LearningCurve Module 22. Biology, Cognition, and Learning

Road construction prevents you from getting to campus using the route that you usually travel. You think about the situation for a moment and then come up with a different route to take. To figure out this alternative route, you are using _____ to devise a different route.

a cognitive map

Evolved tendencies for species to learn some behaviors more easily than others are called _____ constraints on learning.

biological

Conditioned taste aversion is a real-world example of _____ in action.

classical conditioning

Studies have shown that exposure to violence also _____ viewers when later viewing other violence on television.

desensitizes

Marcus is taking advanced placement chemistry in high school because he loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Wade is taking advanced placement chemistry because his guidance counselor told him he had to if he intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Marcus is motivated by _____, while Wade is motivated by _____.

intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

Neil wants to complete several on-campus errands as efficiently as possible during a break between classes so that he can spend at least a few minutes reviewing lecture notes. To plan his route, he consults a picture in his mind of the campus's layout. In terms of latent learning, Neil is using a cognitive:

map

In cultures around the world, toddlers learn to toilet train fastest when they are able to view others toileting. This follows the principles of:

observational learning.

Lana is in dental school and is learning the correct way to take an X-ray of the mouth. Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for taking an X-ray and then demonstrates these same procedures using Lana as a patient. Lana and her class are learning how to take an X-ray of patients' teeth through the use of:

observational learning.

Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:

rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.

Four-year-old Katie observed Maggie, two years younger, begin to cry when she fell down. Katie immediately ran over to Maggie, patted her on the back, and told her everything would be all right. She even began to cry herself. Katie's ability to infer Maggie's mental and emotional state is an example of:

theory of mind

Wanda is a mildly autistic adult who has difficulty empathizing with the feelings of others and inferring what emotions another person might be experiencing. The ability in which Wanda seems to have reduced function is called:

theory of mind.

In conditioned taste aversion, spoiled or poisoned food is a powerful:

unconditioned stimulus.