(LearningCurve 7a) A Healthy Time; Cognition psy 200

About _____ percent of U.S. 6- to 11-year-old children were obese in 2012.

18

What percentage of U.S. children aged 6 to 11 were obese in 2012?

18

Hoshi is 8. Based on information provided in the textbook, one can predict that she will be about _____ inch(es) taller when she is 9.

2

In the United States, rates of childhood asthma have increased by a factor of _____ since 1980.

3

Marisa is 8. Based on information provided in the textbook, one can predict that she will be about _____ pound(s) heavier when she is 9.

5

In the United States, the death rate for 5- to 14-year-olds was about:

60 per 100,000 in 1950, and 10 per 100,000 in 2010.

In the United States in 1950, the death rate per 100,000 children aged 5 to 14 was about _____; in 2010, it was about _____.

60; 13

Approximately _____ percent of today's children has had a dental checkup in the past year.

75

By what age can most children classify objects they see?

8

Carter is given peas and green beans. When asked if he has more peas or vegetables, he responds, "I have more vegetables." Knowing this answer means that Carter is at least _____ years old.

8

Maya is 5 years old. She can count to 50, but she cannot correctly estimate where 25 would be placed on a number line that starts at 0 and ends at 50. This means that Maya is having problems with:

seriation.

The knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical series is called:

seriation.

According to the textbook, school-age children's growth is:

slow and steady.

Franz, who is 5 years old, can count to 100, but he cannot correctly estimate where 22 is placed on a number line that starts at 0 and ends at 100. This means that Franz is having problems with:

seriation.

_____ aids every skill. Learning to speak a second language, to recite the multiplication tables, and to write one's name are difficult at first, but gradually become routine.

Automatization

Which statement regarding childhood obesity is FALSE?

Childhood obesity is mainly genetic in origin.

Which definition is CORRECT?

Classification refers to organizing items into categories.

Which statement is TRUE?

Fewer deadly sicknesses and accidents occur during middle childhood than at any other time in life.

Damian is an 8-year-old boy who is obese. What is MOST apt to happen if he continues to be obese through adolescence?

He may experience loneliness.

_____, who proposed a cognitive theory, realized that school-age children become concrete in their understanding, less egocentric, and able to perform logical operations.

Jean Piaget

_____ is crucial for using (not merely memorizing) the alphabet or for understanding number sequence.

Seriation

The cognitive theory of _____ recognizes that school-age children become concrete in their understanding, less egocentric, and eager to learn.

Piaget

The psychologist _____ stressed the importance of children learning through instruction by others.

Vygotsky

Whereas _____ emphasized the importance of instruction by others for children's cognitive development, information-processing theorist Robert Siegler highlighted the importance of _____.

Vygotsky; practice

Some Western legal systems denote either 7 or 8 as the age at which a child attains reason. Is such a designation defensible from a Piagetian standpoint?

Yes. Children do acquire some basic reasoning skills during the concrete operational stage.

According to the hygiene hypothesis:

a lack of challenges to one's immunity system results in impaired immune function.

Improvement in selective attention across childhood does NOT drive improvements in:

artistic abilities.

Bryant was diagnosed with _____ because he has shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing, and coughing.

asthma

A person who glances at a billboard and reads it without intending to do so displays:

automatization.

A person who looks at the cover of a magazine and reads it without intending to do so while waiting in the line at the grocery store displays:

automatization.

The process by which a sequence of thoughts and actions is repeated until it becomes routine and no longer requires conscious thought is:

automatization.

Takara has signed up to play volleyball. As a result, she will probably experience:

better overall health

The abbreviation "BMI" stands for:

body mass index.

An experimenter shows 7-year-old Aaron four stuffed bears and two stuffed cats. The experimenter asks, "Are there more bears or more animals?" Aaron exclaims, "Bears!" Aaron has not mastered the logical concept of:

classification.

By age 8, most children realize that while irises and geraniums are different types of flowers, they are both flowers. In other words, 8-year-old children have mastered the logical ability of:

classification.

Carly is given grapes and strawberries. When asked if she has more grapes or fruit, she responds, "I have more fruit." Carly is using the logical concept of:

classification.

Daneisha is given peaches and plums. When asked if she has more peaches or more fruit, she responds, "I have more fruit." Daneisha is using the logical concept of:

classification.

The logical principle that things can be organized into groups or categories according to some common characteristic is called:

classification.

The information-processing perspective compares human thinking processes to:

computers.

Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions is called _____ operational thought.

concrete

Edward is currently in second grade. According to Piaget, Edward is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences is _____ thought.

concrete operational

According to Piaget, the stage of thinking that is characteristic of middle childhood is:

concrete operational.

Axon hubs in the brain tend to be found near the:

corpus callosum.

In childhood, "obesity" is defined as:

having a BMI above the 95th percentile for children the same age.

According to Piaget, a child between the ages of 6 and 11 can comprehend:

how a caterpillar changes into a butterfly.

Locations in the brain where massive numbers of axons meet are called:

hubs.

Gilles is doing research that compares how people and computers receive and process large amounts of information. This reflects the _____ perspective, which compares human thinking processes to computers.

information-processing

Vygotsky viewed _____ as being crucial to children's development of skills and knowledge.

instruction

Gloria is 7 years old. Her _____ memory most likely has a fairly large capacity now that she is in middle childhood.

long-term

It is October, and Carol is writing a paper about her vacation from last summer for her English class. Which kind of memory is she relying on the MOST in order to do this project?

long-term

What factor has NOT contributed to children spending less time playing outdoors?

parents understanding the importance of play

According to the textbook, _____ may be seen as the ultimate control process.

metacognition

"Thinking about thinking" is an apt description of:

metacognition.

Jade is taking a short math quiz. By answering the easy questions first so that she can devote most of her time to the more difficult questions, Jade is displaying:

metacognition.

Children in elementary school are progressing through a specific developmental period known as:

middle childhood.

Madisyn is 8 years old. She is in the developmental period known as:

middle childhood.

The developmental period between age 6 and age 11 is known as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

middle childhood.

The developmental period between early childhood and early adolescence is known as:

middle childhood.

Brittney is 7 years old and is _____, which means that she is among the 18 percent of U.S. children her age with a BMI above the 95th percentile.

obese

Roger is 10. He plays competitive lacrosse. This means that he probably will NOT experience:

obesity.

Maggie is 9 years old and considered _____ because her BMI is above the 85th percentile for children in her age range.

overweight

Based on the study of Latino/a caregivers cited in the textbook, which correlation coefficient should a researcher expect between the level of exposure to cigarette smoke and the number of asthma attacks among a sample of children?

positively

The rate of childhood obesity is _____ correlated with the number of advertisements for unhealthy food that children see.

positively

Marcus was playing kickball with his friend Amy. After kicking the ball, Amy ran and fell into a mud puddle. Seeing that Amy was upset, Marcus ran to her to see if she was hurt, while some of the other kids laughed. Marcus's response is an example of maturing:

reaction time.

The textbook describes a study of reading ability in third- and fifth-grade children (Crosnoe et al., 2010). The researchers found that:

reading ability was influenced at least as much by cognitive stimulation as by SES.

All of the following are advantages of playing games with other children EXCEPT:

reduced accident rates.

Ten-year-old Tommy finds that he can hit a baseball much better than when he was younger. This is partly because of Tommy's:

reduced reaction time.

Reaction time:

refers to the time it takes to respond either cognitively or physically to a stimulus.

All of following contribute to a child's ability to increase his or her speed of thinking EXCEPT:

repetition. myelination of neural axons. growth of new structures in the brain.(correct) automatization.

A baseball player at bat who ignores the other team's attempts to distract him is engaging in:

selective attention.

Five-year-old Billy has a difficult time ignoring the talking and laughing of the other children in his kindergarten class. By the time Billy is 10 years old, he will be less distracted in school because of improved:

selective attention.

Ten-year-old Juan is able to listen and follow directions while ignoring any distractions in school much better than he could when he was 6 years old. Juan is demonstrating improved:

selective attention.

The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others is called:

selective attention.

Sensory memory stores incoming _____ for a split second after they are received, with sounds retained slightly longer than sights.

stimuli

The use of mental processes to search for information, analyze it, and then express the analysis of the information describes:

the information-processing theory.

According to Piaget, children in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development CANNOT:

think abstractly and hypothetically.

Humans do not have specific brain structures dedicated to reading. The brain compensates for this by:

using several parts of the brain that are interconnected.

Parker will never forget the moment he saw his bride walking down the church aisle ten years ago because retrieval is easier for some memories, especially memories of:

vivid and highly emotional experiences.

Seven-year-old Tijuana is studying her addition math facts. She repeats each addition problem with the answer several times and then tests herself. Tijuana is storing the answer in _____ memory, so it can be stored later into long-term memory.

working

The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs is _____ memory.

working

Lily arrives at Carmelita's house so they can walk to school. When Carmelita sees Lily's science notebook in her partially opened backpack, Carmelita rushes back into her house to retrieve her own notebook, which contains an assignment due that day. Carmelita's sensation upon seeing Lily's notebook became a perception. This triggered Carmelita's:

working memory.