Learning EXAM FINAL

Theories of Emotion

James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory Schachter-Singer Theory

Describe two of the four processes that Bandura are necessary for imitation/social learning to take place.

1. Attention: the individuals have to pay attention in order for social learning to take place. 2. Motor processes: The individuals have to also be able to perform the task to be able to complete the action. I will not learn some funky dance moves on the street if they implement gymnastics, because I have the skills of an overweight penguin slipping on ice. If I can also do the action, I will not socially learn the action.

escape-avoidance learning

A form of negative reinforcement in which the subject first learns to escape, and then to avoid, an aversive.

Phobias

A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation

Amygdala

A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

fear conditioning

A type of classical or Pavlovian conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is associated with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US), such as a foot shock. As a consequence of learning, the CS comes to evoke fear. The phenomenon is thought to be involved in the development of anxiety disorders in humans.

The James-Lange theory of emotion and arousal would claim which of the following?

Awareness of bodily arousal causes emotion.

Describe Bandura's Bobo doll experiment in which the three groups saw different consequences for the model's behavior. (3 points)

Bobo doll experiment had three groups who saw an adult act aggressively towards the doll. However, the post-action consequences were different. One group saw reward, one was punishment, and the other had no consequences at all. Those who did not see the rewarded adult lack the imitation compared to those who saw the rewarded adult. However, because there was a reward for acting out what they saw from the video all three groups presented aggressive behavior toward the bobo doll. When there is a reward involved, most kids will follow through with the actions. The boys were more aggressive than their female counterparts.

What is emotion?

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

Give an example of someone who a child would tend to imitate based on power or prestige.

Children tend to imitate their parents, teachers, and older siblings. I recall my younger siblings copying what I and the other two eldest siblings did, really funny to hear them cuss for the first time.

Give an example of a flashbulb memory that you have for a particular personal or historical event that had a high emotional value.

Dwelling on a traumatic childhood I have a lot of flashbulbs memories. The death of a parent is one for me, it has been 10 years and I remember that whole day vividly. I also had a deja vu when I was younger about getting into a car accident and it was a busy street my dad flew out of the car door (it was not shut properly). It was really weird it was vivid to be before it even happened. I guess anything traumatizing can be considered a flashbulb memory if your brain doesn't do a protective check and blur it out.

Given example of a fashion, trend , or musical artist that you were fans of (or everyone joined but not you) based on social pressure that when you look back at it now it seems stupid.

I recall the silly bandz of elementary school. But I was never really involved. I couldn't afford to buy them, but I was interested in them. I was not really socially pressured to fit in because i was never really apart of the social groups in the first place. I typically just did my own thing. Another one I remember was in middle school and everyone was making the paper Hornets and launching them at people and snapping people with rubber bands... those were then not allowed at school. I did everything before it was cool. Read fault in our stars before Hollywood even saw the book. Read the divergent trilogy before hollywood. There were a lot of things I wanted to be involved in, but I was never absent becuase I could afford the trend. But as of right now I like to wear anime merch, like converse, t shirts, sweatshirts, etc. I guess that can also be a trend I am pockets deep for. I didnt even think about the stupid internet challenges like the cinnamon challenge!!!

Brain Substrates

Mirror neurons that we use to learn from what we observe and imitate

working memory and attention multi-tasking?? texting and driving?

Working memory makes up the things that we are needed to really focus on in order to remember things. For instance, learning about working memory is me being in the process of working memory. If my full attention is on what I am trying to do, the chances of me remembering are much higher than when my attention has differed. It is like studying for tests and you are doing the work but thinking about dinner. Reading the words but not actually focusing on the context of the sentence kind of deal. Multi-tasking they say people are actually not meant to do it because we are not actually working with memory. Typically multitasking is more of a distraction than actually being helpful (often leads to poor work). Texting and driving are some of that multitasking that takes your attention away from the required working memory. If you keep looking at the screen when you should be looking at the road leads to a lack of responses if something did happen. When you see something it takes a minute to process the working memory to form a reaction, hence texting is a clear no-go.

Schacter's Two-Factor Theory

in order to experience emotion, one must first be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the arousal

You are chilling on the couch and watching a boring TV show. Your hear rate is slow and your stomach is digesting your dinner. Which state of bodily arousal are you in currently?

parasympathetic arousal

If a child already knows how to kick and sees someone kicking a soccer ball and begins to kick the soccer ball around, they are exhibiting what type of social learning?

social facilitation

sympathetic vs parasympathetic

sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

You are walking in the forest and you see a bear in front of you. Your heart starts to race, you adrenal glands release stress hormone, and you get a dry mouth. These changes in bodily arousal are indicating that you are in which state?

sympathetic activation

Becca has a fear of spiders. She goes to a therapist that first talks about spiders, then shows her apictures of spiders, then shows her videos of spiders, then has a spider in a box, and finally has a spider free on the table in front of her. Becca's phobia is being eliminated by

systematic desensitization

mood congruency of memory

the principle that it is easier to retrieve memories that match our current mood or emotional state

learned helplessness

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

James-Lange Theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli