and complaining during breaks. She is a competent nurse of tremendous integrity with approximately 30 years' experience. Her predominant method of problem solving and communication is through meetings, which can go over the allotted time. The staff may: a. Be represented by a high number of Baby Boomers. b. Be presenting different generational values and attitudes than the head nurse. c. Be unresponsive to her transactional leadership style. d. Want a leader rather than a manager.

ANS: B Leaders who come out of the Baby Boomer generation may be more comfortable with collective action than followers who come out of the Emerging Workforce generation, who are more comfortable with interactions if they are seen as having value for them and with activities if they are seen as having benefit. A group that is highly weighted toward the Emerging Workforce generation may find the approach of a leader who is part of the Baby Boomer generation frustrating and may not understand the meaning or value of the meetings.

The nurse educator of the pediatric unit determines that vital signs are frequently not being documented when children return from surgery. According to quality improvement (QI), to correct the problem, the educator, in consultation with the patient care manager, would initially do which of the following? a. Talk to the staff individually to determine why this is occurring. b. Call a meeting of all staff to discuss this issue. c. Have a group of staff nurses review the established standards of care for postoperative patients. d. Document which staff members are not recording vital signs, and write them up.

ANS: B Leadership must identify safety shortcomings and must locate resources at patient care levels to identify and reduce risks. One method of doing this is to invite all staff into a discussion related to solutions to an identified concern. This approach encourages teamwork.

A member of a patient's family calls the nurse manager of the palliative care unit to express concern that a member of the family, who died on the weekend, had requested analgesics from the RNs on duty. An RN came with the analgesic nearly 45 minutes later, just after the patient had died. The manager is aware that the unit was especially busy that weekend because many patients were seriously ill, staff had called in ill, and the staffing manager was unable to completely replace staff who were absent. The manager is deeply troubled that the family member had to die in pain because it violates what she knows should have been done. This manager is experiencing: a. Compromised agency. b. Moral distress. c. Moral sensitivity. d. Moral dilemma.

ANS: B Moral distress is experienced when nurses cannot provide what they perceive to be best for a given patient. Examples of moral distress include constraints caused by financial pressures, limited patient care resources, disagreements among family members regarding patient interventions, and/or limitations imposed by primary healthcare providers.

Two nurses approach their manager about a conflict regarding the next month's schedule. The nurses are talking loudly and at the same time. The manager most effectively uses communication skills to resolve the conflict by: a. Taking both nurses aside, separately and then together, and charging them with resolving the problem without her direct intervention. b. Listening to each nurse speak to the other without interruption and asking clarifying questions to help them resolve the issue themselves. c. Separating the nurses, instructing each to decide how the problem can be resolved, and meeting with them the next day. d. Calling an emergency scheduling committee meeting and asking volunteers to resolve the conflict between the two nurses.

ANS: B Negotiation involves the presentation of an opening position with each party, then moving on until they achieve a mutually agreeable result or until one or both move away from a failed negotiation. Negotiation occurs when one party has something that the other party values, such as a desired schedule.

Tracy is an RN case manager who interfaces between the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid. Tracy's responsibilities most likely would include: a. Managing physician-led research. b. Monitoring physician documentation of the need for medical care. c. Determining which services are designated fee-for-service. d. Identifying errors in physician diagnoses.

ANS: B Nurse case managers serve as interfaces for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and are key in monitoring compliance with Conditions of Participation (CoP) elements. The case managers routinely monitor for appropriate physician documentation of medical necessity and other required CoP elements.

Nurses in the CCU are unhappy and frustrated with their nurse manager. They complain that "nothing is ever good enough for him." These statements suggest that the nurse manager's goals may be: a. Measurable. b. Unrealistic. c. Attainable. d. Too low.

ANS: B Nurse managers who are successful in motivating staff often provide an inclusive environment that facilitates clearly set, achievable goals that can result in both team and personal satisfaction.

One means of ensuring that nurses floated to other patient care areas in healthcare organizations are qualified to work in those areas is: a. Employing additional staff to assist with orientation processes. b. Cross-educating staff members to other areas of the institution. c. Transferring patients to units where the staffing pattern is optimal. d. Orienting staff members to all patient care areas as part of their general orientation to the institution.

ANS: B Nurses should be floated to units as similar as possible to their own to decrease the potential for liability. Negotiating cross-training, a proactive approach to temporary staffing problems, reduces the potential for liability.

A nurse manager is experiencing poor staff morale on her unit. While participating in a baccalaureate course, the nurse manager had learned that one of the reasons nurses lack power today is probably because of the past. In the early decades of the profession, nurses lacked power because: a. Nurses freely chose to defer to physicians and administrators with more education. b. Women lacked legal, social, and political power because of legal and cultural barriers. c. The first nursing licensure laws prohibited nurses from making most decisions. d. Nurses astutely recognized the risks of grabbing too much power too soon.

ANS: B Nursing mirrored the lack of legal, social, and political power that was prevalent in the early decades of the profession.

A nurse manager wants to decrease the number of medication errors that occur in her department. The manager arranges a meeting with the staff to discuss the issue. The manager conveys a total quality management philosophy by: a. Explaining to the staff that disciplinary action will be taken in cases of additional errors. b. Recommending that a multidisciplinary team should assess the root cause of errors in medication. c. Suggesting that the pharmacy department should explore its role in the problem. d. Changing the unit policy to allow a certain number of medication errors per year without penalty.

ANS: B Quality management stresses improving the system, and the detection of staff errors is not stressed. If errors occur, reeducation of staff is emphasized rather than imposition of punitive measures such as disciplinary action or blaming.

Volunteers in a study are assigned randomly to groups. Some of the volunteers receive an herbal supplement that is reputed to control nausea, and some of the volunteers are assigned to a control group where a placebo is administered. This is an example of a(n): a. Longitudinal study. b. RCT. c. Meta-analysis. d. Appraisal tool.

ANS: B RCTs, or randomized controlled trials, always involve testing of a treatment through the random assignment of subjects in the study to an experimental or treatment group or to a control group that receives a placebo.

A nurse manager is excited by the possible use of speech recognition (SR) systems for documentation of patient care, especially during crisis situations when staff members need to focus on performing rapid assessments and implementation of procedures. She learns, however, that SR systems would be impractical at this point. What would lead to this conclusion? a. SR systems are not available outside pilot projects. b. The type of speech required for voice recognition is unlikely to occur in a pressured situation. c. The hands-free function has not been perfected in SR technology. d. Wireless communications are prone to unreliability in transmission.

ANS: B Speech recognition systems rely on staccato-like speech, pauses between words, and programming for each user, any and all of which would be unlikely in a pressured crisis situation. SR is being used primarily for therapeutic purposes and in situations where data entry is stable.

A strategic goal developed by the chief nursing officer is to implement an evidence-based practice program. What is an appropriate strategy that can be used by a nurse manager who is beginning to implement an evidence-based practice program? a. Conducting a review of adverse events and incident reports b. Soliciting input from staff members c. Reviewing specialty organization guidelines d. Identifying patients with extended lengths of stay

ANS: B Stakeholders need to be involved early, and staff members need to be involved when initiatives involve direct patient care. Involvement assists in understanding issues and concerns, motivations, and unmet needs.

While walking past a patient's room, you overhear one of the RN staff telling a patient that the patient has no right to refuse chemotherapy treatment because the family and the doctor think the treatment is the best option for the patient. This patient is 40 years of age and alert. When you meet later to discuss what you heard with the RN, it is important to: a. Discuss how statute law enforces the right of the doctor, but not of families, to ensure that patients comply with recommended treatment plans. b. Discuss that statute law provides for patient autonomy and refusal of treatment. c. Remind the nurse to provide clearer explanations to aid in the patient's comprehension of the treatment and compliance. d. Acknowledge the nurse's role in ensuring that she does not fail in her duty of care for the patient.

ANS: B Statute law states that the patient must be given sufficient information, in terms he or she can reasonably be expected to comprehend, to make an informed choice. Inherent in the doctrine of informed consent is the right of the patient to informed refusal. Patients must clearly understand the possible consequences of their refusal.

Sarah, one of your RNs, tells you that she can't understand why Jim, an Aboriginal patient, wants to do a smudge. Sarah's response is based on her: a. Cultural marginality. b. Circle of familiarity. c. Cultural understanding. d. Acculturation.

ANS: B The "circle of familiarity" refers to constrained interpretation based on one's values, attitudes, and beliefs.

The NQF provides a model for advancement of healthcare quality that could be used in healthcare organizations. The use of this model by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services specifically affects the interaction between adverse events and: a. Staffing. b. Funding. c. Composition of executive councils. d. Composition of consumer-based councils.

ANS: B The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) have adopted a policy based on the NQF's "never events." The CMS will no longer pay for patient conditions or events that result from poor practice while patients are under the care of a health professional.

A local hospital has formed a corporate partnership with a reputable HMO (health maintenance organization). The nurse manager has had to educate staff and personnel about the financial implications of this partnership. An HMO: a. Provides more expensive care than other types of insurance plans. b. Has a centralized administration that directs and compensates physician services. c. Pays physicians on a fee-for-service basis. d. Does not pay as much for acute care as other practice plans.

ANS: B The HMO is a configuration of healthcare agencies that provide basic and supplemental health maintenance and treatment services to voluntary enrollees who prepay a fixed periodic fee without regard to the amount of services used. HMOs have a centralized administration that directs and pays salaries for physician practice (e.g., HMOs).

The IOM Health Professions Education report highlighted patient safety concerns as: a. A normal risk in professional practice. b. A result of disciplinary silos. c. A reflection of frontline staff. d. Related to systems errors.

ANS: B The IOM Health Professions Education report (2004) highlighted the education of health disciplines in silos as a major concern in patient safety and endorsed five recommendations.

The clinical guidelines for management of incontinence developed by the Registered Nurses Association of Ontario (RNAO): a. Reflect practice that is fiscally directed and sound. b. Articulate practice recommendations developed from synthesis and review of evidence. c. Are intended to increase awareness of issues in incontinence management. d. Reflect a compilation of information from a variety and range of sources related to incontinence.

ANS: B The evidence-based practice (EBP) movement has grown exponentially with scientific publications, establishment of collaboration centers, resources on the Web, and grants focused specifically on translating of research into practice. A number of evidence-based nursing centers have been established around the world. These centers have teams of researchers who critically appraise evidence and then disseminate protocols for the use of evidence in practice. In this example, clinical guidelines have been developed by a professional nursing organization on the basis of best possible evidence on incontinence management. Although issues may be raised in the recommendations, the purpose is to guide practice for the purposes of better patient care.

The institution where you are a nurse manager has resisted the adoption of a new document management software, citing cost as a concern. You meet with other nurse managers who are in favor of the software and prepare a proposal to take to the senior executive with the goal of persuading the executive to adopt the software. This is an example of: a. Collaboration. b. A coalition. c. Networking. d. Policy building.

ANS: B The formation of temporary groups to achieve particular goals involves the development of coalitions.

The hospital administrator approves a case management position for a new rehabilitation unit to help reduce costs. In developing the job description, the nurse manager understands that a key element of case management is: a. Managing of care by nurse managers. b. Coordination of resources for effective outcomes. c. Rapid discharge of clients to decrease costs. d. Managing of care for outpatient clients only.

ANS: B The key to effective case management is proactive coordination of care from the point of admission to accomplish appropriate and effective outcomes. Case management involves components such as case selection, multidisciplinary assessment, collective planning, coordination of events, negotiation, and evaluation and documentation of the outcomes of patient status in measures of cost. Case management is employed in a variety of settings.

Chart audits have revealed significant omissions of data that could have legal and funding guidelines ramifications. As the unit manager, you meet with the staff to discuss audit findings and to find approaches that will address the gaps in charting and achieve desired goals. This is an example of: a. Leadership. b. Management. c. Decision making. d. Vision.

ANS: B The process of guiding others to meet established goals, outcomes, and procedures is management. This can require collaborative decision making to determine how best to reach pre-determined goals and follow established practices.

One of the staff nurses on your unit makes the comment, "All this time I thought Mary was black. She says she is Jamaican." The best response would be to say: a. "Who cares what she is?" b. "What did you think when you learned she was Jamaican?" c. "Why did you assume she was black?" d. "We have never had a Jamaican on this unit."

ANS: B The response of the nurse manager invites cultural awareness, which involves self-examination and in-depth exploration of one's own biases, prejudices, and assumptions.

The Sunny Long-Term Care Facility has experienced numerous difficulties with staff relationships, despite its success in maintaining financial viability and judicious use of resources. Staff members complain that the primary concerns of the facility include applying policy, saving money, and ensuring that lawsuits are avoided. There is little trust in, and involvement of, staff members. This facility may be: a. Well managed and well led. b. Overly managed and not well led. c. Poorly managed and well led. d. Overly led and overly managed.

ANS: B This organization is concerned primarily with coordination of resources, application of current policy, and economic issues connected to the present. These behaviors are consistent with the management role. There is little evidence that the organization displays leadership, which involves trust, belief, hope, and vision.

Which of the following nurses is MOST likely to inspire others to do their best? a. Nancy, RN, is an individual who enjoys details and organization. She regularly leaves notes for the next shift about what has been done incorrectly or omitted. b. Jim, RN, has been involved in nursing for several years and is well liked by patients and families. He continually searches for new knowledge and skills, and his sense of humor and optimism are infectious. c. Clara has been the head nurse on Unit 3Y for years. She is quiet but enjoys patients and their families. She has not been to a conference in years because the unit is her entire life. d. Karen is a team leader. She is extraordinarily vigilant about ensuring that everyone is treated fairly in assignments. She is also very conscientious about care and regularly checks up on what everyone is doing to ensure that it is done correctly.

ANS: B To be inspired, people must have a positive leader who radiates energy, a zest for learning, and an interest in the common good, and is engaged in self-renewal. This leader is hopeful and optimistic. Leaders, not managers, inspire others to work to their highest level.

Kari, a head nurse on the dialysis unit, has been informed during budget planning meetings that budget cuts are likely. She discusses this at the next unit meeting and tells staff members that unless they do their jobs well, their positions may be terminated, and there will be no replacement. Kari is enacting which management style? a. Transformational b. Transactional c. Trusting d. Truthful

ANS: B Transactional leaders tend to rely on position and power, and they tend to reward and punish according to performance and conformity with expectations.

The nurse manager in the Emergency Department needs to implement new staffing patterns. As a transformational leader, the nurse manager should: a. Explain in detail how well the new idea will work. b. Reinforce how this change will respond to the ideas and solutions generated by staff members. c. Reason with staff members that the new idea will save money and allow more free time. d. Imply that raises will be smaller than anticipated if the new idea is not accepted.

ANS: B Transformational leadership inspires and motivates others through influence and persuasion rather than through rewards (e.g., free time) and punishment (e.g., smaller raises). This type of leader listens to the views of others (such as those of the staff members), empowers others to lead (such as in generating solutions for staffing problems), finds ways to remove barriers, and serves as an advocate for those who care for patients.

John Smith, one of three managers at BSG Labs, drafted a policy that would allow his department to do more testing in his lab. This policy included the times for regular collection as well as a new process for emergency laboratory testing. The policy and procedures were never followed. The reason was that: a. The policy was too lengthy and inundated readers with too much detail. b. The policy made decisions for other departments in the company. c. The staff did not believe that the new policy would be effective. d. Testing should not be done in the lab.

ANS: B Two primary criteria make for effective decisions. First, the decision must be of a high quality; that is, it achieves the predefined goals, objectives, and outcomes. Second, those who are responsible for its implementation must accept the decision. Higher-quality decisions are more likely to result if groups are involved in the decision-making and problem-solving process. Taking ownership of the process and outcome provides a smoother transition in changes.

In a telehealth organization, a nurse who is licensed in New York and Pennsylvania provides teaching to a patient who resides in Pennsylvania. The patient charges that the teaching failed to provide significant information about a potential side effect, which led to delay in seeking treatment and untoward harm. Under which state nurse practice act and standards would this situation be considered? a. New York b. Pennsylvania c. Neither New York nor Pennsylvania d. Both New York and Pennsylvania

ANS: B Under the law, the state in which the patient resides and not the state where the nurse holds his or her license determines the state nurse practice act that is considered.

As a nurse manager, you have been offered a position at a Veterans Administration hospital. In accepting the position, it is important for you to understand that veterans hospitals provide: a. Primary care and are privately funded. b. A range of services and are responsible to government and taxpayers. c. Secondary care only and are publicly administered and funded. d. Services to veterans under an HMO.

ANS: B Veterans Administration hospitals provide a range of services to veterans and are responsible to government and thus to taxpayers, who support the hospitals.

The style of leadership that Kari is exhibiting is likely to: a. Ensure that the organization is financially stable. b. Stifle innovative thinking about ways to move out of financial jeopardy. c. Lead to apathy and disinterest in the organizational goals. d. Lead to decreased attrition of staff on her unit.

ANS: B Whether or not the organization achieves financial stability is a function of financial envisioning and planning, but the style of leadership (transactional) that Kari is demonstrating is likely maintaining the status quo within the organization, without generating creative and innovative ideas to address the financial issues. Staff commitment is low to stable, and conformity to organizational goals is motivated by external rewards.

As a new manager in the ED, you meet with each of the staff to ask about their priorities and what they think is going well in the department or what is of concern to them. Almost all of the staff express frustration and distress at being treated rudely or disrespectfully by patients, staff from other departments, and physicians and complain that they feel that nurses in the ED are not valued. With the staff, you brainstorm to raise the profile of nurses. Which of the following strategies would be most effective? (Select all that apply.) a. Requesting increased compensation b. Speaking positively about one's work c. Dressing and grooming in a clean and neat manner d. Using titles (e.g., Mr., Mrs., Ms.) and last names e. Submitting a written complaint to senior administration regarding rude behaviors f. Developing a code of conduct for the ED staff.

ANS: B, C, D, F Demonstrating a positive and professional attitude about being a nurse to nursing colleagues, patients and their families, other colleagues in the workplace, and the public facilitates the exercise of power among colleagues while educating others about nurses and nursing. A powerful image is an important aspect of demonstrating this positive professional attitude and includes how we identify ourselves, how we dress, whether we are punctual for commitments, and whether we speak positively about our work. Bullying and incivility are negative expressions of power that can affect patient outcomes. The Joint Commission standard demands that leaders ensure that a code of conduct is implemented to ensure patient safety and a culture of quality.

Susan, an RN in the ED, would like to pursue leadership roles in her career. She is frustrated that others in her working environment seem to pay little attention to her creative ideas or place her in informal leadership positions. As her colleague, you want to provide her with helpful feedback. Which of the following statements will provide feedback as to how she might communicate power and demonstrate that she is capable of handling other leadership responsibilities? a. "I find your soft voice and manners very reassuring and calming to patients." b. "Try using a wider vocabulary and big words so that people will think that you are knowledgeable." c. "At times, you tend to slump and avoid eye contact when you are talking with colleagues and families." d. "Don't worry about what others think of you. If you feel like saying something, say it, even if it hurts other people's feelings."

ANS: C A powerful image comes from thinking of oneself as powerful and effective, and this is communicated through posture, maintaining eye contact, treating others with courtesy and respect, and using a firm, confident voice with vocabulary that is appropriate (which does not necessarily involve using big-sounding words).

A well-written letter of resignation is critical to: a. First announce your intent to resign. b. Formally signal discontent in your current position. c. Maintain a positive relationship with your former organization and colleagues. d. Fulfill your legal obligations as a departing employee.

ANS: C A well-written resignation letter outlines your intent to leave the organization and your appreciation of the organization but should follow an initial meeting with your manager to first discuss your intention. A well-written letter maintains a positive relationship with the organization.

You recently acquired a position as a unit manager. During your time on the unit, you have formed a strong social network among your staff, have promoted the development of relationships between your staff and workers in other areas of the organization, and have formed relationships that generate ideas from patient organizations and the local nursing education program. According to complexity theory, you are engaging which principle? a. Empowerment b. Systematic thinking c. Development of networks d. Bottom-up interactions

ANS: C According to complexity theory, social networks evolve around areas of common interest and are able to respond to problems in creative and novel ways.

In which of the following situations would you expect low morale and frustration? a. Statement of philosophy indicates "We value our staff." When staff members leave, careful evaluation is done to determine whether staff should be replaced by full- or part-time employees. b. Practices include annual staff recognition celebrations. During times of change, staff members are actively included in issue identification and solution finding. c. Recruitment ads promise opportunities for advancement for everyone. Promotions are given only to individuals with long-standing service and entrenched relationships. d. The vision indicates that there is strong commitment to lead in research. The organization has tried to implement a strong campaign to attract leading nurse researchers but has experienced difficulty in doing so.

ANS: C Although frustration may occur with external factors that affect ability to act on values and aspirations, lack of congruence between what is espoused as a value within the organization (such as promising advancement as an incentive to join the organization) and what is actually done (such as restricting advancement to internal candidates with much organizational history) can cause low morale and confusion.

A new graduate is asked to serve on the hospital's quality improvement (QI) committee. The nurse understands that the first step in quality improvement is to: a. Collect data to determine whether standards are being met. b. Implement a plan to correct the problem. c. Identify the standard. d. Determine whether the findings warrant correction.

ANS: C Before further action (data collection, decision making related to correction, and implementation of a plan) can occur, it is necessary to identify the standards against which data collection and decision making will occur. Institutions may or may not adopt standards that are already established by organizations such as the ANA.

Your institution has identified a recent rise in postsurgical infection rates. As part of your QI analysis, you are interested in determining how your infection rates compare with those of institutions of similar size and patient demographics. This is known as: a. Quality assurance. b. Sentinel data. c. Benchmarking. d. Statistical analysis.

ANS: C Benchmarking is a widespread search to identify the best performance against which to measure practices and processes.

Several nurses on an adolescent psychiatric unit complain that the teens are becoming unmanageable on the 0700-1900 shift. To resolve this problem, the nurse manager decides that the staff should have a brainstorming session. The goal of brainstorming is to: a. Evaluate problem solutions. b. Critique the ideas of others. c. Generate as many solutions as possible. d. Identify only practical and realistic ideas.

ANS: C Brainstorming encourages creativity when one is beginning to problem-solve and avoids premature shutting down of ideas through early evaluation. The goal is to generate ideas, no matter how seemingly unrealistic or absurd.

The facilities department is experiencing some challenges and is undergoing reorganization. Because of your familiarity with systems theory, you: a. Know that this challenge is their issue and that it has nothing to do with your unit. b. Understand that such events are localized and do not have an impact on the organizational culture. c. Know that the nature of challenges and reorganization in facilities will have an impact on other areas. d. Anticipate that your prior experiences with facilities have no effect on the current situation.

ANS: C By nature, a system such as an organization is an interacting collection of parts that together make up the whole. Changes to one part will affect other parts and the system as a whole.

A unit manager recently graduated as a clinical nurse specialist with a focus in gerontology. She applied to take a certification exam. Certification is designed to recognize: a. Basic knowledge in a specified area. b. Advanced practice in functional roles. c. Special knowledge beyond basic licensure. d. Continued competence as a registered nurse.

ANS: C Certification is an expectation in some settings for career advancement in advanced practice or in specialized areas and goes beyond basic preparation.

The hospital administration is discussing the possibility of closing hospital beds in your unit because of a nursing shortage and the increased amount of overtime required to care for patients. As the leader on the unit, which of the following examples best demonstrates your transformational leadership style? a. Your entire staff walks out on strike. b. Your staff sends an ultimatum to the clinic director demanding higher pay. c. A group of your staff members goes to the administration to propose closing of a different unit. d. A group of your staff members goes to the administration to request that they be allowed to work the overtime hours.

ANS: C Commitment to the vision that has been created is seen in the ability of the leader to influence, motivate, and persuade others. The transformational leader can motivate employees by encouragement of novel, innovative thinking. Drenkard (2013) describes true transformational leadership as occurring when the leader "created an environment that brought leaders and followers together to solve problems, create new ways of doing work, and manage change together" (p. 57).

Mary, an 85-year-old patient with cognitive impairment and gross instability, wanders continuously. Lately, she has fallen twice, and the family demands that she be restrained. As the unit manager, you have initiated a least restraint practice. An appropriate action in this situation would be: a. Setting up a nursing team meeting to review practices. b. Calling the family to inform them of the practice. c. Initiating a multidisciplinary and family meeting to focus on Mary's needs. d. Restraining Mary to satisfy the family's wishes.

ANS: C Crossing the Quality Chasm emphasizes the importance of rendering care with the client (client-centered) rather than to the client. In this situation, the patient includes family in transparent discussions about quality needs and takes a team approach that involves healthcare professionals, the family, Mary's needs, and evidence associated with safe practice.

At Health Center XYZ, staff members on the rehab unit have a head nurse who is intolerant of error and publicly chides anyone who makes a mistake. Over time, the rules on the unit dictate that mistakes are hidden and that areas of concern related to the functioning of the unit are discussed in tub rooms and are never openly discussed during periodic meetings. New staff members are quickly made to realize that silence is expected. The situation described is an example of: a. Ethnicity. b. Work environment. c. Work culture. d. Marginalization.

ANS: C Culture develops over time, is essential to survival, is learned and shared by members, and changes with difficulty.

Patient perceptions are useful in: a. Determining disciplinary actions in QI. b. Establishing the competitive advantage of QI decisions. c. Providing one source of data for QI initiatives. d. Establishing blame for poor-quality care.

ANS: C Customers define quality and patient dissatisfaction as useful indicators of which areas are of greatest concern to patients and of what matters then to nurses and organizations. Patient perceptions guide areas of inquiry; however, they do not establish what disciplinary decisions will be made.

During an interview for a manager's position, you find the supervisor and staff unfriendly. Responses to questions are met with vague responses. After the interview, you decide not to pursue the position. What follow-up, if any, is most appropriate? a. There is no need for you to do anything further. You likely will not be offered the position anyway. b. You should file a complaint with Human Resources about the supervisor's lack of interviewing skills. c. You should send a thank-you note to the interviewer, indicating appreciation for her time. d. You should call and leave a voicemail, indicating your disinterest in the position.

ANS: C Even if you are disinterested in the position or think that the interview has gone badly, an appropriate follow-up is a thank-you note to the interviewer. This recommended follow-up creates a positive impression and may leave open the possibility of future interactions.

The principle that requires nurses to uphold a professional code of ethics, to practice within the code of ethics, and to remain competent is which of the following? a. Veracity b. Autonomy c. Fidelity d. Honesty

ANS: C Fidelity refers to promise keeping or upholding one's promise to practice as a reasonable and prudent nurse would do and in an ethically competent manner.

In working with Cheryl, her mentor suggests that it is really important for Cheryl to engage in self-appraisal and to know her strengths. This observation is based on an understanding that: a. Self-confidence comes automatically out of leading. b. Self-confidence requires constant self-affirmation of strengths. c. There is little external motivation and affirmation in leadership. d. Supervisors of leaders rarely provide feedback.

ANS: C Followers usually hold opinions about decisions that are made; these opinions can be favorable or not, which means that external motivation and affirmation are rare. Leaders have to be confident in their own abilities and enthused about the vision that they have created.

Cultural diversity is the term used to describe a vast range of cultural differences. Events have symbolic meanings for the nurse manager and the staff. The event that would be most likely to provide symbolic meaning to a nurse manager and staff is a: a. Task force formed to commemorate a New Year's celebration in the Western tradition. b. Project to provide Christmas gifts to the children in a daycare program. c. Celebration of National Nurses Week with the focus on cultural care. d. Task force to develop a poster for the unit depicting religions of the world.

ANS: C Human cultures have material items or symbols such as artifacts, objects, dress, and actions that have special meaning in a culture. National Nurses Week, with a focus on nursing interests, reflects the culture of nursing.

Mary joins 5W nursing unit. Mary is a new graduate who is anxious to fit in. She soon learns that some of her "book learning" is being criticized by her colleagues, so she adapts her practice to what others on the unit are doing. She is demonstrating: a. Cultural awareness. b. Cultural sensitivity. c. Acculturation. d. Cultural marginality.

ANS: C In accepting the practices of the dominant group on the unit, Mary is demonstrating acculturation.

On your nursing unit, you employ LPNs, RNs, and advanced practice nurses. You will need to be familiar with at least: a. Two nursing practice acts. b. Two nursing practice acts in most states. c. At least one nursing practice act. d. One nursing practice act and a medical act.

ANS: C In all states, you will need to be familiar with at least one nursing practice act. In some states, there may be two nursing practice acts if RNs and LPNs/LVNs come under different licensing boards.

A family is keeping vigil at a critically ill patient's bedside. Other, distant family members, not yet able to come, call the unit continuously, asking for updates and wanting to express concern. You speak with the distant family members and suggest that you are going to refer them to the hospital social worker, whose role is to work with people in such situations. In response to this situation, you approach the unit manager to apprise her of your concerns that the family dynamics of the patient involved may lead to staff-family and patient-family conflicts. You suggest that the physician may need to discuss the treatment plan with the family. The unit manager advises that he will arrange this discussion. If, after the meeting with family members, this is identified as a desired approach, you support the manager's decision. Your actions indicate that you are acting in what role? a. Leadership b. Management c. Follower d. Evidence-based

ANS: C In the followership role, you bring to the manager your concerns about potential litigation and maximization of outcomes and accept the direction given by the manager in response to your concerns.

The nurse manager is concerned about the negative ratings her unit has received on patient satisfaction surveys. The first step in addressing this issue from the point of view of quality improvement is to: a. Assemble a team. b. Establish a benchmark. c. Identify a clinical activity for review. d. Establish outcomes.

ANS: C In theory, any and all aspects of clinical activity could be improved through the QI process. However, QI efforts should be concentrated on changes to patient care that will have the greatest effect.

On your curriculum vitae, which of the following is the recommended approach for listing employment and educational history information? a. 1979 RN Diploma 1985 BScN 2002 MN b. 2002 Mount Rush Health Center Staff Nurse 1997 Cedar Falls Clinic Staff Nurse 2007 Kilkarney Rehab Center Case Manager c. 2007 MN 2005 BScN d. 1997 Sturgeon County Hospital Head Nurse 2002 Sturgeon County Supervisor 2007 Sturgeon County Director

ANS: C Information that is included in the body of the curriculum vitae should always be in reverse chronological order so that the most recent and, presumably, most relevant job information appears first.

During performance appraisal interviews, Joanne's nurse manager notices Joanne's excitement when she talks about how she has helped patients on a rehab unit understand the complexities of their regimens. When Joanne's nurse manager asks her about her career path plans, Joanne says that she wants to become a nurse administrator. The best response to Joanne would be: a. "Nursing administration is rewarding. What experiences would help you along this path?" b. "You do not appear excited about nursing administration. Unless you are excited by that career path, I wouldn't advise going in that direction." c. "You seem to find teaching others very rewarding. Have you considered that as a possible career path?" d. "You are too inexperienced to consider administration. Work for a few years, and then consider administration."

ANS: C Joanne evidences excitement about teaching patients, and although administration could be a rewarding path for her, education might be a better option for her to consider. Looking at job aspects that are rewarding is helpful in determining which career direction to pursue.

To help staff nurses adjust to using research in practice, what strategy would the nurse manager use? a. Attendance at a regional research conference b. Formal classes in electronic search techniques c. Establishing a journal club d. Issuing reports on the adverse consequences of outdated practices

ANS: C Journal clubs provide opportunities for engagement in reading research and considering how it might be applied to clinical practice problems, which is considered very effective in behavioral change.

To retain supervisory staff members, the director of nursing develops a mentoring program. The best person to be a mentor for a new supervisor in a leadership position is someone who has: a. Been in exactly the same position and can relate to the new supervisor's problems. b. Had vast leadership opportunities and likes to talk about his or her past experiences. c. Leadership experience and time to spend communicating with the new supervisor about his or her experiences. d. People who can help the new supervisor get what he or she needs to make the organization grow quickly and prosper in the process.

ANS: C Mentors need to have experience and some success in the leadership area of interest, as well as interest in the future development of the novice. The mentor can be geographically distant or close and able to provide advice and feedback.

Despite the implementation of bar-code medication administration (BCMA) on your busy medical unit, you notice that the number of medication errors has not significantly decreased. Which of the following reasons might explain the lack of change in errors? a. A number of new medications have been introduced into the hospital pharmacy that are not yet recognized in the CDS. b. There have been an unusually high number of patients on the unit who have been unable to confirm their identity at the time of medication administration. c. Lack of staff understanding and support for BCMA has led to overrides or failures to scan bar codes during busy times. d. Clinical data that have been entered into the system to guide administration of the medications are outdated.

ANS: C Most errors related to technology involve mislabeled bar codes on medications, mistakes at order entry because of confusing computer screens, or issues with management of information. Errors also are related to dispensing devices and human factors, such as failure to scan bar codes or overrides of bar-code warnings.

A nurse manager recognizes the need to expand her professional network as she begins a job search for a middle-management position. Which of the following actions is least likely to expand her job-searching network? a. Reviewing her address book or card file for names and phone numbers of former colleagues who are now in middle-management positions b. Making an appointment to meet with a former instructor from her graduate program in nursing administration c. Making a long overdue return call to a former colleague who is now a chief nurse executive d. Attending a state-level conferences for nurse managers and executives and volunteering to help with professional organizations' informal luncheons and receptions

ANS: C Networking is the result of identifying, valuing, and maintaining relationships with a system of individuals who are sources of information, advice, and support. Many nurses have relatively limited networks within the organizations where they are employed. Active participation in nursing organizations is the most effective method of establishing a professional network outside one's place of employment.

The nurse manager decides to change staffing schedules in the intensive care unit. She chooses to use Rogers' diffusion of innovations theory to implement the change. What are the elements of Rogers' diffusion of innovations theory? a. Assessment, planning, intervention, and evaluation b. Preparation, validation, synthesis, and evaluation c. Knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and evaluation d. Scanning, diagnosis, decision making, application, and reevaluation

ANS: C Nurse managers disseminate research findings to patient care team members. Rogers' diffusion of innovations theory provides a useful model for integration of evidence into practice.

In planning a new wing, the nurse manager complies with the workplace safety requirements of the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA). Which of the following groups is considered to be at high risk for violence in the workplace? a. Pediatric staff b. Postsurgical unit staff c. Emergency Department staff d. Medical oncology unit staff

ANS: C Nurse managers have responsibility for both patient and staff safety. High-risk areas, such as the Emergency Department, require special attention.

Which of the following would be the most appropriate focus in developing a business plan for a nurse-owned home healthcare service? a. Programs to educate the community on preparing healthy meals for a limited cost b. Reduction of injuries from alcohol-related accidents c. Pain management for patients with low back pain d. Reduction of falls among seniors

ANS: C Nurse-managed and nurse-owned healthcare services are part of a growing number of organizations that extend health care beyond that offered through traditional services. Growth in these organizations and services has been spurred by the implementation of the prospective payment system, which resulted in early discharge of many patients from acute care facilities. These nurse-managed and nurse-owned services focus on the care of individuals and families rather than on community-based outcomes for populations such as older adults, or on community-based issues such as injuries related to drunk driving.

In the Unity Healthcare organization, decisions, including those at the unit level, are made by a group of senior executives. Rules for employees are clear, and nursing care is delineated by procedures and protocols. This exemplifies: a. Transformational leadership. b. Transactional leadership. c. Bureaucratic organization. d. Chaos theory.

ANS: C Organizational structure refers to the organization of a work group, rather than to its leadership, and includes where decisions are made and what the relationships are between groups. In the example given, power is centrally located, with all decisions regarding policies and procedures flowing from this central location, which is characteristic of bureaucratic organizations.

Select the statement that best defines the difference between problem solving and decision making: a. Decision-making skills require critical thinking; problem-solving skills do not. b. Problem-solving skills require critical thinking; decision-making skills do not. c. Decision making is a goal-directed effort; problem solving is focused on solving an immediate problem. d. Problem solving is a goal-directed effort; decision making is focused on solving an immediate problem.

ANS: C Problem solving is focused on solving immediate problems, whereas decision making is a goal-directed process that is aimed at selecting appropriate actions from among options. Not all decisions begin with a problem.

Professional associations: a. Set regulatory requirements and establish entry requirements for nursing. b. Offer graduate programs for clinical and career advancement. c. Provide opportunities for career networking and support. d. Are open to all individuals who meet the criteria for membership.

ANS: C Professional associations are frequently, although not always, voluntary groups whose members provide leadership in issues and policies of interest to nurses. Professional associations also offer networks of nurses with similar interests.

A nurse manager has worked rapidly to bring the staff to accept changes in the unit's mission, so that downsizing can be avoided. This nurse manager is using quantum leadership by: a. Focusing on past concerns related to the mission. b. Teaching staff members how to self-manage themselves. c. Determining accurately the direction of change in the institution. d. Requiring all staff members to review and reinforce their technological skills.

ANS: C Quantum leadership assumes that change will occur and that managers assume an influential, facilitative role that encourages forward movement in change and encourages the view that problems are opportunities.

A new CEO has been hired at Valley Hospital who proposes to change the centralized organizational structure that was put in place ten years ago, based on widespread consultation with staff. The proposed structure involves substantial flattening of the organizational structure, with significant decision making being made at the point-of-care and an emphasis on interprofessional collaboration. There is a great deal of discussion about the balance between hospital-wide budget decision making and unit-based decision making. This discussion represents: a. Chaos theory. b. Organizational redesign. c. Organizational reengineering. d. Restructuring.

ANS: C Reengineering involves a total overhaul of an organizational structure. It is a radical reorganization of the totality of an organization's structure and work processes. In reengineering, fundamentally new organizational expectations and relationships are created. Redesign is a technique to analyze tasks to improve efficiency, and restructuring is a technique to enhance organizational productivity.

A group of patients with early Alzheimer's disease and their spouses approach you regarding help with the establishment of a local Alzheimer's Society for the support and education of affected individuals and their families. As a manager in an ambulatory care clinic, what suggestion or advice would you offer this group? a. Self-help groups are, by nature, directed, funded, and led by those requiring help, and therefore, the patients and families should need no help from your clinic. b. Your healthcare organization would be pleased to help as long as your organization financially takes over responsibility for direction, leadership, and management. c. Through partnership, you will provide supports, if possible, that the patients and spouses themselves identify as necessary in the establishment of the group. d. The services that the patients and spouses are proposing are likely being offered somewhere else already.

ANS: C Self-help groups often are made up of, and are directed by, peers who have healthcare needs. A growing trend is the development of community-based geriatric organizations in partnership with healthcare organizations. The request of the patients and their spouses indicates that this service is needed in the community and that they are looking for assistance in setting up the Alzheimer's Society rather than having your agency take over the management of the group.

The chief executive officer asks the nurse manager of the telemetry unit to justify the disproportionately high number of registered nurses on the telemetry unit. The nurse manager explains that nursing research has validated which statement about a low nurse-to-patient ratio? It: a. Promotes teamwork among healthcare providers. b. Increases adverse events. c. Improves outcomes. d. Contributes to duplication of services.

ANS: C Studies related to staffing and patient outcomes suggest that patient outcomes are improved with a low nurse-to-patient ratio and especially with a low registered nurse-to-patient ratio.

A home health nurse has been assigned to cover a 300-square-mile area of remote Montana. Mrs. Baker has just been discharged home following bowel surgery and has a new colostomy. She will need daily contacts for at least two weeks and then regular weekly contact following that week. Because it is not possible to visit Mrs. Baker in person every day and see all of the other clients, the nurse gives her a laptop computer with net meeting software installed. Each morning, both dial in at an agreed-upon time and discuss her progress. The home health nurse assesses whether or not the client needs to be seen that day and is able to view the colostomy site. This type of technology is called: a. Distance learning. b. Knowledge software. c. Telecommunications. d. Biomedical technology.

ANS: C Telecommunications and systems technology facilitate clinical oversight of health care via telephone or cable lines, remote monitoring, information links, and the Internet. Patients sitting in front of the teleconferencing camera can be diagnosed, treated, monitored, and educated by nurses and physicians. EKGs and radiographs can be viewed and transmitted.

In caring for a patient from an East Indian culture, the staff expresses frustration that many people are in the room at any one time, which interferes with care. As the nurse manager, you provide leadership in understanding that this behavior of the family and friend network reflects: a. Lack of understanding of the seriousness of the patient's illness. b. Lack of communication between family members. c. The social organization of friendships and family networks in East Indian culture. d. Lack of caring about the hospital environment by the friends and family.

ANS: C The Giger and Davidhizar Transcultural Model identifies six phenomena to assess provision of care for patients who are from different cultures, including social organizations, which include how relationships are formed and expressed in different cultures.

The Rehabilitation Unit at Pleasant Valley Hospital has a high number of falls. Which of the following interventions might assist to reduce the number of falls on the unit? a. Determining who is responsible for the falls b. Strengthening unit policies to avoid inappropriate admissions c. Encouraging involvement of nurses in education related to falls and safety d. Ensuring that patients are appropriately restrained if they are at risk for falls

ANS: C The IOM (2010) emphasizes the need for nurses to engage in lifelong learning and to use evidence and best practices to inform practice and ensure safety.

To increase safety in patient care areas of the Valley Hospital, the executive begins by: a. Asking the community what the safety issues are. b. Consulting with a management expert about staffing schedules. c. Ensuring that the senior nursing officer attends the board meetings. d. Instituting improved practices to reduce needle-stick injuries.

ANS: C The IOM report (2004) highlighted the importance of the attendance of the senior nurse executive at board meetings to be a key spokesperson on safety and quality issues.

Nurses need to know how to operate a computer, compare data across time, and look for patterns in client responses to treatments. These are examples of: a. JCAHO standards. b. Information systems. c. Informatics competencies. d. Requirements for nursing licensure.

ANS: C The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) project identified informatics competency as a necessary component of the knowledge, skills, and attitudes for quality patient care. Nurses are anticipated to be able to use information and technology to communicate, manage knowledge, mitigate error, and support decision making. Nurses must utilize hospital database management, decision support, and expert system programs to access information and analyze data from disparate sources for use in planning for patient care processes and systems.

Maintaining a culturally diverse staff and working with a culturally diverse patient population is an important function of a nurse manager who works in the hospital of a large medical center. On your palliative care unit, you have recently received complaints from families about ineffective pain management for their family members and you determine this occurs primarily when certain nurses are working. What approach might you take to resolve the concerns of the families, patients, and potentially, the staff? a. Reinforce to staff that practice guidelines support as-needed analgesia for the terminally ill. b. Ask staff input on the development of stricter guidelines to ensure that all terminally patients are given sufficient analgesia. c. Encourage conversation with patients and among staff that facilitates learning about cultural beliefs and priorities in dying. d. Advise families that the administration of analgesia is based on the expert clinical judgment of nurses who are familiar with care of patients in palliative care.

ANS: C The cultural and religious backgrounds of nurses influence their perceptions of dignity-conserving care. For example, foreign-born Catholic nurses stated the dying experience should not be altered by analgesics to relieve suffering or by attempts to hasten death by forgoing curative therapy or by other means. Approaches to working with differences in the diverse cultural and religious backgrounds of patients, families, and nurses alike include taking time to have conversational chats with patients in end-of-life and with colleagues that will facilitate learning about each other and provide care that fits with the patient's cultural beliefs about dying.

In keeping with standards of The Joint Commission (TJC), the nurse manager organizes an orientation for new staff members. As part of the orientation, the nurse manager reviews the employee handbook. Employers may be bound to statements in the employee handbook: a. Under the doctrine of apparent agency. b. Under the doctrine of respondeat agency. c. Based on the employee's or the employer's expectations. d. Based on the theory that the handbook creates an explicit contract.

ANS: C The handbook is an implied contract and frames the employment contract.

A new graduate RN joins your unit. After a few weeks, she complains about some of her peers on the unit and compares their practices negatively to what she learned in her nursing program. She also is vocal about how she has learned so much here that she did not learn in her program. She is best described as: a. Having cultural sensitivity. b. Experiencing cultural diversity. c. Experiencing cultural marginality. d. Experiencing acculturation.

ANS: C The new graduate is caught between two cultures at this point—work and education—and expresses feelings of belonging to neither.

A nurse is explaining the pediatric unit's quality improvement (QI) program to a newly employed nurse. Which of the following would the nurse include as the primary purpose of QI programs? a. Evaluation of staff members' performances b. Determination of the appropriateness of standards c. Improvement in patient outcomes d. Preparation for accreditation of the organization by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)

ANS: C The primary purpose of QI is improvement of patient outcomes, which relates to prevention of error, quality patient care, and patient satisfaction.

A staff nurse in the area that you manage has excelled in the delivery of patient education. You are considering implementing a new job description that would broaden her opportunity to teach patients and orient new staff members to the value of patient education. The ethical principle that you are most directly reinforcing is: a. Justice. b. Fidelity. c. Paternalism. d. Respect for others.

ANS: C The principle of paternalism allows one person to make partial decisions for another and is most frequently deemed to be a negative or undesirable principle. Paternalism, however, may be used to assist persons to make decisions when they do not have sufficient data or expertise. Paternalism becomes undesirable when the entire decision is taken away from the employee.

You walk into Mr. Smith's room and find him yelling at the LPN, Miss Jones. He is obviously very upset and after you speak with him regarding his behavior, you determine that he has not slept for three nights because of unrelieved pain levels. The LPN is very upset with Mr. Smith and calls him an "ugly, old man." You acknowledge her feelings and concerns and then suggest that Mr. Smith's behavior was aggressive but is related to lack of sleep and to pain. You say to Miss Jones, "Can you both, together with Mr. Smith, determine triggers for the pain and effective approaches to controlling his pain?" This approach demonstrates: a. Lack of empathy and understanding for Miss Jones. b. Concern with placating Mr. Smith. c. Leadership behavior. d. Management behavior.

ANS: C The situation between Mr. Smith and Miss Jones is a complex situation involving unrelieved patient symptoms and aggressiveness toward a staff member. Providing engaged, collaborative guidance and decision making in a complex situation where there is no standardized solution reflects leadership.

A nurse manager at a home healthcare service has resigned to take a position at a local ambulatory care center. She has been hired because of her expertise in TJC accreditation. To initiate the changes, the nurse manager has to be knowledgeable about the differences between a home healthcare institution and an ambulatory care center, which is a primary care institution. Primary care institutions are facilities that provide: a. Rehabilitative or long-term care. b. Disease-restorative care. c. First access to care. d. Only outpatient services.

ANS: C The spectrum of care services provided are typically described as primary care (first-access care), secondary care (disease-restorative care), and tertiary care (rehabilitative or long-term care). Ambulatory care centers are an example of primary care.

After searching the literature, Tara, the unit manager develops a table that outlines the findings of studies on management of incontinence. She then examines the studies in terms of risk and whether the findings fit within her practice context and for her population of moderately to severely cognitively impaired patients. This is which phase of Stetler's research utilization model? a. Preparatory b. Validation c. Evaluation d. Application

ANS: C The third phase, comparative evaluation and decision making, involves making a decision about the applicability of the studies by synthesizing cumulative findings; evaluating the degree and nature of other criteria, such as risk, feasibility, and readiness of the finding; and actually making a recommendation about using the findings of the studies.

Which of the following situations is most likely to result in a productive, whole work situation? a. Amy, RN, 5 years of experience in the emergency department. Amy accepts a position working with older clients in a home health agency because she has relocated and this is the only full-time position available. b. Adam, RN, 8 years of experience in various nursing positions, including that of a nurse manager. Adam accepts a new nurse manager position because he has a family and wants more regular hours. He is most comfortable working in direct client care. c. Louise, RN, 10 years of experience in an emergency department. She accepts a position as a case manager in home health care, working with older clients. She especially enjoys working with older adults and wants to take on leadership and management challenges. d. Courtney, RN, a new graduate. Courtney is getting comfortable with delivering nursing care as an RN. She is offered a position on surgery as a permanent team leader. The unit has had a great deal of turnover recently, and only limited mentorship is available.

ANS: C The whole of any work situation is composed of two elements: person and position. A productive, whole work situation results when a person's talents and strengths are successfully blended with expectations of the position. Of the situations described previously, the one most likely to result in a productive, whole work situation is that of Louise, who, although her experience has not been in home health, is interested in both the roles and the responsibilities of the position, as well as the target group being served. She also considers the group being served as an area in which she demonstrates strength.

Despite repeated invitations by his colleagues to become involved in regional and state nursing practice committees, Tom refuses. His reason is that "nursing committees rarely get anything worthwhile done because of politics and conflicts." According to the text, Tom's view of involvement: a. Is rare in nursing today. b. Reflects a fear of power. c. Reflects the essential process of power. d. Reflects empowerment and capacity to make his own decisions.

ANS: C Tom's response reflects a distancing from other nurses related to discomfort with conflict associated with human interactions. The text defines human interactions within organizations as politics, a component of which is the essential process of power.

As the clinical director of 24 employees, you have been asked to explain to staff members why they are not getting a raise this year, even though they have been working short-handed for many months and patient satisfaction scores have never been higher. Because you believe yourself to be a transformational leader, you will approach this problem by: a. Telling the assistant clinical director and asking her to share the bad news with the other staff members. b. Posting a note on the bulletin board that includes the phone number of the chief nursing officer, so anyone who has complaints may express them. c. Showing staff members the budget and asking for input about how to cut costs so that raises will be possible in the future. d. Meeting with a small group of seasoned staff members and asking them how to break the news.

ANS: C Transformational leadership involves engaging those being led and inspiring shared vision in moving toward a goal that all will accept as desirable. This involves enabling and empowering others to believe that their input and effort will make a difference in solving problems.

A nurse manager is experiencing considerable conflict among staff members because of weekend staffing coverage. During a called staff meeting, the nurse manager asks the disgruntled staff to meet as a group and determine the best staffing practices. In doing this, the nurse manager is using the concept of collaboration to: a. Demonstrate interdependence. b. Depict flexibility and broadmindedness. c. Focus all energies of staff members on a best possible strategy. d. Defuse the possibility that staff members will escalate their discontent when staffing the unit on weekends.

ANS: C When collaboration is used to solve a conflict or to create new directions, the energies of all parties are focused on solving the problem versus defeating the opposing party and creating the "best possible" versus an "okay" direction. When groups come together and mutual expectations are discussed and fostered, communication and collaboration are enhanced, which results in a more structurally empowered workforce.

An example of a career is (select all that apply): a. Employment in short-term contract jobs in business, nursing, and whatever is available. b. Involvement in an area of practice that is regulated. c. Continuous employment in the same position and the same arrangement for 20 years. d. Moving into and out of nursing positions in various cities while pursuing travel and education that develop understanding of global health.

ANS: C, D Career refers to progression of skills, consistency, knowledge, and/or status. This movement through nursing life is predicated on having a vision of a career as opposed to a series of jobs. Career styles can be defined as linear, steady state, entrepreneurial, or spiral. Deepening skills in one area is an example of a steady state career style, whereas moving into and out of positions in various cities can characterize an entrepreneurial style. Involvement in a regulated field defines a professional interest but not necessarily a career.

Thomas has been a nurse in your ICU for 10 years. In facilitating Thomas' professional development, you would focus on (select all that apply): a. Certification for the ICU environment. b. Discussions about how Thomas can fit with role expectations and relationships. c. Possible specializations within the ICU environment. d. Encouraging him to lead changes that leave long-term impacts after his retirement.

ANS: C, D Thomas is a mid career professional. As such, you would expect him to be interested in honing areas of expertise (such as leadership or developing a deeper expertise in a particular area of ICU nursing) as opposed to gaining skills necessary for his work environment such as certification or becoming comfortable with his role and relationships in ICU, which would be critical to an early career nurse. Legacy building is characteristic of mid career professionals.

John is interested in leadership positions within his nursing organization. Al-though he has been on the same unit for 10 years, he has attended two workshops during that time and has steadfastly refused opportunities to engage in leadership development opportunities or other learning offered as part of the hospital's succession planning strategy. He says that he is interested in a leadership role primarily because it will give him a more stable work schedule and will enable him to spend more time with his family. In coaching John, it would be important to: a. Affirm that his years of service and stability on the unit are the most important attributes for assumption of a leadership role. b. Reinforce that his concern with maintaining balance outside work would be a key factor in selecting him for a leadership position. c. Encourage him to consider the financial rewards of the position, as well as the positive effect on his work schedule. d. Encourage him to seek out new experiences and learning that will complement his existing strengths derived from experience and his interest in life-work balance.

ANS: D According to Covey, effective leaders continually engage in learning and self-renewal, as well as in maintaining a balanced life, radiating positive energy, believing in other people, being concerned with the common good, and being synergistic.

You are offered an opportunity to take a temporary leave from your position as a nurse manager to lead a technology implementation project. Which of the following reasons for accepting the opportunity is most consistent with developing a solid career path? a. You are pressured to do so by your supervisor. b. The organization has no other suitable candidate for the position. c. You have limited knowledge of information technology and no real interest, but this will increase your knowledge. d. Accepting a position outside of your established skill set may establish you organizationally as an innovative, adaptable leader.

ANS: D Although giving into organizational or supervisory pressure may bring an enhanced learning and organizational profile, what is to be gained needs to be assessed against your career goals, interest, and aspirations. Increasing and expanding your skill set within defined career interests is a valid reason to consider a chance opportunity.

The senior executive praises John for the positive patient evaluations that his unit has received. As an effective leader, John: a. Thanks the senior executive for having confidence in him and celebrates by going out to a special restaurant. b. Points out the impact that the changes he has initiated have had on the unit. c. Advises the senior executive that the mission statement and goals are important to him. d. Points out the contributions of his staff to the outcomes and shares the praise with his staff.

ANS: D An effective leader is eager to share the glory with those who have worked with him or her to achieve outcomes and success. The act of acknowledging the achievement to the senior executive and of sharing the positive feedback with his staff empowers the staff and builds a support base for the leader.

Marie is a long-term staff nurse on the rehab floor. Her unit manager has been eager to adopt evidence-based recommendations related to family-centered care on the unit. Marie's response has been that she rarely has time to provide care to patients, let alone families, and that there is no good reason to do anything different than what she is already doing. An approach that may gain Marie's support of the idea is to: a. Invite Marie to review the studies for herself. b. Suggest that she does not need to provide family-centered care. c. Avoid discussion of the idea with her until she initiates it. d. Secure the support of her closest colleagues on the unit.

ANS: D As a skeptic, Marie, who is a late majority adopter, needs pressure from colleagues to move her towards support of the recommendations. The translation of research into practice requires that nurse leaders and managers understand group dynamics, individual responses to innovation and change (such as the response of late majority adopters), and the culture of their healthcare organization.

Within a multisite healthcare system, the most appropriate strategy for translation of research would be: a. Widespread development of protocols using EBP at unit levels. b. Dissemination of EBP and recommendations to individuals, units, and the organization. c. Development of the skills of individual managers on how to build guidelines based on EBP. d. Establishment of an interdisciplinary center to guide and lead the translation of research findings into practice.

ANS: D At a systems level, the most appropriate approach would be establishing a center that leads in, guides, and promotes EDP across and at various levels.

As a nurse manager, you have been asked to assist in designing a subacute facility for open heart patients who require further complex care after hospitalization. In setting up the facility, which of the following would require reassessment? a. Patients admitted to the facility must have adequate health insurance to cover the services provided. b. A local nurse education program asks you if nursing students can gain clinical experience with recovering surgical patients in the facility. c. Public funding will be provided to enable care of patients who have an ordinary course of recovery. d. The facility is an older house that is more than 30 minutes away from the acute care center.

ANS: D Because of the types of patients being accepted for care and the distance of the subacute facility from acute care, emergency response and seamless transfer issues in the event of an unanticipated crisis must be addressed. As a nurse manager, an important part of your position may be assisting to develop strategies to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks in this situation.

Which of the following is not important in a positive work environment, as defined by the AONE? a. Clear, open, trustful communication b. Accountability and clarity of roles and responsibilities c. Participatory decision making d. Challenge and striving for excellence

ANS: D Clear and open communication, accountability and clarity of roles, and participatory decision making are considered by the AONE to be important to a healthy environment. Challenge and excellence are not specifically identified by the AONE as important to healthy work environments.

As part of an information technology implementation team, you are implementing a clinical decision support system. Particular considerations for successful implementation of this project include: a. Ensuring that the system is reliable. b. Ensuring that patient information is reliable. c. Developing unique identifiers for individuals. d. Developing rules that support inferences.

ANS: D Clinical decision support systems provide support for novice nurses, in particular, as they enable entry of real-time data from patient situations and inferences that apply the logic that expert nurses would use. These inferences require rules to be developed for the system.

Nancy is a staff nurse who works on a rehabilitation unit. Nancy tells you that the assistants are experiencing difficulty with the new lift and wonders what your thoughts are on organizing an in-service training. Nancy is exhibiting which trait of a follower? a. Provides a vision for safety that is communicated b. Thrives on taking risks in identifying the problem with safety c. Coordinates the development of knowledge and skills necessary to use the lift d. Assumes responsibility for identifying a safety concern and concedes authority for solution to you

ANS: D Communication of a vision and risk taking are leader traits, whereas coordination is associated with manager traits. Taking responsibility while conceding authority to the leader is characteristic of followers.

You are a nurse manager in a facility that is part of a national system of specialized hospitals that provide services to children and that is funded and managed through a religious charity organization. This system emphasizes compassionate, faith-based care. What level of consolidated system is represented in this example? a. First level b. Second level c. Fourth level d. Fifth level

ANS: D Consolidated systems tend to be organized into five levels. The fifth level involves special interest groups that own and operate units along religious lines, teaching interests, or related special interests that drive their activities. In this example, the facilities are funded and managed by a religious organization that provides care that is congruent with its particular faith-based values.

Justin is a nurse manager in a rehabilitation unit in a small urban center. There is a high turnover rate among rehab-assistants because of the heavy work assignments. Despite his need for staff, Justin decides to review each application thoroughly and interview candidates carefully because he recognizes that it is important to hire staff who can best provide high-quality care and who will fit well with the team. Which of the following decision-making solutions should Justin consider to have a more efficient department a. Replace staff only with qualified applicants. b. Determine what the problem or problems are before hiring new staff. c. Consult with the human resources department and develop a plan for hiring new staff. d. Consider all the options listed.

ANS: D Decision making involves a goal-oriented consideration of many options that are objectively weighed according to their possible risks, consequences, and positive outcomes. The options should be ranked in the order in which they are likely to result in the desired goals or objectives. The solution selected should be the one that is most feasible and satisfactory and has the fewest undesirable consequences. In this instance, all of the options listed might be considered and weighed.

Sondra, a new graduate, recently began a position as a registered nurse in a rural hospital, where she is the youngest and newest staff member. Although she has limited experience, she has a strong knowledge base, is confident, and was considered to have strong entry-level skills on graduation. Sondra meets with her former instructor and confides that she is very frustrated that others do not seem to accept her leadership. What might you suggest that would help Sondra to understand what is happening in terms of power and influence? a. As a new graduate, it is unlikely that she has acquired the experience and knowledge of other staff, including aides and practical nurses. b. Rural settings tend to be closed systems and therefore are, not welcoming of those who are not from their community. c. Morale on her unit can be improved by engaging in shared decision making. d. Identify the informal leaders on her unit and how they affect care decisions.

ANS: D Developing organizational savvy includes identifying the real decision makers and those persons who have a high level of influence with the decision makers. Recognize the informal leaders within any organization may have more power than the formal leader because of more knowledge of the organization, more informational power, or more expertise.

Sue, a nurse manager, has a staff nurse that has been absent a great deal for the past three months. A whistleblower gives some information to Sue indicating that the staff nurse will be resigning and returning to school. Because of this, Sue decides to do which of the following? a. Immediately fire the staff nurse. b. Speak to the whistleblower and elicit more information. c. Speak to the staff nurse and ask her to resign. d. Do nothing.

ANS: D Doing nothing is often warranted because of lack of energy, time, or resources to solve the real problem adequately, and because the benefits are not seen as sufficiently compelling to commit to an action.

Which of the following is most accurate regarding evidence-based practice? a. Evidence-based practice replaces continuous quality improvement. b. Evidence-based practice began with medicine and assists in determining which medical models can be applied in nursing practice. c. Effective and efficient care can already be demonstrated, which means that EBP will soon become redundant. d. EBP is generally recognized across disciplines and by policymakers as state-of-the-art clinical practice.

ANS: D EBP is recognized across nursing and other disciplines as reflective of state-of-the-art clinical practice, as it is based on best available evidence.

In an effort to control costs and maximize revenues, the Rehabilitation Unit at Cross Hospital reduced the number of its managers and increased the number of units for which each manager was responsible. Within a year, the number of adverse events on the units had doubled. This may be attributable to: a. The overload of staff nurses. b. Resistance to change by staff. c. A change in reporting systems. d. Fewer clinical leaders to remove barriers to care.

ANS: D Eliminating barriers to the implementation of best practices is the role of managers and leaders. When there are insufficient resources for leadership to encourage a culture in which evidence-based practice is embraced, frontline nurses recognize this as a stumbling block for delivering quality care.

Which of the following is an example of an HMO? a. Nurse practitioners are paid promptly at discounted fees for each service rendered at a women's health clinic. b. Physicians in a large urban center are reimbursed for visits made to their clients. c. Physicians are paid for each service delivered to enrolled patients through a prepaid plan. d. Patients pay fixed annual fees for ambulatory care services, regardless of actual utilization of health services.

ANS: D Fee-for-service systems provide compensation to healthcare providers in group practices based on fee-for-service, which in PPQs means that fees are paid promptly but at a discounted rate. HMOs are configurations of healthcare agencies that provide health maintenance and services for enrolled patients for a fee that is preestablished regardless of utilization of service.

Susan, a new graduate on the dialysis unit, appears to take Kari's remarks very seriously and works even harder, often volunteering for extra assignments. She also is often in Kari's office, advising of successes with her patients and of the extra effort that she is committing. This behavior suggests that Susan: a. Is fearful of losing her job. b. Lacks understanding of Kari's leadership style. c. Is not intimidated by Kari's leadership style. d. Knows how to "play the game."

ANS: D Followers under transactional leadership feel secure about what will happen next or what is needed to be rewarded; therefore, they learn to "play the game."

As the manager, you have been asked to implement an evidence-based approach to teach ostomy patients self-management skills postoperatively that is being operationalized throughout your organization. Which of the following illustrates effective leadership? a. The training modules are left in the staff room for times when staff are available. b. The current approach is continued because it is also evidence-based and is more familiar to staff. c. You decide to implement the approach at a later date because of feedback from the RNs that the new approach takes too much time. d. A RN who is already familiar with the new approach volunteers to take the lead in mentoring and teaching others how to implement it.

ANS: D Followership occurs when there is acquiescence to a peer who is leading in a setting where a team has gathered to ensure the best clinical decision making and actions are taken to achieve clinical or organizational outcomes. Followership promotes good clinical decisions and use of clinical resources.

After the nurses who work on an adolescent psychiatric unit have had a brainstorming session, they are ready to resolve the problem of teenagers who are unmanageable. To maximize group effectiveness in decision making and problem solving, the nurse manager has: a. Prevented conflict. b. Formed highly cohesive groups. c. Used majority rule to arrive at decisions. d. Encouraged equal participation among members.

ANS: D Groups are more likely to be effective if members are involved, the group is cohesive, communication is encouraged, and members demonstrate some understanding of the group process. The nurse leader or manager should provide a nonthreatening and positive environment in which group members are encouraged to participate actively.

After consulting with practice environments about quality and safety concerns in health care, the Dean of Health Programs at U.S. University develops: a. A nursing program that emphasizes the development of a strong disciplinary identity. b. Programming that stresses discipline-based research. c. Partnerships with health care to develop software for the reporting of adverse events. d. An interdisciplinary program for nurses, pharmacists, and medical practitioners that emphasizes collaborative learning teams.

ANS: D Health Professions Education identified that education related to health disciplines in silos leads to compromised communication and inability to function as an integrated whole for patient-centered care.

The risk manager informs the nurse manager of an orthopedic unit that her unit has had an increase in incident reports about patients falling during the 11-7 shift. The nurse manager knows that the best way to resolve the problem is to: a. Use creativity. b. Obtain support from the 7-3 shift. c. Use institutional research. d. Identify the problem.

ANS: D Identification of a problem is the first step in problem solving and occurs before any other step. The most common cause for failure to resolve problems is the improper identification of the problem/issue; therefore, problem recognition and identification are considered the most vital steps.

A nurse manager's responsibility for financial management involves making budgetary decisions. Budgets that allow the nurse manager to allocate resources at the unit level allow: a. Minimal nurse manager input. b. Limited rationale for budgetary requests. c. Budgetary allocations at the executive nurse level. d. Budgetary decision making at the point-of-service (POS).

ANS: D In organizational structures where decision making occurs at the POS, nurse managers are given some self-control, which includes preparing and implementing a budget that meets the long- and short-term needs of their unit without requiring hierarchical approval.

As the unit manager, you are interested in determining whether patient autonomy is preserved through informed consent in surgical settings. You determine that participatory action research is the best method to address this question. Which of the following is consistent with a participatory action research design? a. You interview 125 patients who have recently undergone surgery and transcribe the interviews to determine themes. Themes are validated with an expert in informed consent. b. You circulate a questionnaire to patients who recently underwent surgery and ask for their opinions regarding consent. Data are analyzed and the findings distributed to administration and other groups. c. An audit is undertaken of signed consents for treatment, to determine if the consent is properly witnessed and signed. Findings are used to inform changes in policies. d. You meet with a patient group to determine which questions should be asked about patient informed consent and what issues might be encountered and addressed during the research.

ANS: D In participatory action research (PAR), the members of the community being studied are integral members of the research team and are involved in identifying the questions and addressing the issues involved in the implementation of the research project (Chevalier & Buckles, 2013).

As the manager on an acute care medical unit, you note that the incidence of medication errors has increased since the implementation of staffing changes. As part of your strategy to reduce errors, it is important to a. Re-visit reporting standards for medication errors in your organization. b. Ensure that medication errors are consistently reported. c. Provide staff with additional education related to safe practice in medication administration. d. Involve RN staff in determining reasons for errors and practice solutions to increase the safety of medication administration.

ANS: D Keeping Patients Safe: Transforming the Work Environment of Nurses (2004) identified many past practices that had a negative impact on nurses, and thus on patients, and recommended the inclusion of nurses in direct care in decision making involving their practice. Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health (2010) also emphasizes the role of nurses as leaders in changes that improve health.

As a nurse manager, one challenge is to orient new staff to your agency's policies and procedures, as well as to provide training across various shifts. A cost-effective and effective learning strategy would be: a. Development of new learning modules and software to support document retrieval. b. E-mail distribution to staff home e-mail addresses regarding important policies. c. Preparation of DVDs that can be viewed on computers at the nursing station during "down times." d. Linking policies and procedures to the network for access when required at the point-of-care.

ANS: D Knowledge technology consists of systems that generate or process knowledge and provide clinical decision support (CDS). The clinical knowledge embedded in computer applications can range from simple facts and relationships to best practices for managing patients with specific disease states, new medical knowledge from clinical research, and other types of information. The most accessible and cost-effective approach would be utilization of what is already available in the work environment, such as the systems that provide CDS.

The director of nursing has been observing staff interactions in a 20-bed coronary care unit. Based on her observations, which of the following staff members is an obvious leader? a. The unit secretary who knows everyone's business b. The chief nursing officer who is in charge and is responsible for nursing services c. The chief cardiologist who admits the largest number of patients and brings in more revenue than any other physician d. The staff nurse who persuades other staff members to practice by making evidence-based decisions

ANS: D Leaders are those who do the best job of sharing their vision of where the followers want to be and how to get there. It is the ability to inspire others to bring a vision (such as evidence-based decision making) to reality and is not necessarily tied to status or information flow.

To satisfy duty of care to a patient, a nurse manager is legally responsible for all of the following except: a. Notifying staff of changes to policies related to medication administration. b. Scheduling and staffing to ensure safe care. c. Delegating in accordance with practice acts. d. Supervising the practice of the physician.

ANS: D Legally, the nurse manager is accountable to nursing practice standards, standards for nurse administrators, and hospital policies and procedures.

Because of rapid turnover and the ongoing hiring of new graduates, the skill levels of staff in a busy CCU are varied. Senior staff are becoming burned out with the need to provide mentorship and guidance to new staff. As the manager, you propose the addition of a nurse in advanced practice to provide consultation and education for staff. This position is termed a(n): a. Hierarchical position. b. Ancillary. c. Line position. d. Staff position.

ANS: D Line personnel have authority for decision making, whereas personnel in staff positions provide education, support, advice, and counsel. The nurse in the advanced practice is providing advice and support through education as well as consultation.

Which of the following interactions is MOST consistent with the idea of networking? a. Meet with the same colleagues daily to have coffee and share concerns about the workplace and stories about colleagues. b. Join an online workplace forum to gain ideas about how to handle workplace conflict. c. Suggest that you and a new team member meet after work for coffee to review unit guidelines. d. Join a nurse executive interest group to meet other executives for support and for sharing ideas of expertise.

ANS: D Networking is the result of identifying, valuing, and maintaining relationships with a system of individuals who are sources of information, advice, and support. Many nurses have relatively limited networks within the organizations where they are employed. Active participation in nursing organizations is the most effective method of establishing a professional network outside one's place of employment. Successful networking involves sharing similar ideas and maintaining relationships within a system of individuals who serve as sources of information, advice, and support.

The manager in the coronary care unit believes that the most important ethical considerations in performance evaluations are that they include the employee's good qualities and that they give positive direction for professional growth. This belief is an example of: a. Justice. b. Fidelity. c. Beneficence. d. Nonmaleficence.

ANS: D Nonmaleficence refers to "doing no harm." For a nurse manager following this principle, performance evaluation should emphasize an employee's good qualities and give positive direction for growth. Destroying the employee's self-esteem and self-worth would be considered doing harm under this principle.

A nurse manager working for a not-for-profit organization should be familiar with the regulations that impact the organization. Not-for-profit organizations: a. Pay dividends to stockholders. b. Can refuse clients who are unable to pay. c. Have no paid employees. d. Pay no taxes.

ANS: D Not-for-profit organizations, often referred to as voluntary organizations, are controlled by voluntary boards and provide services to both paying and charity clients. Funds are redirected toward maintenance and growth as opposed to profit shares for stockholders. Historically, non-profit organizations have been exempt from paying taxes as they commit to providing an important community service.

A nurse is participating in a baccalaureate course. For the class, she has to attend the legislative session regarding the new role of medication assistants. Nurses should be involved in shaping public policy primarily because: a. Involvement will enable nurses to take over the healthcare system at some point in the future. b. Other healthcare professions are less concerned about the essential needs of clients. c. Such activities are important career builders for nurses who seek top-level executive positions. d. They are closest to the front line of health care and see how it affects clients and families.

ANS: D Nurses can no longer be passive observers of the political world. Political involvement is a professional responsibility. Nurses' perspectives of the critical issues for improving the healthcare system can shape the policy agenda of the nation's political leadership.

A nurse manager in a hospital is deeply concerned that senior administration makes decisions about budgetary directions that affect staffing and other resources without sharing the rationale for changes or demonstrating concern as to how these changes may affect patients or staff. She says she does not feel respected and is emotionally tired as a result. This situation represents: a. Bureaucratic organization. b. Realities of current health care. c. Negative organizational culture. d. Quantum leadership.

ANS: D Organizational culture refers to the basic assumptions and values of an organization and whether they contribute to relationships and decision making that is marked by empowerment, information sharing, and truthfulness. Positive work cultures contribute to a perception of being respected in the work environment. Collaborative organizational cultures are essential for nurse managers to proactively work in today's complex healthcare environment in a manner that engages them in their work. Interpersonal relationships can be fostered with organizational designs fostering a culture of collaboration, reward and recognition, communication, and a mentoring environment.

In developing an orientation program, the hospital educator breaks essential organizational information down into chunks, which she develops as online modules. This is an application of which of Drucker's functions of management? a. Establishment of goals and objectives b. Motivation and communication c. Analysis and interpretation of performance d. Organization of activities into manageable tasks

ANS: D Organizing the information into online modules is an application of Drucker's organizational analysis and the division of activities, decisions, and relations into manageable tasks.

A statement such as "We believe in the right of patients to make choices and to have care that is sensitive to their preferences and needs" is a _____ statement. a. Mission b. Goal c. Vision d. Philosophy

ANS: D Philosophy statements capture significant beliefs and values of the organization.

A unit manager of a 25-bed medical/surgical area receives a phone call from a nurse who has called in sick five times in the past month. He tells the manager that he very much wants to come to work when scheduled but must often care for his wife, who is undergoing treatment for breast cancer. According to Maslow's need hierarchy theory, what would be the best approach to satisfying the needs of this nurse, other staff, and patients? a. Line up agency nurses who can be called in to work on short notice. b. Place the nurse on unpaid leave for the remainder of his wife's treatment. c. Sympathize with the nurse's dilemma and let the charge nurse know that this nurse may be calling in frequently in the future. d. Work with the nurse, staffing office, and other nurses to arrange his scheduled days off around his wife's treatments.

ANS: D Placing the nurse on unpaid leave may threaten the nurse's capacity to meet physiologic needs and demotivate the nurse. Unsatisfactory coverage of shifts on short notice could affect patient care and threaten the needs of staff to feel competent. Arranging the schedule around the wife's needs meets the needs of the staff and of patients while satisfying the nurse's need for affiliation.

You are the nurse manager for a not-for-profit health service for the homeless and for drug users in an impoverished neighborhood. As the manager, your concern about sustainability is related to: a. The possibility of violence. b. An increase in prescription drugs available for abuse. c. Decisions of the public board. d. An increase in uncompensated care events.

ANS: D Public and non-profit hospitals are tax exempt and have a concomitant responsibility to provide mandated community service such as delivering care to the poor and indigent. To keep a non-profit status, facilities must make a good-faith effort to provide community service and charity care Non-profit organizations located in impoverished urban and rural areas are often economically disadvantaged by the amount of uncompensated care that they provide.

The nurse gives an inaccurate dose of medication to a patient. After assessment of the patient, the nurse completes an incident report. The nurse notifies the nursing supervisor of the medication error and calls the physician to report the occurrence. The nurse who administered the inaccurate medication understands that: a. The error will result in suspension. b. An incident report is optional for an event that does not result in injury. c. The error will be documented in her personnel file. d. Risk management programs are not designed to assign blame.

ANS: D QM stresses improving the system, and the detection of staff errors is not stressed. If errors occur, reeducation of staff is emphasized rather than imposition of punitive measures such as disciplinary action or blaming.

As a nurse manager, you identify that a shift in nursing care models might increase patient and staff satisfaction and avoid downsizing. Administration is reluctant to adopt this approach because downsizing is seen as critical to reduction of costs. To leverage your ideas, you: a. Ask staff to send e-mails to administration encouraging consideration of your option. b. Invite a senior member of administration to your staff meeting, so you can tell him what you are planning. c. Write a letter of complaint to a member of the institutional board about the lack of openness of the administration. d. Identify influential members of your nurse manager group with similar ideas and request an opportunity to meet with administration to discuss options.

ANS: D Staff members often look to nurse managers to lead them in addressing workplace issues with higher levels of administration. To do this, nurse managers must possess the ability to address power sources in the work environment and to define power-based strategies, such as in organizing a following of other nurse managers with similar concerns.

Which of the following is the best example of skilled negotiation? a. Linda, the manager on pediatrics, takes a proposal to her supervisor, outlining the benefits of a walk-in preoperative area for children. b. Kim, RN, asks for leave to pursue a semester of full-time study in her graduate program. She proposes to accept less popular rotations during peak vacation time, in return. c. George, the head nurse in ER, asks for additional staff for his department and points out the benefits of being able to keep patients for longer periods. d. Jerry speaks with his supervisor about his supervisor's concerns related to bedside reporting before presenting a proposal to change this process.

ANS: D Successful negotiators are well informed about not only their own positions but also those of the opposing side. Negotiators must be able to discuss the pros and cons of both positions. They can assist the other party in recognizing the costs versus the benefits of each position.

On the West Surgery unit, you want to institute a new system for checking armbands that evidence suggests may increase safety in medication administration. The system involves technology. Which of the following strategies may assist with rapid adoption of the technology and system? a. Employ a centralized decision-making approach. b. Use simulators for initial practice to build confidence. c. Bring in a nurse consultant who is familiar with the technology. d. Use early adopters among the staff as leaders and role models in implementation.

ANS: D The Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) is dedicated to rapid improvement in patient care through a variety of mechanisms such as rapid cycle change. Rapid cycle change diffuses innovation and changes quickly through early adopters who share information and energy over time and act as role models for others.

While explaining the importance of developing leadership skills among nurses to a group of first-year nursing students, Natalie, a nursing unit manager, emphasizes that: a. Most nurses are not expected to assume leadership roles. b. The role of nurse leadership is only at the bedside, ensuring that patient care is performed according to established standards. c. Only individuals in formal leadership roles are expected to be leaders. d. The public depends on nurses to assume leadership in moving consumer advocacy concerns forward.

ANS: D The complexity of nursing and the healthcare environment demands that all nurses assume roles of manager, leader, and follower, depending on the situation. Nurses are involved in providing leadership in direct patient care, in leading others at a unit or organizational level, in moving the profession forward, and in participating in legislative and policy arenas. Consumers depend on nursing leadership to carry the healthcare agenda forward.

The chief nursing officer has asked the staff development coordinator to facilitate the development of a clinical competency program for the facility. While making rounds on the units, the staff development coordinator overhears RN staff complaining that they feel it is insulting to be required to participate in a competency program. Which behavior by the staff development coordinator is most appropriate in this situation? a. Disregard staff concerns and continue with development of the program. b. Inform the nurses that this program is a requirement for JCAHO accreditation. c. Schedule a meeting with the chief nurse executive to apprise her of the situation. d. Facilitate a meeting so nurses can articulate their values and concerns about a competency program.

ANS: D The manager role involves guiding others through a set of derived practices that are evidence-based and known to satisfy preestablished outcomes such as participation in a competency program. This involves engagement of staff through sharing of concerns and ideas. A close analysis of the IOM report and the summary of the PPACA suggests that no health reform can unfold without active nursing engagement. Each document emphasizes that nurses must lead, manage, and behave as active collaborators with other members of the health team and with those being served.

Which of the following would be the most appropriate mission statement for a nursing center? a. "At Plentyville, we provide rehabilitative services for addicted adolescents." b. "Georgiatown provides treatment and prevention services for county residents." c. "At Heart, our aim is to provide services that lead the nation in health education and research." d. "At Coeur, we strive to achieve optimal pain management with patients who are experiencing chronic pain."

ANS: D The mission statements of nursing centers are oriented toward achieving optimal health status for a defined group of patients or consumers rather than being treatment or maintenance or social-support oriented.

After assessing an older adult patient in long-term care who has been slowly deteriorating for weeks, the nurse manager calls the family and asks them to come in, as the patient is dying. The nurse manager's decision and actions are based on: a. An established clinical pathway. b. Confirmatory scientific evidence. c. Unit protocol. d. Experience.

ANS: D The nurse manager is employing knowledge and experience in determining that the patient is dying, because the course of dying is not standardized and cannot be determined by clinical pathways.

The chief nursing officer at a local hospital seeking Magnet™ status creates staff development classes concerning translation of research into practice (TRIP). What best describes TRIP? a. Conducting an integrative review of the literature b. Searching the literature for a systematic review c. Providing the results of research studies to practitioners d. Applying strategies that aid in adoption of research in practice

ANS: D The science of how research is adopted is known as translation science, the science of translating research into practice (TRIP). The primary aim of research utilization is to activate the change process to move research findings into practice to improve patient outcomes.

Jane, an experienced head nurse, is given the task of completing the summer vacation schedule for the pediatric unit. She is fully aware of the hospital's restrictions on time off and the number of staff on vacation at any given time, as well as its issues regarding seniority. She weighs the options of allowing staff choice, such as it takes more time but gives employees options. However, if choice is allowed, this could cause arguments. Which of the following is the best alternative? a. Ask for requests for vacation time in advance, and post the times. b. Post the completed vacation schedule. c. Post a tentative schedule, and request feedback. d. Post a blank schedule, and ask staff members to fill in their times by a given date.

ANS: D This is based on a decision-making model that allows experience and knowledge to predict whether a decision will or will not work. The experience of the head nurse suggests that it is important to involve staff in decisions that affect them the most.

Lucy, head nurse on the surgical unit, works with her staff to find ways in which they can work together with other disciplines to provide more effective care for patients on the unit. Lucy likely knows her power is: a. Limited, thereby necessitating involvement of others in implementing ideas. b. Restricted, which necessitates finding alternative means to achieve strong patient outcomes. c. Directed primarily toward those who are subordinate to her. d. Of unlimited capacity when shared with others.

ANS: D Those like Lucy, who share power, tend to be the strong collaborators and see power as an unlimited quantity when shared. Empowered nurses make professional practice possible, creating a culture that satisfies all nurses.

As a nurse manager, you have been asked to be part of a design team for health services that have vertical integration. In planning for these services, your team will design a proposal that will: a. Cluster like services together, such as outpatient clinics for the care of children with various developmental and medical needs. b. Plan for the smooth transition of patients from the emergency services department to other units in the hospital. c. Ensure that funding follows the patient from acute care to long-term care services. d. Bring together acute care, ambulatory, home care, and palliative care services for the management of patients diagnosed with cancer.

ANS: D When organizations align to provide a full array or continuum of services, the arrangement is referred to as vertical integration. Benefits attributed to vertical integration include enhanced coordination of services, efficiency, and customer services.

Which of the following is an effective approach in the appraisal of research studies? a. Accept only studies that use a RCT design. b. When ranking research studies, choose RCTs over qualitative studies. c. Select only studies with a large sample size. d. Evaluate the quality of the research against the standards for that type of research.

ANS: D While randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are generally considered the gold standard for research, it is important to assess not only the method but the quality of the study and its applicability to the question that is being asked. The quality of all studies should be appraised against the standards accepted for that that type of research.

In a rural hospital, the unit for which you are charge nurse has a particularly busy morning. A 52-year-old patient is complaining of left-sided chest pain and a multiparous patient is about to deliver. A child with asthma is experiencing early signs of an attack. The other RN on the unit is a recent graduate who has not yet been orientated to the labor room and has limited cardiac nursing experience. An unregulated assistant is also available. You must decide which patient situation you will take and where the RN's skills can best be used. Given the limitations in skills and experience, number of staff available, and time constraints, you must make a decision that involves: a. A higher-order thinking process. b. Selecting the best option for reaching a predefined goal. c. Optimizing. d. Satisficing.

ANS: D With this approach, the decision maker selects an acceptable solution, one that may minimally meet the objective or standard for a decision. This approach allows for quick decisions and may be the most appropriate when lack of time is an issue.