LearnSmart Chapter 1 Microbiology Assignment

John Tyndall's experiments in the 1800s showed that microorganisms remained in some broths even after boiling for 5 hours. He later realized that the results of his experiments were due to the presence of endospores. Pasteur might have had results similar to Tyndall's if he had used which materials to make his broths? (a) sugar (b) soil (c) yeast extract (d) hay

(b) soil (d) hay

If cattle, sheep, and deer had a microbe-free digestive tract, they would _________. (a) gain weight (b) starve

(b) starve

The disproving of spontaneous generation led to an era referred to as the ______________. (a) Golden Age of Microbiology (b) Biogenesis Era (c) Highlight of Microbiology (d) Flourishing Era

(a) Golden Age of Microbiology

Compared to the range of the types of plants and animals,, microbes as a group are ____________. (a) more diverse (b) less diverse (c) equivalent in diversity

(a) more diverse

The human body and its microbial inhabitants can best be compared to ___________. (a) a growing tree being consumed by termites (b) the earth's environments and their interacting inhabitants (c) a bus filled with people

(b) the earth's environments and their interacting inhabitants

Which of the following diseases killed one-third of the population of Europe in the 14th century? (a) Pneumonia (b) Whooping cough (c) Cholera (d) Plague (e) Smallpox

(d) Plague

Bacteria, such as members of the genus Staphylococcus, belong in the domain ______________.

Bacteria

________________ is the process by which microbes carry out the decomposition of harmful chemicals.

Bioremediation

The principle that microorganisms cause certain diseases is called the _________ Theory of Disease.

Germ

T/F: Although the best studied archaea inhabit extreme environments, many others are widely distributed in soils, oceans, marshes and even the intestinal tracts of animals.

True

T/F: Studies indicate early exposure to certain common microorganisms may actually protect humans from asthma and various allergies.

True

T/F: Without microorganisms, we would run out of certain nutrients.

True

A scientific experiment includes a component that rules out alternative explanations of the results by showing that the only gfeature that varied in the experiment was the characteristic being tested. The component that does this is called a __________.

control

For the name Streptococcus pyogenes, the first part (Streptococcus) indicates the _________ and gives information about the shape of the organism.

genus

A _____________ is the term used for any disease-causing microorganism.

pathogen

Algae and protozoa are also referred to as __________, a diverse group that falls within the domain Eukarya.

protists

Members of the genus Staphylococcus are often referred to by the informal name ______________.

staphylococci

To indicate slight differences, members of the same species may be given __________ designations.

strain

When an extensive amount of experimental evidence supports a hypothesis, the explanation may become a scientific ____________.

theory

Characteristics of archaea that are similar to bacteria include their ___________. (a) method of multiplication (b) energy sources used (c) ribosomal RNA sequences (d) shapes (e) prokaryotic cell structure

(a) method of multiplication (b) energy sources used (c) ribosomal RNA sequences (e) prokaryotic cell structure

In the 1700s, Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled and sealed flasks of broth and then looked fro growth. Based on the results of his experiments, he concluded that _______. (a) microorganisms in air could enter open flasks (b) spontaneous generation occurred (c) some forms of microorganisms are not killed by boiling

(a) microorganisms in air could enter open flasks

Eukaryotic organisms can be _____________. (a) multi-celled (b) single-celled (c) acellular

(a) multi-celled (b) single-celled

Infectious diseases can reemerge as a result of ___________. (a) parents refusing to vaccinate their children (b) increased funding for public health programs (c) increasing rates of vaccination (d) pathogens becoming resistant to antimicrobial medications

(a) parents refusing to vaccinate their children (d) pathogens becoming resistant to antimicrobial medications

Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiments in the 1700s showed that flasks of broths that had been boiled for long periods of time and sealed ____________. (a) remained sterile (b) became cloudy due to microbial growth

(a) remained sterile

Characteristics of archaea that are similar to bacteria include all of the following except their _________. (a) ribosomal RNA sequences (b) energy sources used (c) shapes (d) prokaryotic cell structure (e) method of multiplication

(a) ribosomal RNA sequences

The species names of Escherichia coli and Escherichia vulneris reflect the _________. (a) site where the organism may be found (b) name of the scientist who discovered them

(a) site where the organism may be found

Louis Pasteur helped disprove ___________. (a) spontaneous generation (b) evolution by natural selection (c) that life comes from life (d) the cell theory

(a) spontaneous generation

Which microorganisms lack a membrane-bound nucleus? (a0 Yeast (b) Bacteria (c) Algae (d) Archaea (e) Protozoa

(b) Bacteria (d) Archaea

Which cell type is usually larger in size? (a) Prokaryotic (b) Eukaryotic

(b) Eukaryotic

Which describes a viroid? (a) It mainly infects insects. (b) It consists of a single short piece of RNA. (c) It contains a complex protein coat. (d) It contains a small strand of DNA.

(b) It consists of a single short piece of RNA.

Which defines spontaneous generation? (a) Life arose from living matter. (b) Life arose from non-living matter.

(b) Life arose from non-living matter.

Microorganisms are useful in the study of higher life forms for which of the following reasons? (a) There are fewer species of microorganisms, so studying them is simpler. (b) Microorganisms multiply quickly. (c) Microorganisms lack cells, making them easier to observe with a microscope. (d) Microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties. (e) Microorganisms are cheaper to study. (f) Microorganisms have the same basic metabolic mechanisms.

(b) Microorganisms multiply quickly. (d) Microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties. (e) Microorganisms are cheaper to study. (f) Microorganisms have the same basic metabolic mechanisms.

Which of the following are characteristics of protozoa? (a) Multicelluar eukaryotes (b) Single-celled eukaryotes (c) Possess a rigid cell wall

(b) Single-celled eukaryotes (d) Microscopic

Which of the following describes how fungi gain energy? (a) They are photosynthetic. (b) They degrade organic materials with enzymes. (c) They manufacture their own carbohydrates. (d) They are all parasitic (benefit at the expense of the host).

(b) They degrade organic materials with enzymes.

In algae, photosynthesis takes place in __________, which have chlorophyll, a green pigment. (a) the cytoplasm (b) chloroplasts (c) mitochondria (d) the cell membrane

(b) chloroplasts

Some scientists were skeptical of Pasteur's results because they ____________. (a) thought that air was required for microbial growth (b) could not reproduce his results

(b) could not reproduce his results

Which disease is less common due to rat control, precautions taken with infected patients, and antibiotic treatment? (a) polio (b) plague (c) foot-and-mouth disease

(b) plague

When scientists share their work in scientific journals, they are communicating the _____________. (a) cost (b) results (c) conclusions (d) methods

(b) results (c) conclusions (d) methods

Without microorganisms, substances required for human life such as O2 and organic nitrogen would ________. (a) accumulate (b) run out

(b) run out

The genus name Escherichia originates from __________. (a) the location of a microbe's discovery (b) the name of a scientist

(b) the name of a scientist

Prions are misfolded proteins that cause ___________. (a) cells to enlarge and fuse with one another (b) the normal version of the protein to also misfold

(b) the normal version of the protein to also misfold

Because less than 1% of microorganisms can currently be grown in the laboratory, most of what we know about the other 99% comes from ___________. (a) metabolic studies (b) microscopy (c) DNA sequencing (d) serology

(c) DNA sequencing

Which of the following statements about the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 is true? (a) Immediately following this dreadful pandemic, scientists developed the first flu vaccine, which we still take annually to this day. (b) Because of advances in vaccination, antibiotics, and sanitation, Americans were mostly spared the ravages of influenza in 1918-1919. (c) More Americans died of influenza in 1918-1919 than were killed in World Wars I and II, and the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined.

(c) More Americans died of influenza in 1918-1919 than were killed in World Wars I and II, and the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined.

Where are algae most likely to be found? (a) In layers of sediments at the bottom of lakes (b) As common human pathogens (c) Surface of oceans, lakes, and streams (d) Moist terrestrial habitats

(c) Surface of oceans, lakes, and streams (d) Moist terrestrial habitats

A patient living in Seattle, WA is diagnosed with malaria. What is the most likely explanation for this diagnosis? (a) The patient was bitten by a mosquito while hiking in the nearby Olympic mountains. (b) The patient was infected by a fellow coworker. (c) The patient was infected while visiting a country where malaria is endemic.

(c) The patient was infected while visiting a country where malaria is endemic.

Benefits of normal microbiota include all EXCEPT which of the following? (a) They complete with pathogens, thereby preventing disease (b) They aid in digestion by helping degrade foods we otherwise could not digest (c) They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes

(c) They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes

Which of the following about microorganisms is true? (a) They have killed far fewer people than have been killed in wars. (b) They are always harmful. (c) We could not survive without them.

(c) We could not survive without them.

In research, a model organism should ____________. (a) look similar to other organisms (b) have a similar life span as other organisms (c) function in a manner similar to other organisms

(c) function in a manner similar to other organisms

The microscopic filaments of molds are called _________. (a) mushrooms (b) yeasts (c) hyphae

(c) hyphae

The cellulose that makes up the plant cell walls of grass can be digested by certain species of ____________. (a) cows (b) sheep (c) microbes (d) deer

(c) microbes

Compared to the diversity of plants andanimals, microbes as a group are __________. (a) less diverse (b) equivalent in diversity (c) more diverse

(c) more diverse

Spongiform encephalopathies are caused by Infectious proteins. This information indicates that the infectious agent is a ____________. (a) viroid (b) virus (c) prion

(c) prion

Rank the steps in the scientific process in order. (3) Collect data from this experiment and draw a conclusion. (1) Make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation. (4) Communicating the methods, results, and conclusions. (2) Develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation.

(1) Make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation. (2) Develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation. (3) Collect data from this experiment and draw a conclusion. (4) Communicating the methods, results, and conclusions.

Which type(s) of microorganisms have cells that lack membrane-bound organelles? (a) Archaea (b) Protists (c) Yeast (d) Bacteria

(a) Archaea (d) Bacteria [NOTE: Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic and lack membrane-bound organelles]

Archaea are commonly found in which roles or environments? (a) Extremely salty water such as the Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea (b) Soils (c) Hot springs (d) Oceans (e) As human pathogens

(a) Extremely salty water such as the Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea (b) Soils (c) Hot springs (d) Oceans

Which is true regarding scientific names? (a) Genus names are commonly abbreviated. (b) Scientific names are italicized or underlined. (c) The first letters of both the genus name and the species name should be capitalized.

(a) Genus names are commonly abbreviated. (b) Scientific names are italicized or underlined.

Which of the following describes a viroid? (a) It can infect plants. (b) It consists of RNA. (c) It has a protein coat. (d) It contains DNA.

(a) It can infect plants. (b) It consists of RNA.

Which of the following best describes the cultivation of microorganisms in the laboratory? (a) Less than 1% of microorganisms can be cultivated. (b) Nearly all microorganisms can be cultivated. (c) All of the microorganisms of the human microbiome can be cultivated, but very few environmental microorganisms can be cultivated.

(a) Less than 1% of microorganisms can be cultivated.

All of the following are factors that account for the emergence of new diseases in developed countries EXCEPT (a) Parents don't have their children vaccinated (b) Changing lifestyles of humans (c) Change in the organism's DNA (d) Suburban expansion into rural areas

(a) Parents don't have their children vaccinated [NOTE: This is a reason for resurgence of old diseases.]

Which of the following cannot reproduce independently? (a) Prions (b) Viroids (c) Bacteria (d) Archaea

(a) Prions (b) Viroids

Which of the following can be infected by viruses? (a) Protists (b) Fungi (c) Viroids (d) Plants (e) Prions (f) Bacteria (g) Animals

(a) Protists (b) Fungi (d) Plants (f) Bacteria (g) Animals

Which of the following describe(s) bacteria? (a) Some obtain energy from sunlight. (b) Some obtain energy from sources not used by animals or plants. (c) All are dependent on sunlight for energy. (d) They multiply by binary fission. (e) Shapes include rod, spherical, and spinal. (f) Some obtain energy from foods similar to what humans eat.

(a) Some obtain energy from sunlight. (b) Some obtain energy from sources not used by animals or plants (d) They multiply by binary fission. (e) Shapes include rod, spherical, and spinal. (f) Some obtain energy from foods similar to what humans eat.

The concept of living things arising from vital forces in non-living or decomposing materials was known as which of the following? (a) Spontaneous generation (b) Deductive reasoning (c) Germ theory of disease (d) Biogenesis

(a) Spontaneous generation

Solid, repeatable, extensive amounts of scientific evidence can lead to which of the following? (a) Theory (b) Hypothesis (c) Control

(a) Theory

Why were Louis Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks so important in helping disprove the theory of spontaneous generation? (a) They ended arguments that a "vital force" was necessary for spontaneous generation, while preventing contamination from microbes in the air. (b) They were effective in killing endospores present in other researchers' experiments, thereby keeping the cultures sterile. (c) They were made from hay infusions that contained endospores, so even after boiling, broths became cloudy from growth. (d) They demonstrated the even in a sterile environment, microbes could spontaneously generate from non-life.

(a) They ended arguments that a "vital force" was necessary for spontaneous generation, while preventing contamination from microbes in the air.

Which of the following are classified as a acellular infectious agents? (a) Viruses (b) Prions (c) Viroids (d) Archaea

(a) Viruses (b) Prions (c) Viroids

Which of the following is/ are true regarding viruses? (a) Viruses are nonliving. (b) Viruses are prokaryotic (c) Viruses are acellular (d) Viruses are smaller than most bacteria.

(a) Viruses are nonliving. [NOTE: Because viruses are acellular and cannot reproduce independently, most scientists do not classify them as living organisms.] (c) Viruses are acellular. [NOTE: They consist only of DNA or RNA and may have an envelope, but they are not true cells.] (d) Viruses are smaller than most bacteria. [NOTE: Viruses are approximately 1,000X smaller than bacterial cells.]

Which of the following are manufactured by microbial fermentation? (a) Yogurt (b) Fresh milk (c) Ice cream (d) Cheese (e) Beer

(a) Yogurt (d) Cheese (e) Beer

Like plants, some microorganisms _________. (a) are photosynthetic (b) produce oxygen (O2) (c) convert N2 into an organic form

(a) are photosynthetic (b) produce oxygen (O2)

Which of the following are produced metabolically by microorganisms? (a) cellulose used in stereo headsets (b) antibiotics (c) uranium (d) glass (e) ethanol as a biofuel

(a) cellulose used in stereo headsets (b) antibiotics (e) ethanol as a biofuel

John Needham's experiments in the 1700s showed that broths that had been boiled and then sealed with a cork __________. (a) could still give rise to microorganisms (b) remained sterile and did not develop microorganisms

(a) could still give rise to microorganisms

John Needham's experiments showed that microorganisms grew in broths that had been boiled and sealed with a cork. Later experiments showed that either the cork did not properly keep out microbes, or the growth was due to ___________. (a) endospores that survived the boiling temperatures (b) spontaneous generation of microbes

(a) endospores that survived the boiling temperatures

The Human Microbiome Project __________. (a) quantified the human population in each country on earth (b) cultivated, in pure culture, all the species of bacteria living in and on the human body (c) used DNA sequencing to characterize microbial communities that inhabit the human body (d) attempted to characterize the impact of humans on different environments around the planet

(c) used DNA sequencing to characterize microbial communities that inhabit the human body

Cervical cancer caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) can be prevented by a(n) _________. (a) radiation therapy (b) chemotherapy (c) vaccine (d) antibiotic

(c) vaccine

Unlike the term microorganism, the word microbe also includes ____________. (a) protozoa (b) bacteria (c) viruses (d) fungi

(c) viruses [NOTE: These are not microorganisms].

Which of the following is a difference between archaea and bacteria? (a) Bacteria are found in extreme environments whereas archaea are not. (b) Archaea have a nucleus and bacteria do not. (c) Archaea are generally rod-shaped whereas bacteria are generally round. (d) Bacteria possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls whereas archaea do not.

(d) Bacteria possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls whereas archaea do not.

Pasteur is famous for his experiments that contradicted spontaneous generation. Consider this set-up: After showing that that fluid in the swan-neck flasks remained sterile even when exposed to air, Pasteur tipped the flasks so that bacteria could enter the fluid. He demonstrated that nothing in his original set-up prevented bacteria from growing in the flask. What part of the scientific method does this represent? (a) Theory (b) Hypothesis (c) Dogma (d) Control

(d) Control

In general, disease-causing are referred to as which of the following? (a) Microorganisms (b) Animacules (c) Bacteria (d) Pathogens

(d) Pathogens

Unlike other organisms, most _________ have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan.

bacteria

Using microorganisms to degrade toxic chemical spills is an example of __________.

bioremediation

The use of microorganisms to solve practical problems is the definition of ______________.

biotechnology

The term __________ refers to a multicellular parasite such as a roundworm or tapeworm.

helminth

A testable explanation for an observation is called a(an) __________.

hypothesis

Organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are termed _________________________.

normal microbiota