lecture 10

an aggregate of qualities from really different phuscially to them being brought by force which set the africans

apart from others making them the perfect candidate (their lack of chiristianity and unique physical appearence was vital )

historians assesrt that segration actually emerged first in the north

before the abloitoin of slvaery

In the mid 17th century, the colonies were in dire need of labor so immigration from Europe had to be stimulated. As a result, the colonies adopted legislation that promised ...

better conditions for servents and exapnded opputirnirties for their release from servitude

Block busting -

by spreading word through white neighborhoods of an impending black influx, agents would frighten whites into selling their homes at dirt cheap prices. These homes were subsequently sold to blacks ...at inflated prices and in the process all-white areas would quickly transform to all-black areas

As with the European immigrants before them, they were concentrated in urban ghettos - ...but unlike those european groups black ghettos

did not dissipate with each succeeding generations

The discrimination in housing was

direct and deliberate to a far greater extent than in work or education

Marger says the the evolution of the slave system was primarily a result of

ecnomic rationailty, prompted by the demand for cheap labor in the unpopluted colonies

jim crow laws

measures desgined to seperate blacks and whites in all social and residenital life

state laws required sep facicalites

never defiend equal

Once in the north, those same forces converged again to force another redistribution into central urban areas where - ...

residential location would be maintained via a set of overt, then covert constraints

disenfranchisement refers to the

revocation of the right to vote

Government policies of the past created much of ...the framework for

the current patterns of residential segregation

These issues; however, did not lend themselves to the kind resolve as with the case of state-approved segregation and discrimination because - ...

the discriminatory actions were now facilitated at the level of the individual

most signinfacnt mechanism of reassertion of control was

the disenfranchisement

and because of this inability assimilation was subdued and ...

the opportunity to establish themselves in the mainstream was lost

this relaiton did not require great physical distance between groups

rather it was social distacne that was of greatest importance

With continued segregation in housing, various groups are prevented from interacting at ...a personal level thus

reinforcing racial attitudes and perpetuating structural pluralism

Before the civil rights movement of the 60's, discrimination was de jure

- it was ...legitimized and enforced by local, state, and even federal law

Racial steering - to enforce the code, white real estate agents would -

..."steer" blacks to black aereas and whites to white areas

Then there is the Colonized stigma view - The promoters assert that the African American experience fulfils the basic components of what is referred to as the - "Colonization Complex":

...forced entry of the group ...destruction of its indigenous group ...oppression by the dominant group the application of racist ideology.

Paired Testing -

...method used to determine the level of covert discrimination in housing

Discriminatory measures still widely employed today include:

...resistance- to public housing desegregation ...various informal practices like stressing zoning and annexation policies - that foster racial segregation;

In 1967 the Kerner Commission issued its report on the civil disorders, warning that -

...the U.S. "was moving towards two societies, one black, one white"

One year after the decision was handed down - the Civil Rights Movement was symbolically launched with

...the boycott of the segregated bus system in montgomery

This is because of its ripple effect -

...the devastating effects that touch every other aspect of social life

The most important difference was timing -

...the time at which they entered the cities made african american late-comers

the Voting Rights Act of 1965 - this act prohibited discrimination in

...voting, public facilities, schools, courts, and employment which ended the systematic disfranchisement

according to slaves codes slaves lacked

1. all legal rights 2. could not own proepoty 3. could not testify in court 4. could not make contracts 5. were forbieden to read or write

2 pushes from south

1. decline in cotton indurty 2. enforcement of jim crow

when slavery was abolished africans began to do these 3 things

1. exercised right to vote 2. were eleted into goverment positions 3. had an education system being put itno place

These trends changed little throughout the 60's and 70's despite: ...

1. greater activity in promoting desegregation 2. more liberal social attitudes 3. more middle-class blacks

2 pulls from the north

1. industrial expansion of the north required demadn in labor 2. cutoff immigration from europe - blacks were recutired from south

white-black relations has been one of conflict, the history of this relation can be divided into 3 eras:

1. slavery 2. Jim Crow 3. Modern

Oscar Handlin answeres question of why africnas were chosen as slaves bc of 2 reasosn

1. they were involuntary immigrants 2. european ethnocentrism

Several factors accounted for the emergence of the civil rights movement after WW2 (most of the factors were established in the 1930s):

1.the Roosevelt administration appointments - blacks were appointed to non-policy making government advisory positions. 2....Roosevelt administration relief programs - even though these were administered in a discriminatory fashion, a small percentage of blacks did benefit. 3.entrance into labor movements - the Congress of Industrial Organizations was relatively non-exclusionary representing industries in which most unskilled black laborers were employed. 4. wartime conditions opening up new areas of work - provided an even greater pull for southern migrants 5.president roosesvelys issuance of an executive order prohitbions racial discretion in federal jobs - (in 1941) this was done to quash the civil unrest, and it led to the creation of the "Fair Employment Practices Committee" to monitor the order. 6...brown v board of education supreme court decision of 1954 - this was the factor that gave the most momentum to the movement.

jim crow name came from

19th centruy mintreial song that stereoptyped blacks and personfie the system of govmene - sancitaoned racial oppression and segreation

Structural assimilation at the primary level - as measured by residential patterns, club memberships and the like, however, still remained low:

At present there is ...more contact with the dominant group than there was in the past,but the con act is minimal and causal

brown vs. board of education

In this case, the Court - ruled against the "separate but equal" doctrine which had been upheld in the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896.

The upshot of the rising competition for work and housing, and the growing impatience of the migrants was evident in the increase in hostilities when -

a series of race riots broke out in numbers cities through the first two decades of the century

decade of reconstrution ended paternialistic domination btw whites and blacks and started a

competitive relation

when africnas frist came to us they were servants and their legl status would not be defined

for another 40 years

WEB du bois agrued

for complete incorportaion into all areas of society and advocated for miltant resistence to white tyranny

Although no specific date marks the establishment, slave codes and statutes eventually evolved so that - most southern states, ...had enacted laws that defined africans as

had enacted laws that defined africans as slaves rather than as indentured servants by 1660

Suburbanization - a movement followed heavily by whites since the end of WWII, has been replicated by blacks to some degree, initiating integration: But they eventually find themselves ...

in segregated communities again as white flight initiates

After the civil rights movement, discrimination became de facto -

it existed ...as a matter of custom rather than legal requirement

blacks in south were delt with in an unrestrained fashion

lawful avneues were overlooked and vulgate measures were used

washington called for blacks to

learn industrial skills and trades that would help strngethen the black community internally

relation between master and slave was classfifeid as a

paternailistic domination

marragie was the only contract allowed bc it

promoted stalbiilty amongst slaves and inc supply og labor via children

competeiion led to blank as a means od controlling africans advancement

segregration

Prior to the beginning of the 20th century over 95 % of the black population was living in the

southern states

African American cultural assimilation has been strong, and secondary structural assimilation has gained momentum - ...but, primary structural assimilation

still remains problematic

Others, however, took a more historic view -

they consider the black experience as ...unique amongst ethnic groups involving constraints that the others did not face

Redlining - banks and other lending institutions cooperated by "redlining" -

this denotes designating certain areas where ...loans would not be made,,, these areas were outlined in red on company maps

Segregation is measured using the Index of Dissimilarity:

this is a demographic measure ...of the evenness with which two groups are distributed across geographic areas that make up a larger area

Restrictive covenants - to bar blacks and other minorities from white residential areas, restrictive covenants were used; restrictive covenant are - ...contractual agreements made by homeowners not to sell to members of particular groups

to bar blacks and other minorities from white residential areas, restrictive covenants were used; restrictive covenant are - ...contractual agreements made by homeowners not to sell to members of particular groups

the master-slave realtion dictaed

total control over the slaves existance which ligitlamzed slave codes

The Court declared school segregation laws - ...

violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment of the U.S. constitution

booker t washingston contended that

was to accept the form of sepration and segregation

to raise the status of the immigrants by shortening their servitude terms and releasing them with an elevated status in a new land would translate into a gain why?

word would filter back to their country stimulating more immigrating and increasng the labor pool

Whereas the Jim Crow period was marked by restrictive competition between blacks and whites -

world war II marked the emergence of more fluid competitive relations