Lecture Exam #2 Bio 251

for the somatic nervous system, a motor unit consists of a somatic motor neuron and all of the different skeletal muscle cells that it controls A. True B. False

A. True

Which of the following statements about the neuromuscular Junction is false? A. there is a high density of acetylcholine receptors in the muscle cell membrane in the motor end plate B. every action potential that reaches the axon terminal of the somatic motor neuron will generate an action potential in a healthy skeletal muscle cell C. the axon terminal at the motor and place spreads out in a dish shape over a large area compared with other synapses D. acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular Junction E. each skeletal muscle cell in a muscle is iterated ( controlled) by more than one somatic motor neurons

E. each skeletal muscle cell in a muscle is iterated ( controlled) by more than one somatic motor neurons

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter _____: sympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter _____. a. Acetylcholine: Norinephrine b. Epinephrine :Norinephrine c. Acetylcholine: acetylcholine d. Norinephrine: Acetylcholine e. Norinephrine: Norinephrine

a. Acetylcholine: Norinephrine

what type of glial cell is necessary for normal development of the blood-brain barrier? a. Astrocytes b. Oligodendrocytes c. Ependymal cells d. Microglia e. Schwann cells

a. Astrocytes

this area of the brain is often referred to as the " homeostatic control center" because it plays an important role in regulating homeostasis. it is involved in hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, and many other important homeostatic functions a. Hypothalamus b. Thalamus c. brain stem d. cerebral cortex e. Cerebellum

a. Hypothalamus

the primary source of calcium that drives skeletal muscle contraction comes from the cytoplasmic reticulum a. True b. False

a. True

Where in the central nervous system are the neurons that control many of the automatic physiological responses such as control of the cardiovascular system and respiratory system located? a. brainstem b. cerebral hemispheres c. thalamus d. hypothalamus e. spinal cord

a. brainstem

in order for a skeletal muscle cell to relax, calcium is rapidly removed from the cytoplasm via _____. a. calcium pumps ( active transport of calcium) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) b. Dihydropyridine receptors c. Ryanodine channels d. calcium binding proteins in the cytoplasm e. calcium binding proteins on the sarcoplasmic reticulum

a. calcium pumps ( active transport of calcium) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

what is the regulatory protein component of the thin myofilaments that bind to calcium thereby initiating skeletal muscle contraction a. Myosin b. tropomyosin c. Troponin d. Actin e. titin

c. Troponin

which of the following is the correct order of communication of visual information in the retina? a. photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell b. photoreceptor, ganglion cell, bipolar cell c. bipolar cell, ganglion cell, photoreceptor d. bipolar cell, photoreceptor, ganglion cell e. ganglion cell, bipolar cell photoreceptor

a. photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter _____; Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ____ A. Epinephrine : Norinephrine b. Acetylcholine: acetylcholine c. Norinephrine: acetylcholine d. Acetylcholine: Norinephrine e. Norinephrine: Norinephrine

b. Acetylcholine: acetylcholine

Which of the following structures is innovated by the sympathetic preganglionic neurons, that when activated costs the release of epinephrine (adrenaline) into the blood? a. adrenal cortex b. Adrenal medulla c. thyroid gland d. anterior pituitary e. Pancreas

b. Adrenal medulla

which of the following defects in vision is incorrectly matched with its cause a. Presbyopia : hardening of the lens b. Astigmatism: discoloration of the lens c. Glaucoma: increased volume, and therefore increase pressure of fluid of eye d. cataracts: discoloration of the lens e. loss of accommodation: hardening of the lens

b. Astigmatism: discoloration of the lens

a skeletal muscle cell with slow ATPase activity always contracts faster than a muscle cell with fast ATPase activity. A. True b. False

b. False

in the eye, which receptor type is used to detect photons of Light? a. hair cells b. Photoreceptors c. mechanical receptors d. warm receptors e. chemoreceptors

b. Photoreceptors

Which of the following physiological responses is associated with an elevation in parasympathetic nervous system activity a. dilation of the pupil of the eye b. enhanced digestion c. increased heart rate d. increased blood pressure e. enhanced release of nutrients from energy stores

b. enhanced digestion

the amount of light entering the eyes primarily regulated by what structure a. Cornea b. pupil of the iris c. optic disc d. fovea e. ciliary body

b. pupil of the iris

Dual innervation of organs by the autonomic nervous system refers to the observation that _____. a. Exactly two post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons innervate each Target organ b. both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate most organs c. autonomic iteration involves preganglionic and postganglionic neurons d. autonomic and somatic neurons innervate all organs e. autonomic neurons that innervate each Target organ originate from two ganglia

both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate most organs

what is the correct order for the steps of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular Junction 1. acetylcholine binds to postsynaptic receptors on the muscle cell membrane 2. acetylcholine is released at the motor and plate 3. a graded depolarization is produced on the muscle cell membrane 4. an action potential is produced on the muscle cell membrane 5. ion channels that primarily allow diffusion of sodium into the muscle cell are opened 6. voltage dependent calcium channels on the somatic motor neuron acts on Terminal open 7. Action potential arrives at the axon terminal of the somatic motor neuron a. 7, 5, 2, 1, 3, 4, 6, b. 6, 7, 2, 1, 3, 5, 4, c. 7, 6, 2, 1, 5, 3, 4, d. 7, 6, 2, 3, 5, 4, 1, e. 5, 7, 6, 2, 1, 4, 3,

c. 7, 6, 2, 1, 5, 3, 4,

the inner circular layer of smooth muscle of the iris of the eye is innervated by______ nervous system and is contrast cause pupillary ______ a. Sympathetic : constriction b. Sympathetic : dilation c. Parasympathetic : constriction d. Parasympathetic : dilation e. Somatic : Construction

c. Parasympathetic : constriction

what is the primary function of the middle ear ossicles? a. transduce sound waves to neural impulses b. maintain the sensitivity of hair cells for hearing c. amplify sound waves as they are transmitted from the middle to the inner ear d. provide structural support of the middle ear e. provide structural support of the cochlea

c. amplify sound waves as they are transmitted from the middle to the inner ear

which cell type is used to transduce sound waves into action potentials in Sensory neurons that are in the cochlear nerve a. Rods b. Cones c. bipolar cells d. ganglion cells e. hair cells

c. bipolar cells

Systematic nervous system really likes the activity of ______. a. endocrine organs b. many organs c. skeletal muscles d. the kidneys e. the cardiovascular system

c. skeletal muscles

damage to the cerebellum will lead to which of the following symptoms? a. the complete inability to move ( lack of execution) b. an inability to accurately plan a movement c. the generation of clumsy, poorly conditioned movement d. The generation of precise movements only e. The generation of highly coordinated movements

c. the generation of clumsy, poorly conditioned movement

Which of the following occurs during the focusing of light waves from near objects onto the retina, i.e. accommodates for near vision? a. the lens becomes thinner and flatter, thus bending light waves to a greater extent to focus them onto the retina b. the lens becomes flattened the spending the light c. the lens becomes rounder, thus bending light waves to a greater extent to focus them onto the retina d. The lens becomes rounder, thus reducing the bending of light onto the retina e. the lens does not change shape when focusing light waves from near objects

c. the lens becomes rounder, thus bending light waves to a greater extent to focus them onto the retina

skeletal muscle, The Binding of calcium to troponin will directly allow which of the following? a. The Binding of ATP to myosin b. the further release of calcium into the cytoplasm c. the movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the myosin binding site on the actin molecule d. the movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the actin binding site on the myosin molecule e. the hydrolysis of ATP

c. the movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the myosin binding site on the actin molecule

Which of the following is a specialization of the right side of the cerebral hemispheres in most individuals? a. Expression of language b. Comprehension of language c. Analytical reasoning d. Creativity and spatial perception e. Logical reasoning

d. Creativity and spatial perception

What determines the " loudness" of a sound? a. the number of sound waves per second b. the type of air molecules present in the sound waves c. the tone of the sound d. a greater degree of movement of the basilar membrane in response to high e. amplitude sound waves passing through the cochlear duct (scala media) the size of the air molecule of this atmosphere

d. a greater degree of movement of the basilar membrane in response to high

he sound sensitive cells in the cochlear duct (scala media) sit upon what membrane? a. vestibular membrane b. tympanic membrane c. tectorial membrane d. basilar membrane e. plasma membrane of hair cells

d. basilar membrane

the type of adrenergic receptor with the greatest affinity for epinephrine (adrenaline) is _____ receptors; this receptor type is usually inhibitory a. beta 3 b. Alpha One c. beta 1 d. beta 2 e. Alpha 2

d. beta 2

Which area of the brain plays an important role in sleep wake Cycles arousal of the cerebral cortex in consciousness a. Thalamus b. Cerebellum c. Hypothalamus d. reticulated formation of the brain stem e. spinal cord

d. reticulated formation of the brain stem

which of the following is not an accurate description of the specific skeletal muscle cell types a. Fast glycolytic cells generate the most force b. Slow oxidative cells generate low Force c. fast glycolytic cells produce their ATP by glycolysis d. slow oxidative cells are quick to fatigue e. slow oxidative cells produce their ATP by oxidative phosphorylation in abundant mitochondria

d. slow oxidative cells are quick to fatigue

The shortening of a skeletal muscle cell during contraction involves which of the following a. The thick myofilament becoming shortening b. the thin myofilaments becoming shortening c. all the sarcomeres becoming longer d. the individuals sarcomere shortening e. the Z discs (Z line) not changing their position

d. the individuals sarcomere shortening

Sound waves traveling through the air first initiate a vibration of the _____. the sound waves are then transmitted through the middle ear by the _______. a. Saccule : ear canal b. oval window : ossicles c. oval window : ear canal d. tympanic membrane : ossicles e. round window : saccule

d. tympanic membrane : ossicles

Contraction of the smooth muscle response for changing the shape of the lens of the eye to allow it to focus in your objects is controlled by which part of the nervous system? a. somatic nervous system b. sensory nervous system c. sympathetic nervous system d. parasympathetic nervous system e. All the Above

e. All the Above

which of the following is / are a type of acetylcholine receptor, ie., cholinergic receptor? a. nicotinic only b. Muscarinic only c. Adrenergic d. a (alpha) receptors and b (beta) receptors e. Both A and B

e. Both A and B

Where in the central nervous system (CNS) do the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system originate? a. Thoracic region of the spinal cord only b. Cervical (neck) region of the spinal cord only c. lumbar region of the spinal cord only d. both thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord e. both brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord

e. both brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord

The pitch ( frequency) of sound is coded for by the _____. a. number of hair cells stimulated b. direction that the stereocilia are bent c. Amplitude of the action potentials in Sensory neurons d. frequency of action potentials in Sensory neurons e. information coming from hair cells on the portion of basilar membrane that is vibrating most in response to a certain sound frequency

e. information coming from hair cells on the portion of basilar membrane that is vibrating most in response to a certain sound frequency

post ganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system release the neural transmitter from ____. a. their cell body b. their Axon hillock c. the neuromuscular Junction d. their dendrites e. swelling along their axon terminals called viscosities

e. swelling along their axon terminals called viscosities