Lesson 1

Polyvariate study

More than two variables are being studied.

Non-experimental variables

Predictor variables Criterion variables

Discrete variable

is a variable whose value is obtained by counting.

Continuous variable

is a variable whose value is obtained by measuring.

Univariable study

Only one variable is being studied.

Classification of Variables

Numeric variables Continuous variable Discrete variable Categorical variable •Ordinal variables •Nominal variables •Dichotomous variables •Polychotomous variables

Confounding variables

are variables that the researcher failed to control, or eliminate, damaging the external validity of an experiment.

Quantitative research

defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.

Quantitative Research

explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics)

Independent variables

these variables are usually manipulated in an experiment. Thus, it is also called manipulated or explanatory variables.

VARIABLES

•Is a central concept in research. •Is any factor or property that a researcher measures, control, and/or manipulates. •It is also called a data item. •Is a quantity whose value changes.

Variables according to the number being studied

•Univariable study •Bivariate study •Polyvariate study

Quasi-Experimental Research

A kind of quantitative research aimed at establishing cause-and-effect relationship between variables, but without the assignment of individual participants to control and treatment groups.

Non-experimental Research

Descriptive Research Correlational Research Evaluation Research Causal-Comparative Research

Experimental variables

Independent variables Dependent variables Extraneous variables Confounding variables

Causal-Comparative Research

It is also known as ex post facto (after the fact) research. This kind of research derives conclusions from observations and manifestations that already occurred in the past and now compared to some dependent variables.

Correlational Research

It is concerned with the extent of relationships that exists between or among variables.

Pre-Experimental Research

Simplest form of research designs Very weak, researchers has a lil control Has no control group Often happen before a true experiment

Categorical variable

These are the variables with values that describe the quality or characteristics of a data unit like "what type" or "which category".

Numeric variables

These are variables that describe a measurable numerical quantity and answer the questions "how many" or "how much".

Extraneous variables

These variables are also called mediating or intervening variables. These variables are already existing during the conduct of an experiment and could influence the result of the study. They are known as covariate variables.

Dependent variables

These variables are usually affected by the manipulation of the independent variables. They are also called response or predicted variable.

Criterion variables

These variables are usually influenced by the predictor variables.

Predictor variables

These variables change the other variable/s in a non-experimental study.

Descriptive Research

This design is concerned with the describing the nature, characteristics and components of the population or a phenomenon.

Evaluation Research

This kind of research aims to assess the effects, impacts or outcomes of practices, policies or programs

True-Experimental Research

This research utilizes the scientific method to test cause-and-effect relationships under conditions controlled by the researcher.

Experimental Research

True-Experimental Research Quasi-Experimental Research Pre-Experimental Research

Bivariate study

Two variables are being studied.