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How did American Admiral William Sims change the war at sea?

by creating convoys in which merchant ships and small, maneuverable warships called destroyers traveled together

What were three of the main ideas in Wilson's Fourteen Points?

free trade and open diplomacy, national self-determination, and the establishment of the League of Nations

What was the primary reason that the Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles?

it rejected the notion of a League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles

treaty that included many terms designed to punish and weaken Germany.

National self determination

the idea that the borders of countries should be based on ethnicity and national identity.

How did the arrival of American troops in Europe change the attitude of those fighting the war?

Allied forces were enthusiastic and German forces demoralized.

Wilson's 14 points

President Wilson arrived in Paris in 1919 with a peace plan known as the Fourteen Points. It was based on "the principle of justice to all peoples and nationalities." In the first five points, Wilson proposed to eliminate the causes of the war through free trade, freedom of the seas, disarmament, an impartial adjustment of colonial claims, and open diplomacy. The next eight points addressed the right of national self-determination, the idea that the borders of countries should be based on ethnicity and national identity. Supporters of this idea believed that when borders are not based on national identity, nations are more likely to go to war to resolve border disputes. The fourteenth point called for the creation of a League of Nations. The League's members would help preserve peace by pledging to respect and protect each other's territory and political independence. Wilson was willing to give up his other goals in exchange for support for the League.

Why Russia leaves the war

They wanted to concentrate on establishing a Communist state.

Trench warfare

To protect themselves from artillery, troops began digging trenches. On the Western Front where German troops fought French, British, and Belgian forces the troops dug a network of trenches that stretched from the English Channel to the Swiss border. Both sides used barbed wire and a new weapon, the machine gun, to guard against the enemy. Attacks usually began with a massive artillery barrage. Soldiers then raced across the rough landscape toward enemy trenches. Troops used any weapon available to kill the enemy.

Armistice

an agreement to stop fighting

Why did trench warfare result in such horrific casualties?

because artillery and machine guns had made capturing an enemy's position nearly impossible

Where was the Western Front?

between Germany and France

Convoys

merchant ships and troop transports travel in groups called convoys. Small, maneuverable warships called destroyers protected convoys across the Atlantic.

General Pershing insisted that American soldiers who entered the war _______.

remain in American units under American command

What battle on the Western Front resulted in a massive German retreat?

the Battle of the Argonne Forest

What event allowed Germany to sign a treaty with Russia, ending their campaign in the east?

the Russian Revolution and establishment of a Communist state

Advancements in technology led to what new theater of battle?

the air, with dogfights between planes