LECTURE EXAM III (chapters:14,16,17,20,21)

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Albumin—major contributor to osmotic pressure

Which of the following is a correct statement?

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the venous circulation through the arachnoid granulations.

Which of the following structures can only be seen using a posterior view of the heart?

Coronary sinus

After studying the diagram "The Phases of the Cardiac Cycle," estimate the amount of time between the beginning of one heart beat to the next heart beat for which all heart muscle relaxes.

During ventricular diastole, there is a period of time when both chambers relax for about ½ the complete cardiac cycle.

Which of the following nerves has parasympathetic fibers?

Facial

Which of the following is NOT a reason that the fibrous skeleton of the heart is beneficial to the heart's function?

It connects the heart to the lungs for greater stability in the thoracic cavity.

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus. In which of the following regions can cerebrospinal fluid be made?

Lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle

Which of the following contain oxygenated blood?

Left atrium, pulmonary veins, and aorta

Which of the following has a nucleus?

Lymphocyte

Which of the following events would occur if the heart ceased to function?

Mitochondria throughout the body would cease to produce normal levels of ATP because of the lack of stimulation by the thyroid hormones.

Which of the meninges is punctured when a woman in labor receives an epidural injection of anesthesia?

None of the meninges is punctured because the injection is in the epidural space.

What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have in common?

Preganglionic fibers in both systems release an excitatory neurotransmitter that stimulates ganglionic neurons.

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Pterygopalatine ganglion—lacrimal glands

Which vessel(s) brings blood to the heart?

Pulmonary veins

Which of the following correctly identifies the path that blood takes on its way through the heart?

Right atria, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary arteries

Damage to the internodal pathways would NOT affect the function of the __________.

SA node

Functions of the parasympathetic nervous system. Why is the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) known as the "rest and repose" system?

Stimulation conserves energy and promotes sedentary activities.

Why is the sympathetic nervous system known as the "fight or flight" system?

Stimulation increases tissue metabolism and alertness.

The cervical enlargement _____.

Supplies nerves to the upper extremities

How are chamber pressure, blood flow, and arterial pressure related to the cardiac phases, systole, and diastole?

Systole: high chamber pressure, blood ejection, high arterial pressure Diastole: low chamber pressure, blood filling chamber, low arterial pressure

What happens when an organ receives neural information from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

The actions of each division are usually antagonistic to the other.

Which of the following correctly describes the borders of the heart?

The right ventricle forms the inferior border of the heart.

Cranial nerves (CN) III, IV, and VI innervate the six skeletal muscles that move the eye. These nerves are the

abducens, trochlear, and oculomotor

Which of the following could NOT be classified as a formed element of the blood?

albumin

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons arise from

all of the thoracic spinal cord segments.

If a tumor were growing on the hypothalamus, it is possible that you would be able to detect __________.

altered levels of pituitary hormones

To avoid damaging the spinal cord during a spinal tap, the needle should be inserted _____.

below L1- L2

The sympathetic nerve ____________.

carries sensory information from the heart and lungs

Which of the following areas of the brain adjust the output of other somatic motor centers in the central nervous system?

cerebellum

The area of the brain where memory is processed and stored is the

cerebrum

Which of the following is NOT a function of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

conservation of energy

The arbor vitae __________.

contains axons of the Purkinje cells

The spinal cord __________.

contains enlarged areas for nerves supplying the upper and lower limbs

Plasma

contains mostly water.

The spinal cord ends at the _____.

conus medullaris

The functions of blood include which of the following?

cooling body temperature during exercise by distributing blood to the vessels of the skin

Which of the following is NOT an effect of the parasympathetic division?

decrease in sweat production

Which of the following is/are NOT transported by the blood?

digestive enzymes, such as gastrin or pepsin

If a motor impulse travels to a sweat gland located on the upper limb, which structure would the impulse NOT pass through?

dorsal root of the spinal nerve

In comparison, the right atrium and ventricle __________.

generate less pressure for contraction than the left atrium and ventricle

Preganglionic fibers headed for the adrenal medulla travel in the

greater splanchnic nerve.

In anatomical position the

heart lies slightly to the left of midline.

Which cranial nerve lies medial to the vagus nerve?

hypoglossal

In terms of autonomic levels of control, what is the main location for the control of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

hypothalamus

Which of the following areas of the brain provide a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

hypothalamus

A newborn baby's suckling reflex could be classified as __________.

innate and cranial

When an impulse is generated in the SA node, it must travel along which conducting structure to get to the AV node?

internodal pathways

Cerebrospinal fluid can exit the fourth ventricle via all of the following EXCEPT the

interventricular foramen.

Cell bodies for parasympathetic postganglionic neurons can be found in

intramural ganglia.

The patellar reflex __________.

is a stretch reflex that prevents damage to the quadriceps

Which of the following is correctly matched?

lumbar—5 pair of spinal nerves

The coronary sulcus

marks the border between the atria and ventricles.

Ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division __________.

may be located in their target organs

Where are the autonomic reflex centers for heart rate and breathing?

medula obolongata

The two basic components of the cardiac conducting system that cause autorhythmicity is a network of __________, which initiate and pace contractions and the __________, which distribute the electrical impulses to cardiac muscle fibers.

nodal cells; conducting fibers

The cell bodies for preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that innervate the parotic gland are found in

nuclei in the brainstem.

The only cranial nerve that attaches directly to the cerebrum is the

olfactory

Which cranial nerve forms a midline connection, allowing fibers to cross to the opposite side of the brain?

optic

The parasympathetic division differs from the sympathetic division in that

parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are generally shorter than preganglionic neurons

If the heart were to be punctured by a broken bone, the bone would first penetrate the __________.

parietal pericardium

If Adam is walking through his yard barefoot and steps on a nail, he will withdraw his injured foot yet also extend his other leg so as not to fall. This kind of reflex could be called __________.

polysynaptic

The most abundant formed element is

red blood cells.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the specialized ependymal cells that form the choroid plexus?

removal of pathogenic bacteria from the cerebrospinal fluid

A blockage in the pulmonary trunk would first affect which heart chamber with a buildup of blood?

right ventricle

Which of the following is NOT a function of the blood?

sensation of pressure in the skin

In which of the following does dual innervation play a major role?

small intestine

In contrast to a long, visceral reflex, short reflexes __________.

synapse in autonomic ganglia

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in all of the following EXCEPT

terminal ganglia.

General sensory information on its way to the cerebrum gets processed and relayed from which of the following areas of the brain?

thalamus

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine structure found in the brain?

thalamus

Damage to a choroid plexus would not affect __________.

the amount of white blood cells passing through the arachnoid granulations

The pons modifies the respiratory movements that are first controlled by which part of the brain?

the medulla oblongata

Damage to the sympathetic division could affect which of the following reflexes?

the pupillary reflex

In a reflex arc, which step follows the activation of a motor neuron?

the response by the effector

Which two chambers of the heart are connected by an opening during embryonic development that seals up at birth?

the right and left atria

The valve found between the right atria and right ventricle is the

tricuspid

Approximately 75 percent of all parasympathetic preganglionic nerves travel through the

vagus nerve

During which phase of the cardiac cycle would you find the atria empty?

ventricular systole

Parkinson's disease results from __________.

a decreased level of dopamine in the basal ganglia, which affects the substantia nigra

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle?

Cardiac muscle can survive for a longer time period in anaerobic conditions than skeletal muscle.