Life Cycle Nutrition Chp 4

The placenta transports _____ between the mother and fetus.

nutrients and gas

Pregnant women are advised to consume at least _____ of all grains consumed as whole grains.

1/2

The fetus comprises approximately _____ of the total weight gained during pregnancy in women who enter pregnancy at normal weight.

1/3

It is recommended that overweight women gain approximately _____ pounds during pregnancy.

15-25

Approximately what proportion of infants who die within the first year of life die within the first month after birth?

2/3

​The increased need for energy in pregnancy averages _____ kcal/day.

300

Pre-term birth rate is defined as births less than _____ gestation per 100 live births.

37

Assessed from conception, pregnancy averages _____ weeks.

38

Infants weighing _____ are least likely to die within the first year of life.

7 lbs 12 oz to 10 lbs

Pregnant women of _____ ethnicity are more likely than those of other ethnicities to have an eating disorder known as pica.

African American

Number of pregnancies a woman has experienced

Gravida

A woman attempting to become pregnant wants is recommended to increase her folate levels. Explain the importance of folate during pregnancy and suggest sources of folate that the woman may include in her diet to increase her intake levels.

Inadequate folate intake has been linked to the development of congenital abnormalities and clinical complications of pregnancy. Specifically, inadequate availability of folate between 21 and 27 days after conception can interrupt normal cell differentiation and cause neural tube defects. It is recommended that women consume 600 mcg DFE of folate per day during pregnancy and include 400 mcg folic acid from fortified foods or supplements. The remaining 200 mcg DFE should be obtained from vegetables and fruits. These nutrient-dense foods provide an average of 40 mcg of folate per serving. To reach the recommended folate intake levels, the woman may include folate-rich foods such as oranges, dried beans, and pineapple juice as well as fortified foods such as breakfast cereal, pasta, rice, and bread in her diet.

Which statement correctly describes the health status of mother and infant for small for gestation age (SGA) and large for gestation age (LGA) newborns?

LGA newborns tend to have higher rates of postpartum hemorrhage than SGA newborns.

Give five examples of the ways in which nutrient requirements during pregnancy change.

Nutrient requirements vary during the course of pregnancy depending on pre-pregnancy nutrient stores, body size and composition, physical activity levels, stage of pregnancy, and health status.

The number of previous deliveries experienced by a woman

Parity

An eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food

Pica​

Describe the difference between gestational age and menstrual age.

Pregnancy begins at conception; that occurs approximately 14 days before a woman's next menstrual period is scheduled to begin and ovulation occurs. Assessment of duration of pregnancy as weeks from conception is termed gestational age. Commonly, however, pregnancy duration is measured from the date of the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP). Time in pregnancy estimated from LMP reflects menstrual age.

List at least four cases in which multivitamin and mineral prenatal supplements may benefit pregnant women.

Pregnant women who do not ordinarily consume an adequate diet, have a multifetal pregnancy, are vegans, have iron-deficiency anemia, or have a diagnosed nutrient deficiency or a therapeutic need for a specific nutrient may benefit from multivitamin and mineral prenatal supplements.

Marked by failure of spinal cord to close

Spina bifida​

Discuss ways in which the Montreal Diet Dispensary and WIC aid and promote the health of pregnant women.

The Montreal Diet Dispensary (MDD) serves low-income, high-risk pregnant females with nutritional assessment and intervention services. The MDD intervention strategy has four major components: (1) assess the usual dietary intake and risk profile of each pregnant woman; (2) determine individual nutritional rehabilitation needs based on results of the assessment; (3) teach clients the importance of optimal nutrition and about changes that should be made; and (4) provide regular follow-up and supervision. Studies have shown that women receiving MDD services have higher-birthweight infants, fewer low-birthweight infants, and infants with lower rates of perinatal mortality than is the case for similar women not receiving MDD services. WIC provides nutritional assessment, education and counseling, food supplements, and access to health services to over 6 million participants. WIC serves low-income pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding women, and children up to 5 years of age who are at nutritional risk. Supplemental food provided to women includes milk, yogurt, vegetables, fruits, whole grain products, ready-to-eat cereals, dried beans, fruit juice, and cheese. Some programs offer vouchers for farmer's markets. Participation in WIC is related to reduced rates of iron-deficiency anemia in pregnancy, higher-birthweight infants, decreased low-birthweight infants, and lower rates of iron-deficiency anemia in women after delivery.

Maternal and fetal needs for protein are fulfilled by maternal protein and muscle stores entering pregnancy

false

Pregnancy weight-gain recommendations are the same for all women, regardless of their weight status before pregnancy.

false

The maternal catabolic phase of pregnancy is marked by a decelerated fasting metabolism.

false

A pregnant woman advised to increase her intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) should consume _____.

fish and seafood

Inadequate intake of _____ during pregnancy has been associated with neural-tube defects.

folate

The preferred source of fuel for the fetus is _____.

glucose

A pregnant woman in the anabolic phase of pregnancy _____.

has increase appetite

Which placental hormone maintains early pregnancy by stimulating the corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone?

human chorionic gonadotropin

Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

hyperemesis

When cell size increases due to an accumulation of protein and lipids, the increase is characterized as _____.

hypertrophy

Even though the United States spends more money on health care than any other nation, the _____ rate ranks 56th among countries of the world.

infant mortality

Which substance is unable to be transported across the placenta?

insulin

​Infants are generally considered to have experienced _____ if their weight for gestational age or length is low.

intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)

With the possible exception of _____, nutrient needs during pregnancy should be met by the consumption of a well-balanced and adequate diet.

iron

The presence of nausea or vomiting during pregnancy _____.

occurs in about 80% of pregnant women

Infants born to women with vitamin D deficiency tend to have _____

poorly calcified bones

A high-quality pregnancy diet would be least likely to include _____.

processed red meat

Pregnant women are more susceptible to infectious diseases due to increased levels of _____.

progesterone

Heartburn in pregnant women is likely caused by _____.

relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter at the top of the stomach

Population-wide improvements in social circumstances, infectious disease control, and availability of _____ have corresponded to greater reductions in infant mortality than have technological advances in medical care.

safe and nutritious foods

A pregnant woman should avoid _____ during her pregnancy.

scuba diving

If not accompanied by hypertension, edema in pregnancy generally reflects a healthy expansion of plasma volume.

true

Infants born to African American mothers are more likely to have a low birthweight than infants born to Caucasian mothers.

true

Insulin-like growth factor-1 is the primary growth stimulator of the fetus.

true

Low levels of plasma volume expansion are associated with reduced fetal growth

true

Neural tube defects are among the most preventable types of congenital abnormalities that exist.

true

The highest rate of weight gain generally occurs during mid-pregnancy, prior to the time the fetus gains most of its weight.

true

The rate of human growth and development is higher during gestation than at any time in life.

true

A pregnant woman experiencing nausea may be recommended to take _____ supplements to decrease her symptoms

vitamin B6

During hemodilution, concentration of _____ in blood decreases.

vitamins and minerals

List four of the 2020 health objectives for the nation related to pregnant women and infants.

• Reduce the rates of fetal and infant deaths. • Reduce the rate of maternal mortality. • Reduce low birthweight and very low birthweight. • Reduce preterm births. • Reduce the rate of fetal and infant deaths. • Increase the proportion of pregnant women who receive early and adequate prenatal care. • Increase abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy. Increase the proportion of women who gain weight appropriately during pregnancy.

Which statement about foodborne illnesses is correct?

Toxoplasma gondii is a bacterium that can cause foodborne infections.

. ​The recommended weight gain range for normal-weight women is _____ pounds.

25-35

Absence of brain or spinal cord

Anencephaly

Caused by inadequate maternal intake of iodine during pregnancy

Hypothyroidism

Bioactive food components are constituents in foods or dietary supplements that are essential nutrients.

false

The fetus accounts for approximately 70% of the increased energy needs of pregnancy.

false

Dietary assessment during pregnancy should cover _____.

usual dietary intake, dietary supplement use, and weight-gain progress

How is the change in lipid blood levels that occurs during pregnancy best described?

Cholesterol and triglyceride levels both increase, though cholesterol to a lesser extent.

​Protein requirements in vegetarians whose main source of protein is _____ may be 30 percent higher than for non-vegetarians.

cereals and legumes

Define critical periods during pregnancy and explain their importance in embryonic/fetal development.

Critical periods during pregnancy are those pre-programmed time periods during embryonic and fetal development when specific cells, organs, and tissues are formed and integrated, or functional levels established. They are most intense during the first 2 months after conception, when a majority of organs and tissues begin to form. On the whole, critical periods represent a "one-way street," because it is not possible to reverse directions and correct errors in growth or development that occurred during a previous critical period. Consequently, adverse effects of nutritional and other insults occurring during critical periods of growth and development persist throughout life.

The ability of the fetus to modify gene functions when exposed to adverse conditions

Developmental plasticity

Provide two historical examples that indicate the fetal growth trajectory may be established early in pregnancy.

During the Dutch winter famine of 1943-1944, average birthweight declined by 372 grams (13 oz) and delivery of low-birthweight infants increased by 50 percent. Similarly, the siege of Sarajevo, which decreased food availability during 1993-1994, led to reduced caloric and nutrient intakes during pregnancy and reduced maternal weight gain and newborn weights. In both situations, birthweight did not fully catch up in infants born to women exposed to famine early in pregnancy, even if they received enough food later in pregnancy. These results support the notion that the fetal growth trajectory may be established early in pregnancy and that early nutritional deprivations limit fetal growth regardless of food intake later in pregnancy.

The first organ to develop in humans is the _____.

brain

Describe the physiological demands that increase energy requirements during pregnancy.

Energy requirements during pregnancy increase mainly due to protein and fat tissue synthesis, and the energy cost of maintaining an expanding amount of metabolically active tissues. Protein synthesis primarily occurs in fetal, placental, uterine, and breast tissues. Most of the fat synthesized during pregnancy is used to buildup maternal fat stores. Expanded metabolic activity related to the increased work of the mother's cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems are responsible for much of the increase in energy needed for basal metabolism. The fetus accounts for about a third of the increased energy needs of pregnancy.

Heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence

Epigenetic

Explain the purpose of natality statistics, including the types of data of interest to natality statistics.

The status of reproductive outcomes in the United States and other economically developed countries is routinely assessed through examination of a particular set of vital statistics—data called natality statistics. Natality statistics summarize important information about the occurrence of pregnancy complications and harmful behaviors, in addition to infant mortality (death) and morbidity (illness) rates within a specific population. These data are used to identify problems in need of resolution and to identify progress in meeting national goals for improvement in the course and outcome of pregnancy.

A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development

Toxoplasmosis

What mechanism of nutrient transport across the placenta utilizes energy (from ATP) and cell membrane receptors?

active transport

Which substance readily passes through the placenta to the fetus, where it can act as a toxin and interrupt normal growth and development?

alcohol

The first half of pregnancy is considered the maternal _____ phase while the second half of pregnancy is considered the maternal _____ phase.

anabolic; catabolic

Nutrition assessment of pregnant women usually includes laboratory tests of nutrients status; the nutrients tested are referred to broadly as nutrition _____.

biomarkers

Pregnant women should consume higher amounts of _____ than non-pregnant women.

choline

The changes in maternal physiology affect all parts of the body. Which change would be unlikely to occur in a woman's gastrointestinal tract during pregnancy?

decreased gastric and intestinal transit time

Exposure to the Dutch World War II famine during the second half of pregnancy led to increased risk of _____ in adult offspring.

decreased glucose tolerance

Normal-weight women who exercise regularly during pregnancy have _____.​

decreased risk of developing gestational diabetes

A baby born to a single mom who lost her job and experienced a severe food shortage near the end of her pregnancy is more likely to be classified as _____.

disproportionately small for gestational age (dSGA)

The stages of development in chronological order are _____.

embryo, fetus, and neonate

​Decreased conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat, lowered maternal utilization of glucose, and increased liver production of glucose help _____.

ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development

The primary purpose of increased body water expansion is to _____.

expand blood flow and nutrient transfer to the placenta and fetus