LifeSpan Chapter 6

Four-year-old Nicco uses infant-directed speech when talking to his neighbor's new baby; this demonstrates __________. overregularization existence of the language acquisition device fast mapping pragmatics

pragmatics

Some countries and local areas add fluoride to the water system, which impacts children by __________. reducing rates of fat loss reducing rates of tooth decay increasing rates of physical growth increasing rates of brain development

reducing rates of tooth decay

One can see a preference for the use of a particular hand over the other as early as __________. infancy toddlerhood the prenatal period age 5

the prenatal period

__________ is the ability to exercise control over one's emotions. Undercontrol Overcontrol Internalizing problems Emotional self-regulation

Emotional self-regulation

Many studies across different cultures have found that children develop culturally specific rules of linguistic politeness between the ages of __________. 2 and 5 years 1 and 2 years 7 and 9 years 5 and 7 years

2 and 5 years

Which of the following statements regarding handedness is true? A premature birth is more common among left-handed infants. Left-handed people are less likely to have problems learning to read than right-handed people. Left-handed people tend to have poorer verbal and math ability than right-handed people. Children do not show hand preference until the middle of kindergarten when they are learning to write.

A premature birth is more common among left-handed infants.

Which of the following statements regarding parental discipline is most accurate based on existing research? All cultures require children to learn and follow cultural rules and expectations, and all cultures have some system of discipline for misbehavior. In Western majority cultures the approach to discipline in early childhood tends to emphasize the authoritarian style. Research has shown that time out is not effective for young children with behavioral problems. Providing explanations to their children is most common among non-Western parents who spend more time with their children than do American parents.

All cultures require children to learn and follow cultural rules and expectations, and all cultures have some system of discipline for misbehavior.

Which of the following would you be most likely to see 5-year-olds doing on a playground in a Western culture? Boys playing a game to see who could throw a ball the farthest Boys engaging in cooperative, fantasy play Children playing in mixed-age groups Girls playing catch with the boys

Boys playing a game to see who could throw a ball the farthest

Which of the following statements about pragmatics is true? Only a few cultures have words that are classified as "bad words" that are not supposed to be spoken, especially by children. By age 4, children are more sensitive to the characteristics of their conversational partner and will adjust their speech accordingly. Children will not learn pragmatics until they enter school. Many studies across different cultures have found that children develop culturally specific rules of linguistic politeness between the ages of 1 and 2 years.

By age 4, children are more sensitive to the characteristics of their conversational partner and will adjust their speech accordingly.

Which of the following statements regarding media use in early childhood is true? Most of the research on the effects of music has focused on very young children. Children are able to connect musical sounds with specific emotions. Boys and girls spend equal amounts of time playing electronic games. Girls are more likely than boys to prefer violent video games because they are striving to achieve an independent and assertive identity.

Children are able to connect musical sounds with specific emotions.

Which of the following is a factor that makes cultural learning in developed countries different from cultural learning in traditional cultures? Children in developed countries are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day, so they don't have as much guided participation in daily activities within the family as children in traditional cultures do. Parents in developed countries have assimilated into the culture and are not as interested in teaching their children skills or traditions as parents in traditional cultures are. Children in developed countries aren't interested in guided participation in daily activities the way children in traditional cultures are. Parents in traditional cultures believe that their children should learn independently.

Children in developed countries are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day, so they don't have as much guided participation in daily activities within the family as children in traditional cultures do.

In Piagetian terms, which of the following is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes? Reversibility Physical stability Conservation Centration

Conservation

__________ parents are low in both demandingness and responsiveness. Permissive Authoritarian Authoritative Disengaged

Disengaged

__________ is the inability to distinguish between your own perspective and another person's perspective. Egocentrism Reversibility Centration Animism

Egocentrism

How does motor development change between ages 3 and 6? Children learn to throw a ball, but won't be able to catch the ball until at least 7 years of age. Children begin to learn how to hop but will not be able to jump from a standing position until around 8 years of age. Children are actually slower runners between ages 3 to 6 than when they were toddlers. Fine motor skill development allows children to become more independent by doing things, such as putting on a coat and using a knife to cut soft food.

Fine motor skill development allows children to become more independent by doing things, such as putting on a coat and using a knife to cut soft food.

__________ is a language's distinctive system of rules. Fast mapping Vocabulary Grammar Pragmatics

Grammar

Based on research, which of the following would you expect of a 4-year-old American boy in regards to aggression and play? His aggression is less physical than girls at this age. He engages in rough-and-tumble play at recess when he is around other boys of the same age. He is much more likely than female peers his age to use relational and verbal aggression. If he is especially physically aggressive at this time in development, he will be less likely to be more aggressive than his peers later on.

He engages in rough-and-tumble play at recess when he is around other boys of the same age.

Which of the following statements regarding cultural differences in learning is true? In many cultures, children aged 2-3 are first given important responsibilities in the family for food preparation, child care, and animal care. In many cultures, children aged 5-6 are first given important responsibilities in the family for animal care. Other responsibilities such as food preparation and child care come later. In many cultures, children aged 5-6 are first given important responsibilities in the family for food preparation, child care, and animal care. In only a handful of cultures are children aged 5-6 given important responsibilities in the family for food preparation, child care, and animal care.

In many cultures, children aged 5-6 are first given important responsibilities in the family for food preparation, child care, and animal care.

__________ aggression is when a child wants something and uses aggressive behavior or words to get it. Instrumental Relational Verbal Hostile

Instrumental

Which of the following statements regarding young children's use of grammar is true? It does not develop until kindergarten. It develops simply by hearing and using the language in daily interactions. It is entirely dependent on formal instruction in preschool. It develops more slowly in developed than developing countries.

It develops simply by hearing and using the language in daily interactions

Which of the following statements regarding watching TV during young childhood is true? It has not been studied experimentally, and therefore no conclusions about causation can be made. It has been correlated with aggressive thoughts and behaviors, but only among males who were already extremely aggressive before viewing. It is a popular leisure activity all over the world. It has not been associated with any positive effects on development.

It is a popular leisure activity all over the world.

Which of the following statements regarding the use of shame as a punishment is true? It is referred to as psychological control among American researchers. It has been related to positive outcomes in both Western and traditional cultures. It is associated with high rates of behavior problems in Japanese children. It is universally accepted as the best method of discipline because it does not include physical punishment.

It is referred to as psychological control among American researchers.

Which of the following statements about gender identity is true? It refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as female or male. It includes an understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological. It develops around age 5. It develops much more quickly in females than in males.

It refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as female or male.

Which of the following statements regarding siblings is true? "Only children" are maladjusted, meaning they are more prone to depressive behavior disorders. Jealousy is a common response to the birth of a younger sibling across cultures. Research has shown that young children with older siblings have a more advanced theory of mind than those who are only children. A gap of 4 to 8 years between children is common in many cultures across the world.

Jealousy is a common response to the birth of a younger sibling across cultures.

Which of the following statements regarding moral development in early childhood is true? Children have more difficulty with perspective-taking than they did earlier in development because of their stronger sense of self. Children are not yet able to experience empathy. Moral judgments tend to be based more on fear of punishment than is the case for older children. Children from different cultures learn the same moral rules.

Moral judgments tend to be based more on fear of punishment than is the case for older children.

Which of the following statements regarding physical development in early childhood is true? Most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions. Girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys. Physical development occurs at a more rapid pace than it did in the first three years. The amount of tooth decay is similar between children in developing and developed countries.

Most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions.

Imagine that you have just walked into a kindergarten classroom during art time and all the children in this particular class are 5 years old. What would you most likely see? Most of the girls getting frustrated because they can't hold a crayon or paintbrush. Most of the children scribbling on a piece of paper. Most of the children showing depth and realistic detail in their artwork. Most of the children drawing something that is recognizable, such as a person or animal.

Most of the children drawing something that is recognizable, such as a person or animal.

Which of the following statements describing moral development in early childhood is true? Young children inherently know the rules and expectations of their culture without needing to be taught. Children at this age are not capable of reasoning in terms of fairness considerations. Perspective-taking and being able to understand how others think and feel make children more empathic at this age. Socioemotional emotions such as shame and pride first appear.

Perspective-taking and being able to understand how others think and feel make children more empathic at this age.

__________ includes hitting, kicking, biting, burning, or shaking the child. Sexual abuse Emotional abuse Neglect Physical abuse

Physical abuse

Which of the following statements about preschool and the Japanese is true? Preschool is mainly a time for learning social skills and gaining experience being a member of a group. Individuality is stressed from the time children enter preschool as a way to encourage children to reach their full potential. The same top reasons for young children to attend preschool are listed by parents and preschool teachers in Japan and in the United States. Learning academic skills is the number one goal of having children attend preschool.

Preschool is mainly a time for learning social skills and gaining experience being a member of a group.

Which of the following statements regarding theory of mind is true? There are large differences between children from different cultures in their understanding of false beliefs. Researchers agree that only by age 4 do children acquire false-belief reasoning. Researchers have used violation-of-expectation tasks to explore theory of the mind. Researchers are unable to use false-beliefs tasks to measure theory of the mind.

Researchers have used violation-of-expectation tasks to explore theory of the mind.

Hyejin is an only child from China. Which of the following is most likely true? She has higher cognitive development than her counterparts with siblings. She has poorer social skills, but is considered more assertive than her counterparts with siblings. She would be considered overindulged and selfish. She scores lower on likeability than her counterparts with siblings who have had to share and negotiate.

She has higher cognitive development than her counterparts with siblings.

Which of the following statements regarding emotional regulation is true? Different cultures have similar views about what the optimal level of emotional self-control is. The development of the temporal lobe promotes self-regulation. Self-regulation develops earlier in boys than in girls. Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6.

Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6.

Which of the following statements about handedness is true? The prevalence of left-handedness in some African countries is as low as 1%. Children will not demonstrate handedness until at least kindergarten. Identical twins are more likely than ordinary siblings to be similar in handedness. There is no genetic component to handedness; it is based purely on one's environment.

The prevalence of left-handedness in some African countries is as low as 1%.

Research on parenting has found which of the following statements to be true? Children of permissive parents tend to do better in school than children of other parenting styles because they learn to think for themselves. There are bidirectional effects between parents and their children. The outcomes for children of authoritative parents are virtually identical to outcomes for children of permissive parents. The two main dimensions of parenting are demandingness and strictness.

There are bidirectional effects between parents and their children.

Which of the following statements regarding left-handed children is true? They are often praised for their uniqueness in non-Western cultures. They will always have a left-handed twin if they are identical twins. They likely first developed this tendency during the early childhood years. They will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in an Asian or African culture than in the United States.

They will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in an Asian or African culture than in the United States.

Which of the following statements regarding theory of mind is true? It can only be measured after children can speak well. Toddlers show evidence of having theory of mind. Children show a decrease in this ability from 4 to 6 years of age because they are becoming more independent. A child who demonstrates theory of mind is not yet able to think about thinking.

Toddlers show evidence of having theory of mind.

Based on existing research, which of the following statements regarding discipline is true? In traditional cultures, it is more often the formal legal system that intervenes in cases of child abuse. Western parents tend to use a lot of praise for compliant behavior. Not all cultures have a system of discipline for misbehavior; some feel that children are inherently good and do not need discipline. Japanese mothers usually respond to their children's misbehavior with loud reprimands and physical punishment.

Western parents tend to use a lot of praise for compliant behavior.

As a parent of a 3-year-old, you have visited several preschool programs to determine the one that will provide the highest quality experience. Which of the following should you look for in the preschool that you choose? Regardless of formal training, the teachers are parents themselves Whether the teachers spend a lot of time interacting with the children, rather than with each other Whether there is a large class size so that many playmates are available Whether teachers make good use of time by providing worksheets and flashcards to practice numbers and letters

Whether the teachers spend a lot of time interacting with the children, rather than with each other

Five-year-old Marco draws a picture of a train with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of __________. reversibility animism sensorimotor thought centration

animism

The parenting style of parents who listen receptively to opinions from their children is considered to be __________. authoritative autocratic authoritarian child-centered

authoritative

Walter is a 5-year-old boy who lives in the United States. Based on the research, if he has a nutritional problem it is most likely to be __________. protein deficiency kwashiorkor anemia calcium deficiency

calcium deficiency

In early childhood (from ages 3 to 6) __________. fine motor skills are refined, but gross motor skills remain the same as they were in toddlerhood children begin to draw but their objects are not recognizable children learn to climb stairs but need support to do so children learn to make more hops in a row and to hop on one foot

children learn to make more hops in a row and to hop on one foot

The __________ allows for coordination of activity between the two hemispheres. cerebral cortex reticular formation corpus callosum hippocampus

corpus callosum

According to Vygotsky, cultural learning skills, such as learning to set the table in a developed country or to help prepare food in a traditional culture, __________. usually develop best if they take place in a formal setting develop as part of a social and cultural process must be learned in the sensorimotor stage first or they never fully develop cannot be appropriately acquired until late childhood

develop as part of a social and cultural process

A consistent pattern in early intervention programs such as Head Start is that the early gains in IQ and achievement __________. continue throughout the lifespan continue, but only for females continue to increase throughout middle school fade within 2 or 3 years of entering elementary school

fade within 2 or 3 years of entering elementary school

The way we organize and process information in terms of gender-based categories is referred to as __________. gender constancy gender stereotyping gender schemas self-socialization

gender schemas

In Berko's classic experiment, she showed young children a picture of one figure called a "wug" and then showed them two of these figures. She asked them to respond to the following question: "Now there are two __________." Berko was measuring children's understanding of what? grammar possessives pragmatics overextension

grammar

When Lillard compared one group of children that had attended a Montessori preschool to another group that attended other types of preschools, the non-Montessori group __________. had not expressed an interest in applying to Montessori schools were hand-picked to attend the Montessori school had originally applied to Montessori schools but were not able to enter due to space limitations were hand-picked to attend the non-Montessori school

had originally applied to Montessori schools but were not able to enter due to space limitations

The limited memory for personal events and experiences prior to age 5 is probably due to incomplete myelination of the __________. cerebellum hippocampus reticular formation corpus callosum

hippocampus

Anemia is caused by __________. protein deficiency vitamin C deficiency calcium deficiency iron deficiency

iron deficiency

Chris realized that even though the teacher dressed up like Michael Jackson for Halloween, she is still a female. Based on this information, one would expect that Chris __________. is a 7-year-old boy is a 4-year-old boy has not yet attained gender identity, but knows the gender identity of the teacher uses gender schemas, but does not yet understand gender constancy

is a 7-year-old boy

Lucien is still cared for mainly by his mother, who just recently stopped breast feeding. He also spends a lot of time with his older siblings and older children who live nearby. When he is distressed, the older children comfort him if the mother is not in the vicinity. Using Mead's classification, Lucien would be considered a __________. lap child yard child neighborhood child knee child

knee child

Margaret Mead designated children aged 0-2 with the term __________. lap child yard child knee child carry child

lap child

A key reason why emotional outbursts decline in early childhood is that children __________. have learned the skill of overcontrolling their emotions have a more sophisticated theory of mind at this age learn strategies for regulating their emotions, in a practice known as effortful control at this age are no longer at risk for externalizing problems

learn strategies for regulating their emotions, in a practice known as effortful control

While learning language, children who learn English and other Western languages have been shown to fast-map __________ first. adjectives possessives verbs nouns

nouns

By age 5, most children can easily sit for 10-15 minutes while a story is read aloud, whereas most 3-year-olds would be unable to sit still and pay attention for so long. This is due to the 5-year-olds' _______________ being more fully developed than that in 3-year-olds. cerebellum reticular formation corpus callosum hippocampus

reticular formation

The process by which people seek to maintain consistency between their gender schemas and their behavior is referred to as __________. gender identity self-regulation self-socialization gender constancy

self-socialization

Accidental injury among young children is __________. extremely rare in the United States because of increased awareness and better technology more common among girls than boys the leading cause of death for young children in developed countries equally common among boys and girls

the leading cause of death for young children in developed countries

There is a broad consensus among early childhood scholars that preschool teaching should be based on __________. whole language learning unstructured, hands-on experiences building skills for science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) repetition and rote learning to ensure the mastery of core concepts

unstructured, hands-on experiences

Compared to children with low socioeconomic status who did not attend Head Start, those children who did attend __________. improved their academic performance, but were still more likely to repeat at least one grade were less likely to be placed in special education classes had higher grades, but lower self-esteem because of the pressure to achieve showed a boost in IQ and achievement from elementary school until the end of high school

were less likely to be placed in special education classes

Compared to low-income children who did not participate in the High Scope Preschool Project, children who did participate __________. were just as likely to drop out of high school because of the need to help support their families were more likely to be married and own their own home by age 27 were just as likely to be arrested and go to prison, but to have shorter prison sentences had lower incomes at age 27, but were more likely to enjoy their work

were more likely to be married and own their own home by age 27