Learning Quiz | Endocrine Disorders
A 25-year-old female client exhibits exophthalmos of both eyes. The health care provider recognizes this as a manifestation of:
Graves Disease Graves disease is a state of hyperthyroidism in which opthalmopathies, such as exophthalmos, typically occur. The other conditions are states of hypothyroidism and are not associated with this abnormality.
Abnormal stimulation of the thyroid gland by TSH-receptor antibodies is implicated in cases of:
Graves Disease Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by abnormal stimulation of the thyroid gland by thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSH-receptor antibodies) that act through the normal TSH receptors.
Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth hormone (GH) GH is among the hormones produced and released by the anterior pituitary. Oxytocin is a posterior pituitary hormone, whereas CRH is produced by the hypothalamus. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are produced by the adrenal medulla.
The release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells can inhibit further release of insulin from the same cells. This is an example of which type of hormone action?
Autocrine Hormones can exert autocrine action on the cells from which they were produced. Retinoids are compounds with hormone-like actions. Juxtacrine action involves a chemical messenger imbedded in a plasma membrane that interacts with a specific receptor on a juxtaposed cell. Arachidonic acid is a precursor for eicosanoid compounds (similar to retinoids).
Which complication of acromegaly can be life threatening?
Cardiac structures increase in size While all the complications can exist, it is the enlargement of the heart and accelerated atherosclerosis that may lead to an early death. The teeth become splayed, causing a disturbed bite and difficulty in chewing. Vertebral changes often lead to kyphosis, or hunchback. Bone overgrowth often leads to arthralgias and degenerative arthritis of the spine, hips, and knees. Virtually every organ of the body is increased in size.
A client experiences an increase in cortisol as a result of Cushing disease. Which hormonal responses demonstrate the negative feedback mechanism?
Decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Negative feedback occurs when secretion of one hormone causes a reduction in the secretion of the hormone that stimulates production of the first hormone. In this case, ACTH manufactured by the anterior pituitary gland would normally stimulate the release of cortisol, but with the increase of cortisol produced by the secreting tumor, enough cortisol already floods the system that there should be a reduction in the ACTH level.
An infant whose mother had myxedema during the pregnancy has failed to meet standards for growth and is developmentally delayed. Which hormonal imbalance is this child exhibiting?
Hypothyroidism Thyroid hormone is necessary for metabolism at all ages, as well as growth and development during childhood. Uncorrected thyroid insufficiency in childhood leads to cretinism, a condition with marked physical and intellectual disability. Myxedema is the term used for thyroid insufficiency in adults.
When the healthcare provider is performing a health history for a client who is being admitted for hyperthyroidism, what symptom does the client report that the healthcare provider would find associated with this disorder?
Increase in appetite Thyroid hormone enhances gastrointestinal function, causing an increase in motility and production of GI secretions that often results in diarrhea. An increase in appetite and food intake accompanies the higher metabolic rate that occurs with increased thyroid hormone levels. At the same time, weight loss occurs because of the increased use of calories.
Which gland is often referred to as the master gland because it secretes many hormones?
Pituitary The pituitary gland has been called the master gland because its hormones control the functions of many target glands and cells. That is not a term used to refer to the other options.
The healthcare provider is teaching a client who has been newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism about the function of the thyroid. Which statement about the role of the thyroid gland is most accurate?
The thyroid gland is responsible for increasing the metabolic rate. The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones, T3 and T4. These hormones increase the metabolic rate; increase protein and bone turnover; increase responsiveness to catecholamines; are necessary for fetal and infant growth and development. The parathyroid gland regulates calcium metabolism. The adrenal glands regulate "flight or fight" and the testes or ovaries regulate development of secondary sex characteristics.
