Leadership Exam

legitimate power

Associated with having status or formal job authority

referent power

Based on follower's identification and liking for the leader

expert power

Based on followers' perceptions of the leaders competence

reward power

Derived from having the capacity to provide favorable outcomes

Ohio State behavioral approach

Describes extent to which leader actions are person-oriented and task-oriented.

Northhouse (Ch. 6) discusses Path-Goal Theory. Describe what path-goal theory consist of and what it looks like in a leadership setting. Use 3-5 sentences.

Elements of a strong response: - Discusses how leaders motivate followers to accomplish designated goals - Emphasizes the relationship between leaders style and the characteristics of the followers in the organizational setting - Important that the leader uses a leadership style that best meets followers' motivational needs. - Leaders try to enhance followers goal achievement through the use of information and rewards in the work environment - Place weight on the leaders shoulders to create a healthy and productive work environment to propel followers towards success. Path-Goal Theory is a leadership theory that suggests that a leader's main goal is to facilitate their followers' achievement of their desired outcomes by providing guidance and support to their team members. In a leadership setting, the Path-Goal Theory can be applied by leaders who are seeking to increase their effectiveness and their followers' performance. For example, a leader who wants to use the Path-Goal Theory might begin by assessing their followers' needs and goals and then selecting the most appropriate leadership style based on those needs. The leader may also provide guidance and support to help followers overcome obstacles and achieve their goals, and they may set challenging goals for their team members to achieve. By using this theory, leaders can help their followers to feel more empowered and motivated to succeed, which can lead to improved performance and job satisfaction.

Two companies are interviewing candidates for a leadership position. Company A is a technology firm hiring for an "R&D Project Director" position. The position involves guiding projects undertaken by a 12-person research and development team tasked with creating innovative consumer kitchen products using emerging technologies. Company B is a railway freight transportation company hiring for a "Rail Maintenance Foreman" position. The position involves directly overseeing a 6-person railway maintenance crew as they work together to build and maintain hundreds of miles of rail in the region. Both companies have narrowed their interviewee pool to those who have the requisite technical knowledge of the work involved. Describe a distinct leadership theory or framework and illustrate why it is useful to the hiring managers of both companies as they interview their candidates. Then, make some specific suggestions to hiring managers from Company A and some specific suggestions to hiring managers from Company B regarding how to use this theory or framework to design interview questions and interpret responses

Elements of a strong response: · A distinct leadership theory or framework is accurately and adequately described. · The dots are connected between what this theory/framework/approach suggests and why it is useful to consider it when hiring for both leadership positions. · Differences and similarities between the two positions are considered in the suggestions provided. It is clear that the theory, framework, or approach has been considered deeply in conjunction with the leadership positions and the work they entail.

Jackson and Parry (ch. 3) showed how leadership has been studied "through" the follower in 6 ways. Describe one. Use 3-5 sentences.

Elements of a strong response: · One of the following is described accurately: o Followers as recipients of leader influence. o Followers as moderators of leader impact. o Followers as substitutes for leadership. o Followers as constructors of leadership. o Followers as leaders/shared leadership. o Followers as co-producers of leadership.

According to Northouse, which of the following is NOT one of the four approaches to leadership?

Emotional approach (Trait, Behavioral, Sitauational, Skills)

Transactional Leadership

Emphasize structure, set clear goals, follow procedure, and rely on rewards/punishments.

transformational theory of leadership

Emphasizes the importance of creating a shared vision and empowering followers to take ownership of their work.

authentic theory of leadership

Emphasizes the importance of the leader creating a positive, supportive work environment that encourages employee growth and development.

Discuss Ely & Padavic (2020)'s idea surrounding gender in the workplace briefly including a description of the problem, the research, and the way forward

Explains that women are having trouble accessing positions of power/authority in workplace and how the hypothesis that it is due to work-life demands is not supported - Problem that was found by researcher: not work-life demands, but the culture of "overwork" - Future: address issue of overwork because it affects everyone and aim to achieve equality in the workplace

According to Jackson and Parry, which of the following is NOT a dimension of transformational leadership?

Individualized consideration (Idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation)

transformational leadership

Jackson and Parry (2018) suggest this has great overlap with charismatic leadership.

In __________, leaders develop more personalized relationships with certain members of their team, which can result in these members receiving more resources and opportunities for growth than others.

LMX

Which leadership theory proposes that followers are co-producers of leadership?

LMX

Which of the following leadership theories/approaches makes the concept of a dyadic relationship central to the leadership process?

LMX

The leader-member relationship is the pivotal concept in the leadership process for which leadership framework/theory?

LMX Theory

________ focuses on the strength of individual relationships, social exchanges, between followers and leaders suggesting that the quality of these relationships can influence outcomes.

LMX Theory

Delegative Leadership

Laissez-faire, non-intrusive, need competent followers to succeed, and allows employees to use their creativity and experience.

Social Identity Theory of Leadership

Leaders are selected by followers based on follower perceptions of their prototypicality.

Which of the following is not a part of the three skills approach suggested by Katz (1995)?

Management skills

Jackson and Parry (Ch. 4) showed how leadership has been studied "through" the process in 6 ways. Describe one. Use 3-5 sentences.

One of the following is described accurately: - Leadership and communication - The discursive turn in leadership - Collective leadership - Co-leadership and shared leadership - Team leadership - Leaderless work groups

According to the Path-Goal Theory from Northouse (2022), in a situation where the task at hand is ambiguous, unstructured, and followers need clarity about their simple goal, which of the following behaviors is best suited for the situation?

Participative Leadership

visibility

People knowing that a person contains these traits

French and Raven's Bases of Social Power (1959) list four sources of positional power. Which of the following is not?

Referent power (& expert) (legitimate, informational, reward, coercive)

What are some strengths and weaknesses of the behavioral approach to leadership?

Strengths: Considers behaviors, The general person/relationship-task/structure dichotomy of leadership behavior forms is supported broadly in the literature, LBDQ-XII predictive of leader success, Heuristically valuable (a map for doing and evaluating one's own behaviors). Criticisms: Not adequately linked to performance outcomes like morale, job satisfaction, productivity. Often assessed with follower perceptions. Failed to identify a definitive/universal set of leadership behaviors. Fails to consider followers and context. Implies high person - high task is best combination (even if not in formal conceptualizations, this is the takeaway implication). Limited by reflection of US/North American values.

trait theory of leadership

Suggests effective leadership is a product of the leader's personal characteristics and the demands of the situation.

situational theory of leadership

Suggests there is no one-size-fits-all leadership style and leaders must adapt their behavior to the conditions at hand.

centrality

The person with the most ties to others finding themselves within the center of organization

Agreeableness

The tendency to be accepting, conforming, trusting, and nurturing

Neuroticism

The tendency to be depressed, anxious, insecure, vulnerable, and hostile

Openness

The tendency to be informed, creative, insightful, and curious

Difference between transactional leadership and transformational leadership?

Transactional leadership involves exchanging rewards for desired behavior, while transformational leadership involves inspiring and empowering followers to achieve a common goal. Transactional leadership focuses on managing and maintaining the status quo, while transformational leadership focuses on creating positive change.

Research has supported all explanations for the glass ceiling effect except

Women self select into mommy track careers (Gender stereotypes continue to result in biased judgments of women's' leadership suitability and effectiveness, Women are less likely to self promote, Women receive less training and development opportunities relative to men)

Which of the following concepts relates to the Ohio State Model of Leadership?

behavior

Carton organized his review of the scientific leadership literature by identifying whether theories involve the study of leaders or leading, and by whether they conceptualize leadership a _______________

cause or consequence

In the SLII Model on leadership styles, which approach is highly directive and highly supportive behavior?

coaching

According to the three-skills approach (technical, human, and conceptual) which would you consider to be the most essential and effective for a top management position?

human and conceptual

___________ is a process through which people immediately jump to conclusions about whether a person can be classified as a leader that may be based on previous personal experiences or superficial factors.

leader categorization theory

The _____ approach to leadership proposes that effective leadership depends on the interaction between the leader and their followers.

leader-member exchange

Jackson and Perry's conceptualization of leadership that concerns where leaders operate that makes them leaders is ___________

leadership as position

trait approach

looks at who leaders are.

What is a strength of the path-goal approach?

practical

Which of the following elements is a common component of both Northouse's (2021) and Jackson and Parry's (2018) conceptualizations of leadership?

process

Which of the following is not a base of power identified by French and Raven (1959)?

reverence power (reward, coercive, referent)

Which of the following are women less likely to do than men?

self-promote and negotiate

According to Northouse, the _____ approach to leadership proposes that leaders should adapt their style to match the needs of their followers and the situation.

situational

According to Carton (2022), a ______________ is a leadership researcher that focuses on single behavioral variables.

splitter

List the moderator/boundary conditions:

substitution, discretion, centrality, visibility

According to Northouse, what are the three key elements of leadership?

the leader, the followers, and the situation.

substitution

the more people there are with these traits, the less likely you are to fail

What teleological theory promotes the greatest good for the greatest number of people?

utilitarianism

Which of the following are new perspectives on followership?

1. Followers get the job done 2. Followers learn from leaders

Based on Northouse's Chapter 14: Gender and Leadership, explain the difference between a glass ceiling/ labyrinth and a glass cliff

1. Glass Ceiling/ Labyrinth: invisible barrier that women and minorities face where they are able to see the ascension into leadership positions but are not able to obtain them for discriminatory reasons - Specifically a labyrinth includes riddles and puzzles along the way 2. Glass Cliff: Women and minorities being put in situations in which they are expected to fail or be criticized. Occurs due to: HC diffs, gender diffs, cultural diffs/styles, prejudice

According to Northouse, which of the following is a limitation of the trait approach to leadership?

1. It does not provide a comprehensive list of leadership traits. 2. It does not account for the role of the situation in leadership. 3. It assumes that leadership is a fixed set of traits.

Explain the difference between leader traits, skills, and behaviors and provide an example for each.

1. Traits are stable over time, part of the person, and change very slowly over time (if they even do) - Examples: Intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, sociability, etc. 2. Skills can be learned. They consist of abilities, capabilities, knowledge, and skills. - Examples: - Technical skills = knowledge and proficiency in specific type of work or activity - Human skills = knowledge and ability to work with people - Conceptual skills = ability to work with ideas and concepts - Problem solving skills 3. Behaviors are what people do and how they act. They often depend on the environment someone is in. - Examples: - Task behaviors = facilitate goal accomplishment. They help group members to achieve their objectives. - Relationship behaviors = These help followers feel comfortable with themselves, with each other, and with the situation in which they find themselves

Lewin's equation, B = f(P, E), is a heuristic formula proposed by psychologist Kurt Lewin as an explanation of behavior as an outcome. There is also existing research on leadership behaviors, usually classified into task and relationship behaviors as described in the textbook, as an antecedent to organizational outcomes through the followers. Explain a leadership theory or framework using these two conceptualizations of behaviors.

Behavior = Person * Environment Examples of each subcomponent Behavior = Outcome Person = history, personality and motivation Environment = Physical and Social Surroundings A distinct leadership theory or framework is accurately and adequately described including the leader's behavior and how this influences the follower's behavior.

Which of the following is something that both the situational and path-goal approaches to leadership have in common?

Both suggest leadership is most effective when leaders tailor their behaviors to a given situation, follower need

Authoritative Leadership

Chart the course, focus on achievements, provide guidance, direction, & motivation, & act as a mentor.

Transformational Leadership

Create unity, develop bonds, instill passion, and focus on people, change, & the future.

Participative Leadership

Democratic, communication, collaborative, build trust, share power, and involve followers in the decision making process.

coercive power

Derived from having the capacity to penalize or punish others

information power

Derived from possessing knowledge that others want or need

Describe several positive outcomes of high-quality leader-member exchange.

EXs: less turnover, positive performance evaluations, more promotions, more organizational commitment, better attitudes, greater participation, faster career progression

How does gender influence the presence of agentic and communal traits in people, and how does this affect the outcome of leadership emergence?

Gender influences men to have more agentic traits and women to have more communal traits, these traits affect participation, which affects the possibility of leadership emergence such that men are more likely to emerge as leaders than women due to their agentic traits.

LMX can be a descriptive and prescriptive model. Why is this, and how can the model be applied for each situation?

LMX (Leader-Member Exchange) theory is a leadership model that focuses on the quality of relationships between leaders and followers. LMX theory can be both descriptive and prescriptive because it can be used to describe and explain existing leader-follower relationships, as well as to prescribe actions to improve and enhance these relationships. Descriptive Application: Descriptively, the LMX model can be used to understand the different types of relationships that can exist between leaders and followers. The model identifies two main types of relationships: in-group and out-group. In-group members have a high-quality relationship with their leader, characterized by mutual trust, respect, and support. Out-group members have a lower-quality relationship with their leader, characterized by less trust, respect, and support. By using the LMX model descriptively, leaders can identify which members of their team are in their in-group and which are in their out-group. This information can be used to develop strategies for improving relationships with out-group members and building on already positive relationships with in-group members. Prescriptive Application: Prescriptively, the LMX model can be used to guide leaders on how to develop high-quality relationships with all members of their team. For example, leaders can use the LMX model to identify the specific behaviors that are necessary to build trust, respect, and support with their followers. By using the LMX model prescriptively, leaders can take actions to improve the quality of relationships with all members of their team, not just those who are already in their in-group. Leaders can build trust and support by offering opportunities for growth and development, being approachable and supportive, and providing regular feedback and recognition. In summary, the LMX model can be used both descriptively and prescriptively. Descriptively, the model can be used to understand existing relationships between leaders and followers, while prescriptively, the model can be used to improve and enhance these relationships. By using the LMX model in both ways, leaders can build high-quality relationships with all members of their team, which can lead to better performance, higher job satisfaction, and improved overall team effectiveness.

Which of the following P's is not a part of the six P's discussed by Jackson and Perry (2018)?

Promotion

Servant Leadership

Put the needs of others first, develop followers abilities, emphasis on ethics, create strong bonds with followers.

According to Northouse (2022) and the LMX Theory, which of the following does not describe characteristics of an "in-group"?

Receive the standard benefits that are defined in the job description (Willingness to do more than is required, Given additional responsibilities and opportunities by the leader, Receive more of the leader's time and support than other group members)

Extraversion

The tendency to be social and assertive and to have positive energy

Conscientiousness

The tendency to be thorough, organized, controlled, dependable, and decisive

Which of the following does the behavioral approach NOT consider...

The time it takes for a leader to be successful (does consider: A focus on actions taken by an individual, Completing the skills model, Changes in context)

Northouse defines leadership as "a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal." Jackson & Parry refer to leadership as "an interactive process involving leading and following within a distinct place to create a mutually important identity, purpose, and direction." Comparing these two definitions of leadership along with any others found to be worth remembering, what are 2-3 of the most important elements of leadership? Provide evidence for why these are the most important.

Toxic Triangle: conducive environment, susceptive followers, destructive leaders

What is the difference between transactional and transformational leadership? Give an example that highlights the difference between the two.

Transactional: Emphasize structure, set clear goals, follow procedure, and rely on rewards/punishments. Transformational: Create unity, develop bonds, instill passion, and focus on people, change, & the future.

___________ leadership is one of the most encompassing approaches to leadership and is concerned with the process of how certain leaders are able to inspire followers to accomplish great things.

Transformational

Which of the following best defines coercive power in a leadership position?

ability to provide punitive measures, or take away something from others

Badura et al. (2018)'s meta-analytic path model, the Gender-Agency/ Communication- Participation (GAP) model assumes that males exhibit more_______, while females exhibit more___________

agentic traits, communal traits

Those who think for themselves and exhibit excessive amounts of negative energy are described as ____ followers.

alienated

behavioral approach

combines task and relationship orientation.

Which of the following leadership theories proposes that leadership is a combination of a leader's traits and the situation?

contingency theory

According to Jackson and Perry, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of servant leadership?

control (empathy, listening, persuasion)

discretion

decision making power

Which of the following is a Trait?

determination (NOT technical aptness, prob-solving, or ability to work w/ ppl)

According to Blanchard's SLII model of leadership (situational approach), if a leader is participating in high directive behavior and low supportive behavior then that individual exhibiting which of the following?

directing

skills approach

emphasizes the competencies of leaders

Behavior = Person x ____________

environment

The expectancy theory formula is: Expectancy Theory= __________ X ____________ X____________

expectancy X consistency X value

Which base of power is derived from followers' perception of the leader's competence?

expert power

Which of the following is NOT a type of positional power?

expert power

Which of the following is NOT identified in Northouse (2021) as a major leadership trait?

generosity (intelligence, self confidence, determination, integrity)

The ____ is the invisible barrier that prevents women from ascending into elite leadership.

glass ceiling

The tendency for women to be promoted into leadership positions which are associated with greater risk and criticism is considered the ____.

glass cliff

According to Jackson and Perry, _____ is the dimension of transformational leadership that involves providing a vision for the future and inspiring followers to achieve it.

inspirational motivation

When comparing decades of research of leadership traits and characteristics, the scope may change along with the jargon but there are a handful of characteristics central across time. Identify which traits are stable across time and studies:

intelligence & sociability

Which of the following is considered a low level of engagement based on the Kellerman Follower Typology?

isolate

The _____ leadership theory proposes that leaders should provide followers with a clear path to achieve their goals, and should support their efforts along the way.

path-goal

The __________ approach to leadership suggests that leaders should use a combination of directive and supportive behaviors depending on the situation.

path-goal

Which frameworks of leadership frame followers as moderators of leader impact?

path-goal and situational

According to Northouse, ____________ theory discusses how leaders motivate followers to accomplish designated goals.

path-goal theory

The question, "what is achieved by leadership" is related to Jackson & Parry's discussion of leadership through ____.

performance

Which is not one of Jackson and Perry's six Ps of leadership?

perseverance

In Kohlberg's (1984) model regarding ethics in leadership, level 3 concerns _______.

postconventional morality

Which of the following is NOT one of J&P's 6 Ps through which an individual can demonstrate leadership?

power (Position, Person, Place, Process, Performance, Purpose)

The three explanations of the leadership labyrinth consist of human capital, gender differences, and ___________.

prejudice

The Social Identity Theory of Leadership suggests that to be accepted by their followers, a leader must be _________

representative of the group

According to Weber's theory of bureaucracy, many leadership traits, behaviors, skills, etc. are limited to ones which allow the creation of an optimal bureaucratic structure which largely limits individual agency and the liabilities associated with it. Which of the following is NOT one of the paths through which this agency is limited?

through behaviors

Northhouse (2021) defines __________ leadership as a process that changes and transforms people through emotions, values, ethics, standards, and long term goals

transformational

The __________ model of leadership emphasizes the importance of creating a shared vision and empowering followers to take ownership of their work.

transformational

Which of the following is not a moderator/boundary condition?

vitality (substitution, discretion, centrality, visibility)