LEJA 101 Final Exam (WIP)

fines and fees collected from offenders

the funds for victim compensation funds come from: - state taxes - fines and fees collected from offenders - federal taxes - private donations

corporal punishment

the most traditional form of early punishment was: - corporal punishment - fines - imprisonment - banishment

increased

the number of inmates housed in private prisons has _________ in the past two decades - stayed the same - increased - decreased - decreased, while the number of inmates housed in private jails has increased

state and federal

the two courts of the United States dual-court system are the: - government and local - state and federal - county and state - state and government

853,200

there are approximately _________ adults on parole in the united states - 500,000 - 2,000,000 - 1,000,000 - 853,000

the state

training requirements for local law enforcement agencies are usually determined by: - the city - international standards - the federal government - the state

revocation of probation

violating probation conditions could result in: - incarceration in prison - revocation of probation - a fine - restitution

interpret laws

what do judges do? - enforce laws - promulgate laws - interpret laws - create laws

recidivist victim

A child of a battered woman witnesses violence in his house and lives for years in a stressful environment. He is later moved to a foster home where he is abused daily. In the scenario, the child is a(n): - recidivist victim - superego victim - disabled victim - id victim

property

A man enters a store with an intention to shop. While shopping, he notices the store clerk going to the back of the store leaving the counter and register unattended. Although he did not intend to steal when he entered the store, the man decides to take advantage of the opportunity. He walks to the counter, takes out the money from the cash register, and then leaves the store. Which of the following crimes did the man commit? - arson - property - public order - personal

first-degree murder

A man intends to shoot his wide, when she is sleeping, and dump her body in a nearby river. He carries out his plan with pin-point perfection. Which of the following crimes did the man commit? - second-degree murder - first-degree murder - voluntary manslaughter - involuntary manslaughter

crime against persons

A man walks into a store and points a gun at the store clerk. Threatening to kill the clerk, he takes all the money from the cash register and leaves the store without physically harming the clerk. What type of crime did the man commit? - crime against persons - crime against a business - public order crime - political crime

children abused by the accused

According to a recent US Supreme Court decision, who is allowed to testify via one-way closed-circuit television and not in an actual courtroom? - Witnesses who do not speak english and need translation - police officers - children abused by the accused - lower-level drug dealers

deinstitutionalization

Beginning in the 1950's, most of the mental health hospitals in the United States were closed, and mentally ill individuals were returned to the community. The process of closing mental hospitals and returning the mentally ill to the community is called: - deinstitutionalization - institutionalization - prisonization - reintegration

crime control model

Certain offenders in prison have been convicted for crimes without DNA testing. Several of these offenders request to get the test done so as to prove their innocence. However, several district attorneys contest this request and argue that the tests are unnecessary as the offenders have already been proven to be guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The failure of states to accommodate DNA requests is reflective of the _________. - crime control model - processing model - evidence procedural model - due process model

a restitution

Chris has been convicted of embezzling $150,000 from his employer. Part of his sentence is to pay back the money that he embezzled. Chris has been sentenced to pay: - a restitution - a fine - a day fine - a forfeiture

forfeiture

Chris has been convicted of embezzling $150,000 from his employer. With this money, he purchased a boat, a motorcycle, and several pieces of expensive jewelry for his girlfriend. As part of his sentence, the judge allows law enforcement authorities to confiscate any property that Chris purchased with the embezzled money. The ability of law enforcement to confiscate Chris's property that was purchased with embezzled money is referred to as: - forfeiture - a day fine - a fine - restitution

fifth

Detective Villanueva reads the Miranda rights to the suspect in a rape case, who waives his rights. During the interrogation of the suspect, Detective Villanueva becomes enraged over the horrific details that the suspect provides. The detective hits the suspect to coerce more details of the crime out of him. In this scenario, which amendment has Detective Villanueva violated? - third - fifth - fourth - sixth

a restitution

Dustin has been convicted of driving under the influence, his third offense. As a result of driving under the influence, being intoxicated, he crashed his car into the front porch of his neighbor's home as he was trying to pull into his driveway. As part of his sentence, the judge ordered Dustin to pay a sum of money to his neighbor to compensate for the damage caused. The judge also ordered Dustin to pay a sum of money to the court for his crime. The money paid to the neighbor to compensate for the damage to his porch is: - a forfeiture - a restitution - a fine - a day fine

hulks

Early forms of confinement in England and other European countries were very different from our contemporary prisons and jails. One of the first methods of confinement was a facility where a wide range of people were sent to work; most of these people were not hardened criminals, but were guilty of not paying their debts. Another form of confinement was exporting criminals to other lands, such as the American colonies and Australia. As the American Revolution began, however, England had to find something else to do with their criminals. As a result, they reconfigured abandoned ships to hold criminals on the riverbanks. The ships that were used to house offenders on riverbanks were called: - hulks - schooners - hulls - garrotes

rehabilitation

Four friends, Bob, Sue, Tom, and John have been convicted of bank robbery. Upon sentencing, they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons, each with its own philosophy of corrections. Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell; he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs. Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low-level offenders, who, she thinks, should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious. Tom, on the other hand, has access to many different treatment programs. Finally, the prison where John is incarcerated is is focused on John's success when he returns to the community. He spends his time preparing for release. Tom is most likely incarcerated in a prison that adheres to the _________ model of corrections. - crime control - punishment - reintegration - rehabilitation

crime control

Four friends, Bob, Sue, Tom, and John, have been convicted of bank robbery. Upon sentencing, they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons, each with its own philosophy of correction. Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell; he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs. Sue finds herself in a lengthy sentences as well as some low-level offenders, who, she thinks, should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious. Tom, on the other hand, has access to many different treatment programs. Finally, the prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community. He spends his time preparing for release. Sue is _________ model of corrections. - reintegration - punishment - crime control - rehabilitation

Hammurabi's Code, Mosaic Law, development of common law, US Constitution ratified

From the following, pick the list that follows the chronological order of the development of law from the oldest to the most recent - Development of common law, US Constitution ratified, Mosaic Law, Hammurabi's Code - US Constitution ratified, development of common law, Hammurabi's Code, Mosaic Law - Hammurabi's Code, development of common law, US Constitution ratified, Mosaic Law - Hammurabi's Code, Mosaic Law, development of common law, US Constitution ratified

primary

Glynn was driving home from work one evening when he was struck and killed by a drunk driver. Glynn is the _________ victim in this incident. - indirect - primary - advocate - secondary

the chivalry hypothesis

Jack and Jill are both convicted of armed robbery. At the sentencing hearing, the judge sentences Jack to ten years in prison and orders him to pay a fine of $1,120 as well as restitution to the victims. Jill, on the other hand, is sentenced to only five years in prison and must pay a fine of $750; she does not have to pay any restitution. Jill's sentence, which is more lenient than Jack's for the same crime, provides an example of: - the chivalry hypothesis - the patriarchal hypothesis - the brutalization hypothesis - the gendered hypothesis

appellant

John Jones loses his criminal case. He files an appellate brief with his state's intermediary court of appeals. John Jones is now the: - none of these answers are correct - appellant - plaintiff - respondent

the prosecutor

John Jones loses his criminal case. He files an appellate brief with his state's intermediary court of appeals. Who will respond with a brief stating that no legal errors were made? - the judge - the defendant - the jury - the prosecutor

assistance

Jose is on parole in Miami County. His parole officer provides many services to him, such as helping him find housing, employment, and medical care. His parole officer also makes sure that he is at work when he is supposed to be, adheres to his curfew, and takes regular drug tests. The service function, such as providing help with finding housing, employment, and medical care, is referred to as the _________ role. - case worker - assistance - service - supervision

appeal to higher loyalties

Mark often steals items from Walmart and sells them for cash on the street. He argues that his actions are not wrong because he depends on the money to pay for his friends' basic necessities. Which of the following techniques is Mark using to support his actions? - denial of injury - denial of responsibility - denial of victim - appeal to higher loyalties

denial of injury

Mark usually shoplifts small household items and sells them on the street. He argues that his actions are not wrong because he is not hurting anyone with his actions. Which of the following neutralization techniques is Mark using to support his actions? - denial of injury - condemnation of the condemners - denial of responsibility - denial of victim

sixth

Michelle Jones, a suspect in a murder case, hires an attorney and turns herself over to the police, who formally arrest her. While waiting for her attorney at the police station, the detective handling the case try to talk to Michelle about the murder. In this case, which amendment is being violated? - fourteenth - fourth - eighth - sixth

strangers

Native American women are most likely to be victimized by: - acquaintances - family members - neighbors - strangers

Trevor Brown is not in Detective Lewis' custody

Police are looking for Trevor Brown, a suspect in a murder. Detective Lewis obtains Trevor's cell phone number from an informant and calls him. When Trevor receives the call, the detective immediately begins asking questions about the evening of the murder. Detective Lewis does not have to read Trevor his Miranda rights because: - Trevor is wealthy and does not need an attorney provided to him by the state - Trevor Brown is not in Detective Lewis' custody - Detective Lewis was not asking about the murder, just about the evening of the murder - reading Miranda rights is not required in murder cases

procedural

Sally is on trial for drug trafficking. She was never notified of the specific charges against her. This is a violation of _________ due process. - automatic - procedural - total - substantive

stalking

Sheeba's ex-husband Samson calls her one day to tell her that he loves her and misses her. She gets irritated and hangs up the phone. Samson calls her again the next day threatening of direct consequences if she refuses to take him back in her life. Unable to bear the harassment, Sheeba reports this to the police and changes her phone number. Upset over the situation, Samson commits suicide by consuming sleeping pills. Which of the following crimes did Samson commit in this scenario? - involuntary manslaughter - stalking - voluntary manslaughter - battery

house arrest

Spencer has been convicted of possession of cocaine. His sentence includes 6 months of being restricted to his home at all times, unless he is working, at school, or attending a treatment program. Spencer has been sentenced to: - electronic monitoring - house arrest - a day reporting center - a halfway house

short-term therapy

Stephanie is a recent victim of sexual assault. While recovering, Stephanie has received several therapeutic interventions. Not long after her attack, she received support from a support group of fellow survivors of sexual assault. She also received support from a clinical psychologist who provided assistance with stress management. The type of therapy that Stephanie has undergone is: - physiotherapy - weight loading - short-term therapy - long-term therapy

federal

modern parole is typically administered at the state and _________ levels of government - national - county - municipal - federal

arresting individuals when probable cause exists

Which of the following is NOT one of the duties of a judge? - issuing arrest warrants - arresting individuals when probable cause exists - determining the amount of bail a defendant must provide - releasing suspects from custody while trials are pending

a gang block

You are a member of the Aryan Brotherhood, and prison administrators want to segregate you and your fellow members from the general population of the prison. As a result, they place all known members of the Aryan Brotherhood in a special location in the prison, often called: - an administrative segregation - protective custody - the hole - a gang block

statutory rape

_________ is a strict liability offense - statutory rape - theft - robbery - perjury

utilitarianism

_________ is an ethical philosophy of social control that focused on imposing punishments that were believed best for the majority of people in society - hedonism - materialism - utilitarianism - ethnocentrism

a self report

_________ is information from individuals who are guaranteed confidentiality, reveal offenses that they have committed but for which they may or may not have been arrested and held accountable - a police report - the Uniform Crime Report - the National Incident-Based Report - a self report

preventive patrol

_________ is officers' maintenance of a visible presence in communities to serve as a deterrent to a variety of street-level crimes - the dark figure of crime - fragmentation - preventive patrol - the blue code of silence

attenuation

_________ is the exception that applies when the link between the unconstitutional acts and the evidence becomes weak due to intervening time or events - attenuation - inevitable discovery - independent source - good faith

stare decisis

_________ means "to stand on the decision" - mens rea - actus reus - corpus delicti - stare decisis

native american

_________ women are more than twice as likely to be the victim of a violent crime than are women of other races - hispanic - black - white - native american

lower recidivism rates than

a Florida study found that inmates housed in private prisons had _________ inmates housed in state-run prisons - lower recidivism rates than - higher recidivism rates than - similar recidivism rates to - a longer period of time before they recidivated than

reasonable suspicion

a Terry stop is permitted when police have _________ to believe that a person is engaged in criminal activity - proof beyond a reasonable doubt - all of these - reasonable suspicion - probable cause

grand jury

a _________ is a panel of citizens who may investigate certain crimes and determine whether sufficient evidence exists to bring a defendant to trial - petit jury - going rate - grand jury - voir dire

due process

a judges' responsibility is to ensure that the trial proceeds according to the rules of: - just process - fair process - real process - due process

involuntary manslaughter

a killing resulting from an offender's careless actions is called _________ - mass murder - involuntary manslaughter - first-degree murder - voluntary manslaughter

supreme

a state's high court is often called its ________ court - district - supreme - trial - circuit

orders a witness to appear in court

a subpoena: - is required when a defendant is appealing his case - orders a witness to appear in court - is issued by a bailiff - orders the police to make an arrest

US Marshals Service

all of the following are agencies within the Department of Homeland Security EXCEPT the: - US Customs and Border Protection - US Coast Guard - US Marshals Service - US Secret Service

solicitors

all of the following are types of judges EXCEPT: - justices of the peace - magistrates - solicitors - referees

state

most criminal cases are prosecuted in _________ courts - state - county - federal - local

a panel of judges

cases in intermediary appeals courts are heard by: - a panel of judges - a grand jury - a judge - a jury

II

cocaine powder is classified under schedule _________ of the controlled substance schedules - II - III - I - IV

time-consuming, complicated, and expensive

critics of the criminal justice system believe that its procedures are often: - complicated - time-consuming, complicated, and expensive - time-consuming - expensive

death penalty

defendants in _________ cases often are entitled to automatic, nondiscretionary appeals to the high court - death penalty - kidnapping - federal - terrorism

president

most federal judges are nominated by the: - congress - senate - president - supreme court

1,404,000

in 2011, there were approximately _________ inmates in state prisons across the United States - 1,000,000 - 2,200,000 - 1,404,000 - 500,000

spree murder

in a(n) _________, victims are killed within a fairly narrow time span, from several hours to a few days - spree murder - involuntary murder - mass murder - serial murder

south

in the United States, homicide rates are highest in the _________ - south - northeast - midwest - west

all of these

it is argued that the judiciary lacks: - social class diversity - gender diversity - all of these - ethnic diversity

defendant

once prosecutors file a complaint, the individual arrested becomes a: - plaintiff - defendant - suspect - respondant

security threat groups

prison gangs are also referred to as: - prison threat groups - violent threat groups - special threat groups - security threat groups

follow-up investiagions

support activities of police include all of the following EXCEPT: - forensics - providing custody - follow-up investigations - communications

evildoer

the "mark of Cain" stigmatizes someone as a(n): - murderer - victim - thief - evildoer

rehabilitation

the Elmira Reformatory centered on the principles of: - rehabilitation - restoration - incarceration - restitution

facing loss of good time credits

the US Supreme Court case of Wolff v. McDonnell held that inmates had due process rights when they were facing placement in solitary confinement and when they were: - accused of a disciplinary infraction - being transferred to another prison - facing loss of good time credits - applying for parole release

Martinson Report

the _________ is a report, published in 1974, indicating that rehabilitative efforts, for the most part, were having little to no effect on recidivism - Riverside Report - Roberts Report - Martinson Report - John Report

McNaughtan Rule

the _________ is a standard for insanity that asks whether the defendant was unable to know what he or she was doing or to distinguish right from wrong - Common Law Rule - Durham Rule - McNaughtan Rule - American Law Institute Rule

Department of Justice

the _________ is the chief federal law enforcement department in the United States - US Secret Service - Federal Bureau of Investigation - Department of Justice - Department of Homeland Security

victim impact statements

the descriptions written by victims to describe how their victimization affected them is called _________ - victim forms - victimology - victim impact statements - feeling statements

private prisons are just as expensive as government-run prisons to operate

what has research indicated concerning the cost-effectiveness of private prisons? - private prisons are less expensive than government-run prisons to operate - private prisons are more expensive than government-run prisons to operate - private prisons are just as expensive as government-run prisons to operate - both private prisons and government-run prisons have seen decreases in their operation costs

95%

what percentage of cases are handled through plea bargaining? - 95% - 5% - 50% - 79%

50%

what percentage of female victims of intimate partner violence call the police? - 75% - 50% - 10% - 25%

rape kit

when a rape or sexual assault victim comes into a hospital to be examined, a _________ will usually be used - forensic - rape kit - SANE - colposcope

65 and older

which age group has the greatest confidence in police? - 18 and under - 40-49 - 65 and older - 21-30

fourteenth

which constitutional amendment applied the due process clause to the states? - eighth - fourth - fourteenth - fifth

eighth

which constitutional amendment states that excessive bail shall not be required? - fourth - eighth - fourteenth - fifth

latinos

which group has the second highest incarceration rate? - native americans - asians - latinos - whites

all of these

which of the following inmates are most likely to be housed in a supermax prison? - all of these - inmates deemed a high escape risk - inmates with antisocial personality - gang members

adjustment

which of the following is NOT a component of SARA, a model of problem-oriented policing? - response - analysis - scanning - adjustment

a suspect cannot consult a lawyer once the questioning begins

which of the following is a FALSE statement about the Miranda warning? - a suspect cannot consult a lawyer once the questioning begins - a suspect has the right to remain silent - is a suspect cannot afford a lawyer, a lawyer will be provided - a suspect has the right to consult a lawyer

aggressive order maintenance results in targeted policing in poor neighborhoods

which of the following is a complaint on aggressive order maintenance policing? - aggressive order maintenance policing reduces crime and residents' fear of crime - aggressive order maintenance results in targeted policing in poor neighborhoods - aggressive order maintenance policing focuses mainly on white people - aggressive enforcement of corrective measures for minor offenses decreases the quality of life in neighborhoods

the NCVS includes both reported and nonreported crimes and counts each separately, whereas the UCR counts only the most serious crime in an incident

which of the following is a difference between the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)? - the NCVS includes data on homicide, kidnapping, and so-called victimless crimes, whereas the UCR does not include these crimes - the NCVS includes both reported and nonreported crimes and counts each crime separately, whereas the UCR counts only the most serious crime in an incident - the NCVS is primarily oriented toward criminals and their crimes, whereas the USR focuses mainly on victims and their victimizations - the NCVS does not include data on secondary victimizations, whereas the UCR includes a deep study of the suffering of crime victims caused by their subsequent treatment by the police, the courts, or personal acquaintances

police officers only stop people of color because of the perception that they are more likely to commit crime

which of the following is an example of racial profiling? - police officers detain and question a hispanic male because he fits the description of a suspect who just robbed a bank - police officers only stop people of color because of the perception that they are more likely to commit crime - police set up a DUI checkpoint and stop every fifth vehicle, all of whom have black drivers - all of these answers are correct

all these answers are correct

which of the following is an inchoate crime? - solicitation - conspiracy - attempt - all of these answers are correct

all of these answers are correct

which of the following is an indicator that a police department has implemented community policing strategies? - officers patrolling by foot or by bicycle on a daily basis - employing full-time community resource officers - meeting with community groups - all of these answers are correct

the threat of harsh punishment does not necessarily reduce crime

which of the following is true about the effectiveness of harsh punishments as deterrents to crime? - the threat of harsh punishment only deters offenders from committing certain offenses, such as murder, robbery, or assault - the threat of harsh punishments almost always deters crime - the threat of harsh punishment does not necessarily reduce crime - the threat of harsh punishments only deters crime among certain offenders, such as those who are employed and have a family

they are closed to the press

which of the following is true of grand jury hearings? - defendants and witnesses are prohibited from invoking their fifth amendment right against self-incrimination during grand jury proceedings - they are closed to the press - the prosecutor is not involved in a grand jury hearing - they determine whether the suspect is guilty

Prison officials are aware of inmates who are suffering from HIV/AIDS but refuse to provide them with the proper course of treatment and as a result, four inmates die while in custody because of the lack of proper medical care.

which of the following situations would be an example of deliberate indifference? - Prison officials are aware that the ground floor of the prison is in danger of flooding and try their best to evacuate the inmates but cannot evacuate them all in time because of quickly rising water levels; as a result, two inmates drown because they cannot swim. - the prison's heater goes out in the middle of the night and two inmates get frostbite. Prison officials are not aware that the heater is out during the night but attempt to have it fixed as soon as they are aware of the problem the next morning. - Prison cells are infested with rats, but prison officials are not aware of the infestation and thus do not do anything about it. - Prison officials are aware of inmates who are suffering from HIV/AIDS but refuse to provide them with the proper course of treatment and as a result, four inmates die while in custody because of the lack of proper medical care.

the scan of an impulsive murderer shows shades of blue and green in the prefrontal cortex, reflecting reduced activity in this region

which of the following statements is true about the neurobiological factors of brain function? - the scan of an impulsive murderer shows shades of blue and green in the prefrontal cortex, reflecting reduced activity in this region - the scans of those who plan their series of killings reveal lower than normal levels of activity in the prefrontal cortex during such cognitive tasks - the immature prefrontal cortex area of the brain is capable of maintaining control over impulses in teenagers - the brain scan of a control subject with no psychiatric or criminal history produces an image in which much of the prefrontal cortex is blue and green, indicating its deactivation

the public generally believes that racial profiling is more common than police brutality

which of the following statements is true about the public opinion of police? - the public rates the police as less honest than congressmen and lawyers - most people across the country are not supportive of police - the public generally believes that racial profiling is more common than police brutality - nationwide, police are rated higher than the military

self-reports tell us about crimes committed by people who were never caught

which of the following statements is true of the methods that are used to measure crime? - the Uniform Crime Reports contain crimes reported and unreported by the police - Crime Index is a self-report approach that examines the experiences of an individual offender at length and in detail and can suggest useful hypotheses to test later with a larger sample of the same kind of offender - the dark figure of crime is the group of reported and recorded crimes that take place past midnight - self-reports tell us about crimes committed by people who were never caught

differential association theory

which of the following theories suggests that criminal behavior is learned during normal social interactions and the same learning principles are involved in reinforcing criminal and law-abiding behavior? - routine activities theory - strain theory - conflict-association theory - differential association theory

the police officer

who among the following is NOT a part of the courtroom workgroup? - the prosecutor - the police officer - the judge - the defense attorney