Lesson 10: Types of Loading

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Area Moment of Inertia

1) A measure of a body's resistance to bending 2) Combines the first two factors: - Cross-sectional area - Distribution of the material around the neutral axis

Types of Loading

1) Axial. 2) Bending. 3) Shear.

Load

1) Externally applied force

Factors that determine Load

1) Magnitude 2) Location 3) Direction 4) Duration 5) Frequency 6) Variability 7) Rate

Neutral Axis

1) The line along which there is neither compressive nor tensile loading on a body during loading . Ex. - Symmetrical body: Located in the geometric centroid

Polar Moment of Inertia

1) The resistance to torsional loading 2) Increases with the distance away from the neutral axis.

3- Point Bending

1) Three forces applied 2) Create two moments

Bending Loading

A load applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a body causing it to curve. 1) 3-point bending 2) 4-point bending

Shear Loading

A load that causes one part of a body to move parallel past another part 1) Forces --> directed towards each other, just not along the same line 2) Parallel to the surface of a structure, opposite directions Ex. - Cutting a paper with your hands - Femur: Greater trochanter --> increase hip fracture.

Tension

A load that pulls the parts of a body apart Ex. - Bone is resistant - Tendons - Ligaments resist elongation

Compression

A load that squeezes the parts of a body together EX. Bone is resistant to compression

4-point Bending

Four forces applied.

Torsion Loading

The type of loading that exists when there is a twist around the neutral axis . Ex. Knee: - Meniscus tear due to torsion of lower leg. Depends of Polar Moment of Inertia

Effects of Bending on a body

Three factors: 1) Cross-sectional area 2) Distribution of the material around the neutral axis 3) Length of the body

Material Mechanics

- Focus on the internal effects of forces and moments. - Tissue mechanics.

Tissue Mechanics

- The mechanics of materials of human connective tissue 1) Bones. 2) Ligaments. 3) Cartilage. 4) Tendons.

Axial Load

Acts along a line, which is the longitudinal axis of a body. 1) Compression. 2) Tension.


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