Lifespan - Chapter 15
What are likely causes of the feminization of poverty?
Child support by fathers is poorly enforced. Women are paid less in general. Alimony is awarded infrequently
Not all friendships are positive. Which of the following would NOT be a positive friendship trait?
Coercion
_____ play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation.
Constructive
_____ play occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution.
Constructive
Which of the social theories of aging has a more negative view of aging?
Disengagement theory
You encourage a friend to run for class officer. This is an example of which function of friendship?
Ego support
Which of the following are outcomes of social support for older adults?
Lower incidence of depression Decreased likelihood of being institutionalized
Which of the following is true of bullying?
Many bullies are not rejected by the peer group.
What is social buffering?
The capacity of supportive social relationships to make better the damaging effects of psychosocial stress the protective, positive effect of one individual on another
Poor children are often exposed to poor health conditions, as well as psychological outcomes. Select all of the following that are psychological outcomes of poverty.
The poor are often powerless. Limited jobs are available to the poor. The poor are often vulnerable to disaster.
What type of play would not be considered pretense/symbolic?
Throwing a ball against the wall and claiming, "I'm going to catch every throw."
Which of the following are important functions of peer relationships?
To provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family. To provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities.
Children's social cognition about their peers becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships in middle and late childhood.
True
True or false: By 2020, the ethnic minority population under age 18 in the United States will outnumber its non-Latino White counterpart.
True
True or false: The reality of contagious infections has led to the practice of social distancing in order to avoid transmission.
True
True or false: When children interact aggressively with peers, they are at risk for delinquency and dropping out of school.
True Antisocial behaviors are the root of many adolescent problems.
True or false: One of the most important functions of peer relations during childhood is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.
True Information and comparison are important functions served by peer relations.
Amina is about equally liked and disliked by the children in her class, receiving a typical (i.e., not unusual) number of both positive and negative nominations when her peers are asked. In terms of peer status, she is best described as _____.
an average child.
Which of the following types of children tend to get bullied?
children who are socially withdrawn children who are anxious children who are aggressive
Not all friendships are positive. Which of the following would not be a positive friendship trait?
coercion
Ji-hoon and Isuri enjoy spending time together after school. What function of friendship does this serve?
companionship
Adolescents indicate peer friendships provide them with which of the following?
companionship reassurance of worth intimacy
When immigrant parents and children are at different stages of acculturation, which of the following often results?
conflicts over cultural values
Two-year-old Mac arranges his blocks into the form of a smiley face. In which play type is Mac engaged?
constructive
Peer interaction is influenced by _____, which can mean the type of peer, the situation or location, and the culture.
context
In terms of peer status, the _____ child is frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.
controversial
Which peer status includes children who are frequently nominated as someone's best friend and as being disliked?
controversial
Gloria is an older woman who lives alone and does not go out often. She rarely has visitors. She is at risk for _____.
early death
When does conformity to peers tend to peak?
eighth and ninth grades
Due to the effects that imaginary play has on cognitive development, Vygotsky believed that parents should _____ it.
encourage
The tendency to consider one's own group superior to other groups is referred to as _____.
ethnocentrism
Which of the following is universal among cultures?
ethnocentrism
According to Daniel Berlyne, play satisfies our _____ drive.
exploratory
All of the following are contexts that influence peer interaction EXCEPT the:
individual's cognitive thought processes about peers.
Cultures that value self-actualization, self-awareness, self-efficacy, and the like are labeled _____.
individualistic
The rates of suicide, drug abuse, crime, and divorce are more prominent in a(n) _____ culture.
individualistic
Sensorimotor play is best defined as behavior engaged in by _____.
infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemas.
Sullivan believes that in particular, the need for _____ intensifies the most in early adolescence.
intimacy
Jessica and Nicole feel secure disclosing private thoughts and personal information to each other. They have a high degree of _____.
intimacy in their friendship.
The adult male pattern of friendship often involves _____ while sharing useful information.
keeping one's distance
Developmental psychologists have come to Asamaa's classroom and are asking all the children to fill out surveys asking them whom they like best in the class and whom they like least. This technique is _____.
known as the sociometric status technique
Which of the following is more common among minority groups than among non-Latino Whites?
large and extended families
Hobbies, sports, and reading are all examples of _____.
leisure
Compared with those who never took vacations, men who went on annual vacations were _____ to die during the period of a 9-year study.
less likely
Compared with those who never took vacations, men who went on annual vacations were _____ to die.
less likely
Which of the following is an example of social distancing?
maintaining a certain safe space from others
Freud and Erikson agree that play helps children _____.
master anxieties and conflicts.
A major trend in technology is the dramatic rise is in _____, in which individuals use two or more media concurrently, such as text messaging while listening to music on a phone.
media multitasking
Clara has been diagnosed with cancer. With improvements in _____ technology, Clara can continue to lead an active and constructive life.
medical
Ivana has been diagnosed with cancer. With improvements in _____ technology, Ivana can continue to lead an active and constructive life.
medical
According to some child psychologists, children's pretend play narratives emphasize which of the following capacities?
metacognition balance of social roles role-taking
Janie is in _____ adulthood and is able to have more leisure time due to increased paid vacation time and more available money.
middle
Adult female friendships tend to be _____ than adult male friendships.
more intimate
Adolescents are _____ younger children to disclose intimate and personal information to their friends.
more likely than
Compared to adult men, adult women tend to have _____ close friends and friendships that are more _____.
more; intimate
One individual difference factor that has been found to impair peer relations is the trait of_____
negative emotionality.
In terms of peer status, a(n) _____ child is not actively disliked but receives few nominations of any kind and is seldom chosen as a best friend.
neglected
Which peer status best describes Connie, who is shy and has low interaction with her classmates, but is not disliked?
neglected
Which peer status best describes Farah, who is shy and has low interaction with her classmates, but is not disliked?
neglected
Which peer status group includes children who are not disliked by peers but who are rarely nominated as best friend and are often described as shy?
neglected
Which of the following choices by a parent most influences a child's peer choices?
neighborhood
Critics of the concept of individualistic and collectivistic cultures argue that in many families _____.
neither individualistic nor collectivistic values are uniformly endorsed
Sensorimotor _____ is defined as behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.
play
In terms of peer status, the _____ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.
popular
In terms of peer status, the _____ child is frequently nominated as a best friend and is rarely disliked by peers.
popular
_____ play involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.
practice
Running, jumping, sliding, and throwing balls are examples of _____.
practice play.
Many experts on play consider the _____ years the "golden age" of symbolic/pretense play.
preschool
Social play increases dramatically during the _____ years.
preschool
What was the purpose of the Black Lives Matter movement?
protest the lack of educational opportunities for African Americans protest against police brutality
Which of the following becomes especially important in peer interchanges during the elementary school years?
reciprocity
In terms of peer status, _____ children are seldom nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
rejected
Which of the following child-rearing practices does not characterize lower-SES parents?
relying less on physical punishment
Which of the following is NOT a factor in the ways cliques form?
reputation
Which of the following peer interactions or styles is not typically learned or influenced by parent-child relationships?
rough and tumble play
Intimacy in friendships is characterized by which two of the following?
self-disclosure sharing of private thoughts
Bryn loves to see the toys on her bouncer seat move when she kicks her feet. In which of Bergen's play types is Bryn engaged?
sensorimotor
Carlos and Rosa have recently immigrated with their family to the United States from Guatemala. Please identify all barriers they may encounter.
separation from social networks language issues changes in their socioeconomic status
What type of impact does television have on children's development?
significant impact
Friendship in childhood is typically characterized by:
similarity
In childhood, friendships are typically characterized by _____.
similarity.
In 2018, what percentage of U.S. children under 18 years of age were living in families with income below the poverty line?
16.2
Make-believe play often reaches a peak at _____ years of age, then gradually declines.
4 to 5
In 2019, _____ percent of U.S. adults age 65 and older used the Internet.
73
In 2015, _____ of U.S. 13- to 17-year-olds reported that they used social networking sites daily.
92 percent
Who is more likely to be a bully?
A boy in high school
A common problem in cross-gender friendship is _____.
differing expectations.
According to Vonnie McLoyd, what is the double disadvantage faced by ethnic minority children in the United States?
discrimination and poverty
Mr. Carter will retire next month. He has slowly been removing his mark from the company, as well as lessening his interest and activity in his community. This is an example of the pattern predicted by which theory of aging?
disengagement
What are the features of crowds?
- Many are defined by activities. - They are larger than cliques. - They tend to be based on reputation.
The benefits of social support include which of the following?
An improved ability to meet one's own health-care needs Improved mental health A reduction in symptoms of diseases
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children under _____ years of age not watch TV.
Blank 1: 2 or two
_____ of poverty refers to the fact that far more women than men live in poverty.
Blank 1: Feminization or Feminisation
_____ and toddlers learn much more with direct experiences with people than with media; however, early childhood children can learn from media with educational material.
Blank 1: Infants or Babies
_____ therapy allows children to work off frustrations and to analyze conflicts and learn how to cope better.
Blank 1: Play
_____ time refers to how much time individuals spend watching TV, playing video games, and using computers or mobile media.
Blank 1: Screen or Media
There is nothing particularly unusual about Ramon. He gets along pretty well with most of his classmates; he is liked and disliked by an equal number of peers. In terms of peer status, Ramon can be described as a(n) _____ child.
Blank 1: average
Compared to cliques _____ are larger and less personal.
Blank 1: crowds or crowd
According to research, Internet use among older adults is linked to several (positive/negative) outcomes.
Blank 1: positive
Culture involves change; however, nowhere has the change been as revolutionary as the change of _____.
Blank 1: technology
_____ are far more likely to be involved in bullying than _____ are.
Boys Girls
_____ study compares aspects of two or more cultures and provides information about the degree to which development is similar or universal across cultures—or is instead culture specific.
Cross-cultural
_____ is defined as behavior patterns and beliefs passed on from one generation to another.
Culture
_____, which includes the behavior and beliefs of a group of people, results from the interaction between people and their environment over many years.
Culture
The concept of culture is broad. Select all of the following that may be included in the concept of culture.
Culture is made of ideals and values. Culture is made of assumptions about life that guide people's behavior.
Adults who do not take annual vacations are at a greater risk for which of the following?
Death Death from coronary heart disease
Which of the following are a negative result of screen time on children?
Decreased physical activity Decreased play time Higher rate of aggression
Bernardo is about to retire. He has stopped following the news and spends less time with friends. This is an example of which social theory of aging?
Disengagement theory
Marcus is about to retire. He has stopped following the news and spends less time with friends. This is an example of which social theory of aging?
Disengagement theory
True or false: Economically advantaged ethnic minority children are able to avoid the pervasive influence of prejudice and discrimination.
False
True or false: The Black Lives Matter movement was focused only on police brutality.
False
True or false: There is only one type of play called social play.
False
True or false: There is one type of play—social play.
False Social play is but one type of play.
Play allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a nonthreatening environment. This idea most closely aligns with _____ views of play.
Freud and Erikson's
What did Harry Stack Sullivan's theory about friendships state?
Friends are important in shaping the development of adolescents. Adolescents without close friendships will experience loneliness and lower self-worth. Friendships are necessary to satisfy our basic social needs.
_____ are activities that children engage in for pleasure and that have rules. Often they involve competition.
Games
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding gender and peer groups? From about 5 onward, boys tend to associate in larger clusters than girls. Girls' groups are more likely than boys' groups to seek to attain a group goal. Girls' groups are more likely to engage in "collaborative discourse" than boys' groups. Boys' groups are more likely to participate in organized group games than girls' groups are.
Girls' groups are more likely than boys' groups to seek to attain a group goal.
Which of the following statements is false regarding gender and peer groups?
Girls' groups are more likely than boys' groups to seek to attain a group goal.
Which of the following factors are important for successful aging?
Having an active lifestyle Being socially active Having adequate cognitive stimulation
Which of the following is the LEAST likely to pose an increased risk for depression during childhood?
Impulsiveness
Which of the following are ways older adults are commonly perceived?
Incapable of thinking clearly Incapable of learning new things Incapable of enjoying sex
A shy person is more likely than a gregarious individual to be neglected by peers. This best describes of the effect of what on peer relations?
Individual differences
Irma is an older adult. Although she has adequate food, health care, and other resources, she lacks non-assistance-related social support such as emotional closeness with others. Which of the following statements is true regarding Irma's situation?
Irma has a higher risk of earlier death.
Which statement best describes the impact that television has on children?
It can have a negative and positive impact on children's behavior.
_____ refers to the pleasant times when individuals pursue activities of their own choosing.
Leisure
What are the features of cliques?
Members are usually of the same sex. They average five to six individuals. Members are usually of the same age.
According to Piaget, what allows children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way?
Play
Which of the following are true about video games?
Playing video games can improve visuospatial skills and attentional control. Children who extensively play violent video games are more aggressive. Adolescents who play prosocial games exhibit more prosocial behavior.
Children who repeatedly throw a ball against a wall to work on their aim are engaging in what type of play?
Practice
At what stage do children begin to participate in games involving simple rules of reciprocity and turn-taking?
Preschool This is a skill that is usually given quite a bit of emphasis in preschool, as children learn to cooperate interactively with peers.
What type of play are children engaging in if they pick up a building block and pretend to be talking on the phone?
Pretense/symbolic
Which five peer status groups have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity?
Rejected Controversial Average Neglected Popular
According to a 2015 survey, which social networking site is the most frequently used among adolescents?
Snapchat
_____ play involves interactions with peers.
Social or Associative
Which type of play includes interchanges in turn-taking and conversations about numerous topics?
Social play
Which type of play involves interactions with peers?
Social play
_____ status refers to a person's position within society, based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
Socioeconomic
Which of the following statements most accurately depicts the frequency of aggressive versus friendly interactions as early childhood progresses?
The proportion of aggressive exchanges, compared with friendly exchanges, decreases.
In which of the following ways are older adults discriminated against?
They are eased out of old jobs. They are not hired for new jobs. They are shunned socially.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of games?
They are most popular in the preschool years.
Which of the following is true about ethnic minority adolescents in the United States?
They handle their challenges and stresses far better than was previously thought.
Which of the following countries has the highest rate of children in poverty?
United States
Children show _____ for same-sex peers.
a clear preference
Aiden has not been well accepted by his peers since kindergarten. In fact, he has no friends at all, and some children say they dislike him. In terms of peer status, Aiden is _____.
a rejected child.
Adolescents typically prefer _____ than in childhood.
a smaller number of friends relationships that are more intimate and intense
The process by which different ethnic groups coexist in the same society by adapting to the majority culture is called _____.
acculturation
Which of the following child-rearing practices does not characterize higher-SES parents?
acting more directive and less conversational with children
Madeleine is about equally liked and disliked by the children in her class, receiving a typical (i.e., not unusual) number of both positive and negative nominations when her peers are asked. In terms of peer status, she is best described as _____.
an average child.
According to Freud and Erikson, play helps the child master _____.
anxieties and conflicts. A psychodynamic theorist like Erikson or a psychoanalyst like Freud would emphasize one's anxious, unconscious conflicts.
As compared to nonimmigrant adolescents, adolescents from immigrant families _____.
assume higher levels of responsibility
Which of the following are a positive influence of parental monitoring of screen time on children?
better school performance more sleep prosocial behavior
Critics of the concept of individualistic and collectivistic cultures argue that the terms are too _____.
broad
The term _____ refers to verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful.
bullying
In which of the following ways does play encourage exploratory behavior?
by offering incongruity by offering novelty and surprise by offering complexity and uncertainty
What type of thought did Vygotsky believe symbolic and make-believe play helped to advance?
creative
A comparison of the value placed on academics in the United States and in China is an example of _____.
cross-cultural study.
During early childhood, the proportion of aggressive exchanges _____, as compared to friendly exchanges.
decreases
Which of the following are more prevalent among low-SES adolescents than among economically advantaged adolescents?
depression juvenile delinquency smoking medical conditions
A common problem in cross-gender friendship is
differing expectations
Which of the following is not a grouping used to determine socioeconomic status?
gender
Media multitasking has been linked to which of the following?
higher rates of obesity lower levels of school achievement increased depression
From 4 to 12 years of age, the preference for playing in same-sex groups _____
increases
From 4 to 12 years of age, the preference for playing in same-sex groups _____.
increases
When kids are around other kids it primes their reward system to be more easily aroused and more easily activated. That in turn leads them to: pay undue attention to the potential rewards of a risky choice and relatively less to the potential costs.
pay undue attention to the potential rewards of a risky choice and relatively less to the potential costs.
Developmentalists have distinguished five _____ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.
peer
Two friends are about the same age and maturity level. They are _____.
peers
A pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake is referred to as _____.
play
According to Piaget, _____ provides the perfect setting to exercise cognitive structures.
play
Mia plays alone at recess. The school counselor teaches Mia how to introduce herself and how to join in with peers. The school counselor is trying to increase Mia's _____.
social knowledge.
Which of the following refers to the extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group?
sociometric status
Jack is often sad because he just experienced the loss of his favorite pet. His friend Jason frequently makes Jack laugh and offers to take him to movies and so on. This is most likely an example of which friendship function?
stimulation
Adolescents from affluent families are particularly vulnerable to _____.
substance abuse
People in later adulthood who display an active lifestyle, mental stimulation, positive coping skills, and social support are involved in _____ aging.
successful
Developmentally advantageous friends are socially skilled, oriented toward academic achievement, and _____.
supportive
Studies have found that children living in poverty experienced high levels of allostatic load, which involves _____.
the wearing down of the body's physiological system due to stress
In which of the following ways do cliques generally form?
through friendships with other individuals through a club or sports team through shared activities
In which three of the following ways do parents most affect their children's peer relations?
through interactions with their children through the opportunities that they provide their children by how they manage their children's lives
Which of the following is not a characteristic of culture?
total acceptance of cultural values across the lifespan
Special problems of _____ immigrant families are lack of available services, low wages, and lack of benefits.
undocumented
Besides aggressive television shows, violent _____ _____ have also been correlated with aggression in children.
video games