lifespan development final

5 year old Charlotte is out to dinner with her family and she knows not to get up from the table until her dad pays the bill. this knowledge reflects the use of A)a script B)rehearsal C)an episodic memory D)recognition memory

A)a script

research using a specially designed virtual driving task demonstrates that A)a teen driving with other teens is more likely to crash than a teen driving alone B)an adult driving alone is more likely to crash than a teen driving alone C)an adult driving with other adults is more likely to crash than an adult driving alone D)a teen driving alone is more likely to crash than a teen driving with other teens

A)a teen driving with other teens is more likely to crash than a teen driving alone

3 year old Eva told her mother that she had to bring Ted the teddy bear on vacation because he would be sad if he was left home alone. Eva statement represents A)animistic thinking B)propositional thought C)centration D)irreversibility

A)animistic thinking

From the freshman to the senior year of college, most students A)become better as reasoning about problems that have no clear solution and identifying the strengths and weaknesses of opposing sides of complex issues B)show a drop in concern for human welfare and enthusiasm for political activism C)become less interested in literature, the performing arts, and historical issues D)evidence a decrease in self esteem and develop a less firm sense of identity

A)become better as reasoning about problems that have no clear solution and identifying the strengths and weaknesses of opposing sides of complex issues

in middle adulthood, stress management A)can limit the age related increase in illness B)has no effect on the likelihood of disease or severity of symptoms C)is effective in boosting mental wellness for women but not men D)can boost mental wellness, but it does not affect the risk of diseases like heart disease, stroke, and cancer

A)can limit the age related increase in illness

research on dropping out in college shows that A)dropout rates are higher in college with more selective admissions standards B)college initiatives that foster bonds between professors and students, and generously fund students services increase retention C)today, the US ranks first in the world in percentage of young adults with college degrees D)most college drop outs leave during their final year of college

B)college initiatives that foster bonds between professors and students, and generously fund students services increase retention

which of the following is supported by research on college in the US A)since the 1970's the US has dropped relative to other countries in terms of the percentage of young adults with college degrees B)most colleges offer adequate support to student at risk for dropping out C)over 90% of students who begin college at a 4 year institution graduate within 6 years after enrolling D)factors like SES, race, and ethnicity have no effect on the dropout rate or dropout risk

A)since the 1970's the US has dropped relative to other countries in terms of the percentage of young adults with college degrees

research suggest that _____ may be the most important component of love that determines whether a relationship survives A)companionate love B)commitment and communicating that commitment in ways that strengthen intimacy C)passionate love D)compassionate love

B)commitment and communicating that commitment in ways that strengthen intimacy

in Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, the most obvious change as children move from the sensorimotor stage to the preoperational stage A)the ability to mentally represent the world B)private speech C)abstract throughout D)motor activity

A)the ability to mentally represent the world

the highest levels of REM sleep occur during A) fetal period B) first few weeks of life C)late infancy D)toddlerhood

A)the fetal period

of all hearing difficulties that occur in late adulthood, the age related ______ has the greatest impact on life satisfaction A)inability to hear at high frequencies B)decline in speech perception C)inability to detect soft sounds D)declining responsiveness to startling noises

B)decline in speech perception

during adolescence, A)unused synapses continue to be pruned B)neurons in the brains emotional/social network become less responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters C)myelination of neural fibers slows down relative to middle childhood D)the brain's cognitive control network functions more optimally than at any other age across the lifespan

A)unused synapses continue to be pruned

30 year old Sophie is a young medical student whose studies keep her very busy. she loves school and is excited about her career in medicine. but her enthusiasm is tempered by the fact that she is unable to visit her elderly grandparents as often as she would like, and that she is no longer finding time to do yoga regularly. both of these activities have been central to who she is as an individual, and so she has vowed to do more of both in the new year. this awareness of conflicting positive and negative feelings, and the coordination of them into a complex, organized structure that recognizes her own uniqueness reflects which of the following forms of thinking? A)cognitive affective complexity B)metacognition C)pragmatic thought D)relativistic thinking

A)cognitive affective complexity

in the US, life expectancy A)is longer for men than most women B)is higher than in most develop nations C)decreases as income and education increase D)has been extended by almost 30 years in the last century

D)has been extended by almost 30 years in the last century

Alexandra is a young adult who used to believe that childhood vaccines cause autism. she justified this belief based on the fact her younger brother developed symptoms of autism soon after receiving several vaccines. later in college, she read scientific studies that demonstrated no evidence linking vaccines and autism, and she consequently changed her belief. she reasoned that it made sense to change her belief because her prior thinking was based on the fact that her brothers' vaccines and diagnosis occurred around the same time, and not objective evidence. this sort of ability to update thinking based on new evidence is referred to as A)epistemic cognition B)theory of mind C)hypothetico-deductive reasoning D)propositional thought

A)epistemic cognition

which of the following theories best captures the changes that occur to people's social networks and the functions of social interactions as people move into late adulthood? A)commitment within relativistic thinking B)selective optimization with compensation C)dependency support script D)socioemotional selectivity theory

D)socioemotional selectivity theory

4 year old Jamal is likely to consider _____ as more wrong than _______ A)burping at the table; cheating at a game B)eating spaghetti with his fingers; stealing a cookie from the cookie jar C)failing to say 'please and thank you'; lying to his mom D)stealing candy; licking his plate

D)stealing candy; licking his plate

researchers interested in examining at what age children will help an adult in need set up a laboratory situation where children of various ages witness an adult trip. this is an example of A)longitudinal design B)naturalistic observation C)case study method D)structured design

D)structured observation

since the 1970's it has taken longer for each generation to reach milestones social scientists typically associate with the transition to adulthood: 1. completing school 2. leaving home 3. becoming financially independent 4. marrying 5. having a child these trends A)have led developmental psychologists to propose a new stage of life called emerging adulthood B)are unhealthy to young people because by the end of adolescence their brains are designed to take on the roles of adulthood C)have greatly interfered with healthy identity development and have led to a self centered worldview among today's young people D)are seen both in the US and in the majority of regions in Africa, Asia, and South America with traditional economies

A)have led developmental psychologists to propose a new stage of life called emerging adulthood

which statement about the relationships among income, education, occupational status, and health in the US is true? A)income, education, and occupational status show strong, continuous relationships with almost every disease and health indicator over the lifespan B)improving SES conditions would do little to close ethnic gaps in health because there is no evidence that SESS accounts for the white health advantage C)variations in health and mortality due to SES are smaller in the US than in other industrialized nations because poor US families are financially better off D)in the US, SES groups experience smaller inequalities in environmental factors that affect health, such as housing, pollution, and education

A)income, education, and occupational status show strong, continuous relationships with almost every disease and health indicator over the lifespan

The period of emerging adulthood is defined by each of the following features EXCEPT A)narrowing interests B)self-focused C)identity exploration D)possibilites

A)narrowing interests

which statement is true about the problem solving in late adulthood A)older adults usually do what they can to avoid interpersonal conflicts B)older people tend to seek advice of others less often than in the past C) older adults typically have a hard time adapting strategies to everyday solve problems D)older people tend to adopt a "wait and see" approach when it comes to health issues

A)older adults usually do what they can to avoid interpersonal conflicts

which of the following is supported by research on suicide in the US A)over the past 15 years, the suicide rate of middle aged adults has increased by 25% B)the suicide rate is the lowest among people in late adulthood and highest during adolescence C)there are no education or economic differences in the suicide rate D)black middle aged men have shown the sharpest rise in suicide rates in the past decade

A)over the past 15 years, the suicide rate of middle aged adults has increased by 25%

when 15 year old Olivia's boyfriend breaks up with her her mother says "i know exactly how you feel". Olivia responds with "no you don't. no one has ever felt as heart broken as i do right now" Olivia's response is a good illustration of which of the following concepts characteristic of adolescence? A)personal fable B)hypothetico-deductive C)imaginary audience D)propositional thought

A)personal fable

which of the following statements is supported by research on changes that take place over time between young and late adulthood A)personality traits show considerable stability but reports of possible selves change greatly B)both personality traits and possible selves show considerable stability C)personality traits change greatly but reports of possible selves show considerable stability D)both personality traits and possible selves change greatly

A)personality traits show considerable stability but reports of possible selves change greatly

which part of the brain is particularly plastic during adolescence A)prefrontal cortex B)thalamus C)medulla oblogata D)hypothalamus

A)prefrontal cortex

in terms of caregiving for older adults, the dependency support script and the independence ignore script A)promote excessive dependency in older adults B)enable older adults to use their capabilities fully in pursuit of their goals C)create an effective person environment fit D)reduce stress and thereby promote physical health in older adults

A)promote excessive dependency in older adults

according to research on brain development A)young adults who continue to experience novelty and challenge may enjoy intellectual advantages over their time same age peers who opt for less exciting and repetitive roles B)adolescence is a time of reduced brain plasticity C)the brain systems necessary for cold cognition are not mature until the late 20's D)the earlier young adults graduate from school, get a job, establish financial independence, and marry - the higher the IQs

A)young adults who continue to experience novelty and challenge may enjoy intellectual advantages over their time same age peers who opt for less exciting and repetitive roles

in middle adulthood and beyond, creative accomplishments tend to _____ compared to earlier in life A)be more spontaneous and random B)reflect more intense emotions C)focus on original discoveries and unusual ideas D)sum up or intergrade ideas into unique ways of thinking

D)sum up or intergrade ideas into unique ways of thinking

Each time his mother hides 7-month-old Calvin's toy under his blanket, he retrieves the toy. When his mother then hides the toy under a pillow near the blanket, Calvin continues to look under the blanket for the toy. Calvin is demonstrating A)a secondary circular reaction B)habituation and recovery C)classical conditioning D) the A-not-B search error

D)the A-not-B search error

During a __________ task, 4-year-old Vanessa is asked whether there are more oranges or fruits in a group of two apples, three bananas, and five oranges. She will most likely say that there are more __________. A)class inclusion; fruits B)class inclusion; oranges C) conservation of number; fruits D)conservation of number; oranges

B)class inclusion; oranges

according to international comparisons, educations in the US is _____ than other countries A)more challenging B) more fact based C)more focused based critical thinking D)more equitable for low SES and ethnic minority students

B) more fact based

Piaget believed that infants and toddlers A)can mentally represent the world around them B)"think" with their eyes, ears, and hands C) assimilate more than they accomodate D)are incapable of constricting schemes

B)"think" with their eyes, ears, and hands

_______ promotes ____________ brain growth during early childhood A)eating dinner together; experience-dependent B)a game of peekaboo; experience-expectant C)training with number and letter flashcards; experience expectant D)a bath before bedtime; experience-dependent

B)a game of peekaboo; experience-expectant

according to Vygotsky, when adults engage in effective scaffolding, they A)encourage children to discover for themselves through spontaneous interaction with the environment B)adjust their level of support to fit with the child's current level of performance C)speed up development by encouraging children to develop new skills even before they indicate interest or readiness D)evaluate learning progress on the basis of attaining normative standards

B)adjust their level of support to fit with the child's current level of performance

during middle childhood, children's self-esteem _______ as the result of increased competence-based feedback and the ability to engage in social comparisons A)becomes increasingly unstable B)adjust to a more realistic and nuanced level C)increases dramatically relative to early childhood D)becomes extremely low

B)adjust to a more realistic and nuanced level

20 year old Ally can better manage dividing her attention between talking on the phone and checking her email than her mother can. this is because ________ becomes more challenging with age A)practical problem solving B)flexible shifting C)pragmatic shifting D)cognitive affective complexity

B)flexible shifting

which of the following is supported by research on sensory systems in late adulthood? A)cataracts are the leading cause of blindness B)hearing loss in associated with declines in self efficacy, and increases in loneliness and depressive symptoms C)vision loss has less impact on self care than hearing loss D)dark adaptation becomes easier with age

B)hearing loss in associated with declines in self efficacy, and increases in loneliness and depressive symptoms

research demonstrates that ______ is the toxic ingredient of the type A behavior pattern A)impatience B)hostility C)extreme competitiveness D)sense of hurriedness and time pressure

B)hostility

lela, age 81, has lived in her own apartment since her husband died 6 years ago. lately, she has been having difficulty with tasks of daily living. Lela's family and friends want to help for social support to foster her well being A)it should be informal rather than formal B)lela must take personal control of it C)it should follow the dependency support script D)it should follow the independence ignore script

B)lela must take personal control of it

research demonstrates that in western societies A)most adults no longer feel the need to be active agents in their directing their own daily lives B)maintaining feelings of personal control is linked with higher life satisfaction and well being in later life C)physical health and mental well being operate largely independently in late adulthood and do not affect one another D)most elder adults thrive on receiving high levels of caregiving assistance from family members and close friends

B)maintaining feelings of personal control is linked with higher life satisfaction and well being in later life

compared with younger people, middle aged adults see themselves as A)more concerned about others' expectations and evaluations B)more capable of effectively managing a complex array of tasks C)less concerned with following self chosen standards D)less content with themselves and life

B)more capable of effectively managing a complex array of tasks

relative to young adulthood, middle adulthood brings gains in _________ and decreases in _______________. A)working memory; inhibition B)practical problem solving; executive function C)inhibition; flexible shifting D)executive function; memory strategies

B)practical problem solving; executive function

research reveals that compared to younger adults, those in late adulthood A)have a less secure and less multifaceted self concept B)selectively attend to all better recall emotionally positive over negative information C)less often engage in life review D)show declines in agreeability and declines in acceptance to change

B)selectively attend to all better recall emotionally positive over negative information

which of the following is supported by research on cognitive changes during middle adulthood? A)response times increase only on tasks involving fluid intelligence B)the decrease in processing speed is likely associated with the breakdown of myelin coating on neurons C)compensatory strategies, even on familiar tasks, usually are unsuccessful D)processing speed increases likely due to the gains in knowledge and experience that come with age

B)the decrease in processing speed is likely associated with the breakdown of myelin coating on neurons

Eight year old Ezra is shown pairs of sticks if differing colors. He sees that stick A is longer than stick B, and that stick B is longer than stick C. from these observations he can infer that stick A is longer than stick C. this cognitive ability is known as A)reversibility B)transitive inference C)conservation of length D)flexible shifting

B)transitive inference

High-hardy individuals are likely to A)avoid seeking social support because they effectively solve problems independently B)use active problem centered coping strategies in situations they can control C)deny that events can be stressful D)use emotion centered and avoidant coping strategies in most situations

B)use active problem centered coping strategies in situations they can control

which of the following is supported by research on changes in the self concept in middle adulthood A)midlife is generally a time of decreased comfort with the self and decreased commitment to personal values B)with age, possible selves become fewer in number and more modest and concrete C)as people move into middle adulthood, they rely more and more on social comparisons for judging their self worth D)there is a decrease in overall life satisfaction from early to middle adulthood

B)with age, possible selves become fewer in number and more modest and concrete

which of the following is supported by research on emotions in infancy? A) expressions of both anger and fear decrease in the second half of the first year of life B)infants from he first day of life smile in response to social stimulation from familiar faces C)babies of depressed mothers commonly show poor emotion regulation, irritable mood, and attachment difficulties D)only insecurely attached infants become fearful of unfamiliar adults

C)babies of depressed mothers commonly shoe poor emotion regulation, irritable mood, and attachment difficulties

compared to college students in past generations, more college students in this generation A)pursue their education in a linear fashion B)obtain their degree in three to four years C)change majors as the explore career options D)narrow their interest, attitudes, and values

C)change majors as the explore career options

during the period of the embryo A)the placenta begins to form B)vernix and lanugo emerge on the skin C)the most rapid prenatal changes take place D)a age of viability occurs

C)the most rapid prenatal changes take place

attribution retaining encourages learned helpless children A)to believe that they are innately smart B)to focus on raising their grades C)to believe they can overcome failures by trying harder D)to compare their own performance to those of classmates

C)to believe they can overcome failures by trying harder

according to Lawrence Steinberg's talk, the age of menarche for girls and the onset of puberty for boys has dropped on recent decades. Research has demonstrated that each of the following have contributed to this change except A)a rise in childhood obesity B)increased exposure to chemicals that interfere with the way our hormone systems work C)a rise in sexually transmitted infections D)increased exposure to artificial light

C)a rise in sexually transmitted infections

in watching two children, Dom, who is in the preoperational stage, and Izzy, who is in concrete operational stage, solve Piaget conservation of liquid problem, what difference would be evident A)Izzy but not Dom will ignore the dynamic transformation between the initial and final states of the water B)Izzy but not Dom will centrate on the differing heights of the water in the glasses C)Izzy but not Dom will demonstrate reversibility D)Dom but not Izzy will provide evidence of operations

C)Izzy but not Dom will demonstrate reversibility

college students who ______ show large cognitive gains A)engage in campus academics but avoid involvement in extracurricular campus life B)focus on classroom learning rather than civic engagement in their chosen field C)connect their community service experiences with their classroom learning D)interact with racially, ethnically, sexually, and religiously homogeneous peers

C)connect their community service experiences with their classroom learning

which statement is true about cognitive functioning in late adulthood? A)mental abilities that rely on biologically based information processing skills are sustained longer B)research reveals less individual variation in cognitive functioning in late adulthood than at any other time of life C)older adults who sustain high levels of cognitive functioning engage in selective optimization with compensation D)generally, cognitive improvement and maintenance outweigh cognitive loss as people approach the end of life

C)older adults who sustain high levels of cognitive functioning engage in selective optimization with compensation

Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory is described as a constructivist approach because he A)stressed the social and cultural contributions to children's thinking B)believed that children construct knowledge mostly through direct adult training and modeling C)viewed children as discovering virtually all knowledge about their world through their own activity D)emphasized how genetic and environmental factors combine to yield more complex ways of thinking

C)viewed children as discovering virtually all knowledge about their world through their own activity

most 18-29 year olds when asked if they have reached adulthood would say A)yes B)no C)yes and no D)i don't know

C)yes and no

which of the following is true regarding breastfeeding A) in poverty-stricken regions, babies fed with commercial formula are less likely to be malnourished than breast-fed babies B)bottle-fed babies are less likely to encounter later problems with obesity or overweight compared to breastfed babies C)bottle-fed babies accept new solid foods more easily than do breastfed infants, perhaps because formula often contains commercial foods such as rice water and milk D)compared with bottle babies, breastfed babies have far fewer allergic reactions and respiratory/intestinal illnesses

D)compared with bottle babies, breastfed babies have far fewer allergic reactions and respiratory/intestinal illnesses

a good developmental theory A)does not need modified over time as new research findings challenge its assumptions B)identifies the ultimate truth C) is not influenced by the cultural values or beliefs of its time D)describes, explains, and predicts behavior

D)describes, explains, and predicts behavior

according to Vygotsky, which of the following would be within a child's zone of proximal development? A) Dom figures out how to drink through a straw through trial and error B)Hannah imitates her mothers to learn how to brush her hair C)max and his brother are cooperating on building ing a block tower D)Sophie cannot yet put a puzzle together independently but can do it with her mothers help

D)Sophie cannot yet put a puzzle together independently but can do it with the help of her mother

research on decision making shows that A)adults are much more willing to take risks compared to adolescents B)adolescents are less affected by peers than are adults C)adults are less effective than adolescents at decision making under cool or col emotional circumstances D)adolescents are far more enticed than adults are by the possibility of immediate reward

D)adolescents are far more enticed than adults are by the possibility of immediate reward

in a dynamic assessment, A)students write a short essay about their most important values before taking a test B)test-givers challenge students in their incorrect wats of thinking C)students engage in discovery learning during a test D)an adult introduces purposeful teaching into the testing situation to learn what the child can do with social support

D)an adult introduces purposeful teaching into the testing situation to learn what the child can do with social support

research on decision making demonstrates that when strong emotion is triggered, adolescents A)are less influenced by immediate rewards B)make more rational decisions than adults C) are more likely to avoid potential losses D)are more likely than adults to take risks

D)are more likely than adults to take risks

research on achievement-related attributions demonstrates that children who make mastery-oreinted attributions A)attribute failure to insufficient ability B)give up easily when faced with challenging tasks C)focus on gaining positive evaluations and avoiding negative evaluations D)believe the ability can be increased through effort

D)believe the ability can be increased through effort

training infants with letter and number flashcards, as well as educational tablet applications, A) yields smarter 'super babies' who are ready for the challenge of formal education by the end of the first year B)increases the size of the prefrontal cortex which governs complex cognition C)increases the brain's capacity for impulse control and stress management D)can cause them to withdraw, thereby creating conditions much like stimulus deprivation

D)can cause them to withdraw, thereby creating condition much like stimulus deprivation

Dominic's lifespan development professor asked him to write an essay considering which of the three theoretically perspectives, Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and the information processing approach, best captured research findings on cognitive changes during early childhood. Dominic has progressed to A)epistemic cognition B)dualistic thinking C)relativistic thinking D)commitment within relativistic thinking

D)commitment within relativistic thinking

research on romantic love in heterosexual relationships demonstrates that A)opposites attract B)men place physical attractiveness as the most important feature in mate selection C)women prefer a slightly younger partner, whereas men prefer a same age or slightly older partner D)compared to men, women assign greater weight to intelligence, ambition, and moral character in choosing a long term partner

D)compared to men, women assign greater weight to intelligence, ambition, and moral character in choosing a long term partner

max and his grandmother are cooking breakfast for the family. Max's grandmother is continuously distracted by the TV and barking dog in the backyard - and consequently has mis-measured the coffee grounds and let the pancakes burn. these errors are in part due to age declines in A) procedural memory B)practical problem solving C)prospective memory D)inhibition

D)inhibition

which of the following is true of emerging adulthood A)emerging adulthood is a universal stage that seems to occur in all cultures B)emerging adults are more likely to vote in political elections than any other age group C)emerging adulthood is a coping mechanism young people who cannot find rewarding jobs D)most emerging adults say that constructing a worldview is more important than finishing their education or settling into a career for attaining an adult status

D)most emerging adults say that constructing a worldview is more important than finishing their education or settling into a career for attaining an adult status

in late adulthood, A)brain weight increases B)ventricles in the brain decrease in size C)EGG waves increase in speed and intensity D)myelin continues to wither

D)myelin continues to wither

middle aged adults display continues growth in the realm of A)cognitive inhibition B)flexible shifting C)continuous task performance D)practical problem solving

D)practical problem solving

hardiness is an especially healthy quality in midlife because high hardy individuals A)have large social and family networks on which they can lean on during stressful times B)rely heavily emotion centered and avoidant coping strategies C)remain more stable over time in personality traits relative to low hardy individuals D)regard most experiences as controllable, find meaning in daily activities - even at stressful times, and view stressful changes as opportunities for learning and self improvement

D)regard most experiences as controllable, find meaning in daily activities - even at stressful times, and view stressful changes as opportunities for learning and self improvement

during the phase of launching children, most adults A)experience such sadness and emptiness that it interferes with their everyday activities B) do not show a decline in well being, even if communication with their children is seldom and negative C)plunge into a midlife crisis D)report a sense of completion and liberation

D)report a sense of completion and liberation

which statement about cognitive development in early adulthood is true? A)pruning of synapses progresses at a faster pace in early adulthood than in adolescence B)growth and myelination of stimulated neural fibers progress at a faster pace than in adolescence C)the prefrontal cognitive control network becomes imbalanced with the brain's emotional/social network D)the cognitive changes of early adulthood are supported by further development of the prefrontal cortex

D)the cognitive changes of early adulthood are supported by further development of the prefrontal cortex

children who ______ readily form racial and ethnic prejudices A)how overly low self-esteem B)sat their own ethnicity makes them feel especially "bad" C)experience high levels of intergroup contact D)believe that people's personality traits are fixed rather than changeable

believe that people's personality traits are fixed rather than changeable

When playing hide-and-seek with her mother, 2 year old Olivia hides just her head and not her whole body under a blanket. according to Piaget, this style of hiding demonstrates Olivias A)centration B)animistic thinking C)egocentrism D)lack of conservation

egocentrism

to investigate whether a self-affirmation invention might boost IQ scores of children, Dr. Smart chose a large group of 6th grade students and randomly selected half of them to affirm their self-worth by writing a short essay about their most important values before taking an IQ test. what are the IV and DV

writing a self-affirming essay; IQ test score

a central idea of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory is that A)all relationships are bidirectional B)culture is transmitted to the next generation via social interactions C)all species-wide cognitive, social, and emotional competencies are adaptive D)because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment

A)all relationships are bidirectional

which of the following is supported by research on the brain A)as many as 40 to 60 percent of neurons die, depending on the brain region B)neurons that are not stimulated by input from the environment continue to establish new synapses C)neurons that are seldom stimulated form increasingly elaborate systems of communication that support more complex abilities D)gains in brain size are due an especially rapid period of neuron production

A)as many as 40 to 60 percent of neurons die, depending on the brain region

Sophie and Emma are both playing house in a toy kitchen at preschool. they pass things like the plastic vegetables and the toy pots to one another, but they are each engaging in their own separate play. this is known as A)associative play B)parallel play C)nonsocial play D)cooperative play

A)associative play

4 year olds were shown a picture below and told the bunny is getting gorped by the dog. when they were asked what the dog was doing, they said the dog is gorping the bunny. this example suggests that by age 4 years, children A)can apply the fundamental subject-verb-object structure to newly acquired verbs B)can generate novel sentences by coining new words with words they already know C)engage in fast-mapping only after a brief encounter with a new word D)can set aside the mutual exclusivity assumption when they learn a new verb

A)can apply the fundamental subject-verb-object structure to newly acquired verbs

studies on newborns placed in romanian orphanages from birth demonstrate that A)deprivation of normal rearing experiences during infancy results in permanent brain damage B)experience-expectant brain growth occurs throughout the lifespan C)infants with early injuries to cerebral cortex usually recover by early childhood D)surgery is necessary for normal visual development to proceed in infants born with cataracts

A)deprivation of normal rearing experiences during infancy results in permanent brain damage

in one study 2 1/2 year olds were unable to use a scale model of a room to find a toy hidden in the room that the model represented. this is because young preschoolers have difficulty in A)dual representation B)transitive inference C)deferred imitation D)class inclusion

A)dual representation

a major strength of the longitudinal design is that researches can A)examine relationships between early and later behaviors B)collect a large amount of data in a short time span C)explores similarities among children of different cohorts D)study participants differing in age at the same point in time

A)examine relationships between early and later behaviors

3 year old max's teacher brings a guitar case to preschool and asks the class what they think is inside. it was a large puppet not a guitar. She then closes the case and ask max what he thinks his mom would think is inside the case. This question tests max's ability to understand A)false beliefs B)scripts C) dual representation D)hierarchical classification

A)false beliefs

which of the following is supported by research on self esteem in middle childhood? A)girls have lower math and science self esteem than boys, even when children of equal skill levels are compared B)being overweight is more strongly linked to negative body image for boys than for girls C)european-american children tend to have higher self esteem than african-american agemates D)social competence and close friendships are more strongly associated with overall self worth than any other factors

A)girls have lower math and science self esteem than boys, even when children of equal skill levels are compared

professor gronk and his research team wondered whether individuals who display high levels of risk taking behavior during early childhood remain risk takers throughout childhood and adolescence, or if risk taking tends to wane to study this question, the professor recruited a large number of children at age five and assessed their level of risk taking yearly until they graduated from high school. this is an example of a(n) A)longitudinal design B)experimental design C)cross-sectional design D)sequential design

A)longitudinal design

which of the following is supported by research on early brain development? A)neurons that are seldom stimulated lose their synapses, in a process called synaptic pruning B)the majority of neurons are produced during early childhood C)the large increade in brain size during infancy is mostly due to an increase in the production of neurotransmitters. D)about 40 to 60 percent of neurons die during infancy and toddlerhood mainly because these cells are somehow defective or damaged by injury

A)neurons are seldom stimulated lose their synapses, in a process called synaptic pruning

which of the following is supported by research on early brain development A)neurons that are stimulated from environmental input continue to establish synapses, forming increasingly elaborate systems of communications that lead to more complex cortical functions; whereas neurons seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses B)caregivers must provide a high level of experience-dependent stimulation to prevent the rapid die off of neurons that can occur during the first few years of life C)production of neurons increases rapidly after birth and throughout the first year of life D)parents can promote early brain development by exposing infants to 'academic' stimulation like early learning centers, 'educational' tables, and flashcards

A)neurons that are stimulated from environmental input continue to establish synapses, forming increasingly elaborate systems of communications that lead to more complex cortical functions; whereas neurons stimulated soon lose their synapses

research on achievement-related attributions demonstrates that ______ teaches children ______ A)person praise; that abilities are fixed B)process praise; to question their competence and retreat from challenges C)person praise; that abilities develop through effort D)process praise; learned helplessness

A)person praise; that abilities are fixed

the _____ reflex helps a newborn find the nipple A)rooting B)moro C)babinski D)tonic neck

A)rooting

Two-year-old Vanessa attempts to put her doll's jacket on herself. She then attempts to sit in her doll's highchair. Vanessa is displaying A)scale errors B) continuity of control C)recognition D)a categorical self

A)scale errors

research on US youths has shown that A)self-esteem has risen sharply in recent decades B)boys score higher than girls in math and science self-esteem only when boys have a higher math and science skill level than girls C)parenting style has no effect on children's self-esteem by middle childhood D)individual differences in self-esteem become increasingly unstable throughout the middle and high school years

A)self-esteem has risen sharply in recent decades

two year old isabella has a red dot on her nose. when she looks into a mirror, she tries to rub off the dot. This behavior indicates that Isabella is developing A)self recognition B)object permanence C) self-conscious emotions D) stranger anxiety

A)self-recognition

according to Vygotsky, ____________ drives the development of higher-order cognitive skills. A) social interaction B) independent exploration and interation with the environment C) reinforcers and punishments D) modeling

A)social interaction

during early childhood, children's gender- stereotyped beliefs A)strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated B)are highly flexible with respect to clothing and hairstyle but less so with respect to types of play C)are flexible until about age 5, after which become more rigid D)emerge slowly, as parents treat boys and girls in similar ways

A)strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated

of all western nations, _______ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children A)the united states B)canada C)germany D)france

A)the united states

during the preschool years, pretend play becomes A)less dependent on combinations of schemes B)detached from the real life conditions associated with it C)increasingly self-centered D)less socio-dramatatic

B)detached from the real life conditions associated with it

children who make mastery oriented attributions, attribute their A)successes to ability B)failures to factors that can be changed or controlled C) successes to luck D)failures to lack of ability

B)failures to factors that can be changed or controlled

a researcher shows 3 year old Emilia two small boxes - a familiar crayon box and a plain, unmarked box. When the researcher asks Emilia to pick the box with the crayons in it, Emilia picks the familiar box. The researcher then shoes Emilia that the familiar box is empty and the unmarked box contains crayons. Finally, the researcher introduces Emilia to a puppet named Betty and asks, "where do you think Betty will look for crayons?" the researcher is testing Emilia's grasp of A)conservation B)false beliefs C)class inclusion D)recursive thought

B)false beliefs

in the violation-of-expectation method,______ suggests that baby will is 'surprised' by a deviation from the physical reality A)a lack of attention and unfocused behavior B)heightened attention to the unexpected event C)smiling rather than crying D)quick recovery to a familiar event

B)heightened attention to the unexpected event

research shows that induction (or inductive discipline) in early childhood A)encourages children to comply with rules for fear of losing parental affection B)helps children notice others' feelings by pointing out the effect of children's misbehavior on others C)interferes with the development of empathy and sympathy D)doesn't allow children to become involved in problem solving challenges or obstacles

B)helps children notice others' feelings by pointing out the effect of children's misbehavior on others

during the preschool years, children become increasingly better at games like Simon Says or tasks where they where they must tap once when an adult taps twice (and tap twice when an adult taps once). Improvement on these sorts of tasks demonstrates gains in A)working memory B)inhibition C)planning D)flexible shifting

B)inhibition

research confirms that an effective way to reduce prejudice among children is through A)encouraging them to view each other's personality traits as fixed B)intergroup contact in racially and ethnically diverse cooperative learning groups C)highlighting group distinctions and sorting children into racial and ethnic groups D)segregation of children in classrooms to promote ethnic pride

B)intergroup contact in racially and ethnically diverse cooperative learning groups

When Vince receives a high test grade, he attributes it to luck; when he receives a low test grade, he attributes it to not being smart. Vince has developed A)an incremental view of ability B)learned helplessness C)mastery oriented attributions D)a growth mindset

B)learned helplessness

Piaget's theory suggests that the development of the ability to _______ makes possible _________ A)engage in deferred imitation; object permanence B)mentally represent experience; make-believe play C)engage in emotional self-regulation; join reaction D)carry out a circular reaction; self-awareness

B)mentally represent experience; make-believe play

which of the following reflects an important contribution of Charles Darwin to the field of developmental sciences A)the idea of development as a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically B) observations that early prenatal growth is strikingly similar across many species C) the conclusion that nature and nurture are equally important to development D) the discovery of critical or sensitive periods in development

B)observations that early prenatal growth is strikingly similar across many species

my cup falled!!! sad 2 year old Luke. this is an error of A)expansion B)overregularization C)false belief D)recast

B)overregularization

which statement about brain plasticity is true A)lateralization is complete in a plastic brain B)in a highly plastic brain areas commit to their specific functions C)an overabundance of synaptic connections supports brain plasticity during the first few years of life D)a highly plastic brain is less likely to recover from brain injury than a plastic brain

C)an overabundance of synaptic connections supports brain plasticity during the first few years of life

Children use current schemes to interpret their world in the process of __________, whereas __________ allows them to create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that their current way of thinking does not capture the environment completely. A)adaptation; assimilation B)adaptation; organization C)assimilation; accommodation D)equilibration; organization

C)assimilation; accommodation

Research on autobiographical memory during early childhood demonstrates that A)scripts interfere with children's ability to form generalized event representations of repeated experiences B)Asian children's memory narrative contain more detail about their own thoughts and emotions compared to those of western children C)children of mothers who use elaborative style to elicit memory narratives produce more organized and detailed personal stories than those of repetitive mothers D)boys tend to provide more organized and detailed autobiographical memory narratives than girls

C)children of mothers who use elaborative style to elicit memory narratives produce more organized and detailed personal stories than those of repetitive mothers

4 year old jack is participating in Piagets three mountains problem. when Jack is asked to choose the photo that shows what the display looks like from the doll's perspective on the opposite side of the display, he will most likely A)choose the correct photo, but not be able to explain why he chose that photo B)knows the correct photo is different from his point of view, but not be sure which photo to choose C)choose the photo that shows his own point of view D)choose the correct photo and be able to explain why he chose that photo

C)choose the photo that shows his own point of view

Brofenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory views the person as A)a computer-like system that actively codes, transforms, and organizes information B)a blossoming flower whose development is a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically C)developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment D)a social being influences primarily by observational learning or adult modeling

C)developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple level of the surrounding environment

according to Piagets cognitive-developmental theory, when children experience disequilibrium, they A)use their current schemes to make sense of their experiences B)coordinate schemes deliberately to solve problems C)experience cognitive discomfort and are motivated to create new schemes or adjust old ones D)repeat change behaviors motivated by basic needs

C)experience cognitive discomfort and are motivated to create new schemes or adjust old ones

Vygotsky saw ________ as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood. A)discovery learning B)emergent literacy activities C)make-believe play D)classrooms focused on repetition and drill

C)make-believe play

Dr. Anodyne found a correlation of -.49 between illegal drug use and high school GPA. This correlation is __________ and __________. A)moderate; positive B)low; positive C) moderate; negative D) low; negative

C)moderate; negative

a baby who habituates to a green circle and then recovers to a blue circle A)does not remember the green circle B)can distinguish the shape of a circle C) prefers the green circle over the blue circle D)can distinguish between colors blue and green

D)can distinguish between the colors blue and green

which statement about brain development is true? A)the sensitive period for mastering gymnastic and musical performance skills is 3-4 years of age B)experience-expectant brain growth depends on specific learning experiences that vary widely across cultures C)no evidence exists for a sensitive period in a the first few years for mastering skills that depend on extensive training D)experience-dependent brain growth occurs early and naturally, as caregivers interact with babies preschoolers

C)no evidence exists for a sensitive period in the last few years for mastering skills that depend on extensive training

In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method, Renée Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for __________ in the first few months of life. A)deferred imitation B)self-recognition C)object permanence D)goal directed behavior

C)object permanence

Preschoolers' self-concepts are made up mostly A)social comparisons B)internal states C)observable characteristics D)competencies

C)observable characteristics

During middle childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ relates most strongly to overall self-worth than any other factor A)social competence B)physical/athletic competence C)physical appearance D)academic competence

C)physical appearance

Zoey asks her dad if he'd like to have a bite of her cookie, and he replies, "I just ate three cookies," Zoey understands that he is declining the bite. Her understanding represents the practical, social side of language that develops during early childhood known as A)fast-mapping B)expansions C)pragmatics D)recasts

C)pragmatics

which of the following is supported by research on self-esteem A)by the preschool years, children combine self-evaluations in a range of areas into global self-esteem B)preschoolers tend to overestimate the difficulty of most tasks C)preschoolers high self-esteem contributes to their initiative at a time they must master many new skills D)adults can promote the development of healthy self-esteem during the preschool years by giving them tangible rewards only when thy succeed at a task

C)preschoolers high self-esteem contributes to their initiative at a time they must master many new skills

which of the following is a protective measure against sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? A)putting babies to sleep on their stomachs B) putting babies to sleep in warm blankets C)putting babies to sleep on their backs D)putting babies to sleep on soft bedding

C)putting babies to sleep on their backs

in piaget's cognitive developmental theory, the circular reaction theory centers on A)the manipulation of objects B)back-and-white as opposed to color images C)the infant's own body D)imitation of familiar behaviors

C)the infant's own body

a child who has object permanence A)realizes that words can be used to cue mental images of things not physically present B)can mentally represent objects C)understands that objects continue to exist when they not physically present D)views a symbolic object as both as object in its own right and a symbol

C)understands that objects continue to exist when they not physically present

which of the following is supported on research on intelligence A)genetic differences are largely responsible for racial and ethnic differences in IQ B)the idea that stereotype threat affects performance on IQ tests is a myth and is not supported by research carried out on ethnic minority women C)with new experiences and opportunities, children in oppressed groups can improve their test performance D)dynamic assessments have no effect on reducing cultural bias in intelligence testing

C)with new experiences and opportunities, children in oppressed groups can improve their test performance

which of the following is true regarding harsh punishment in early childhood? A)children who were spanked by their parents are less likely to spank their own children B)there is no link between physical punishment and later child and adolescent aggression C)spanking is an effective and healthy way to teach children not to misbehave D)children who are harshly punished develop a chronic sense of being personally threatened, which prompts a focus on their own discuss rather than a sympathetic orientation to other's needs

D)children who are harshly punished develop a chronic sense of being personally threatened, which prompts a focus on their own discuss rather than a sympathetic orientation to other's needs

the various components of _______ - such as the ability to inhibit impulses, to flexibility shift the focus of attention, to coordinate information in working memory, and to plan - show impressive gains in early childhood. A)theory of mind B)representation C)preoperational thought D)executive function

D)executive function

according to the concept of epigenesis A)most traits are determined by our genetics B)gene environment correlations are controlled by genetics C)children evoke responses from others that are influenced by the child's heredity D)genes affect behavior and experiences, but experiences and behavior also affect genetic expression

D)genes affect behavior and experiences, but experiences and behavior also affect genetic expression

the COVID pandemic is best viewed as a _____ influence on development A)nonnormative B)normative C)age-graded D)history graded

D)history graded

which of the following is supported by cross-cultural research A)instruction in the US is more challenging and more focused on high level reasoning and critical thinking than in other countries B)the US is far more equitable than most other top-achieving countries in terms of the quality of education it provides to low-ses and Ethnic minority students C)American parents and teachers tend to regard hard work rather than native ability as the key to academic success D)in international studies of reading, mathematics, and science, American students typically perform at or below the international averages

D)in international studies of reading, mathematics, and science, American students typically perform at or below the international averages

developmental research demonstrates that A)human development typically occurs in a neat, orderly sequence of stages unaffected by distinct contexts B)genetics have a much more powerful effect on development compared to environmental influences C)development becomes increasingly plastic over time, as both capacity and opportunity for change increase D)individuals not only are affected by but also contribute to the contexts in which they develop

D)individuals not only are affected by but also contribute to the contexts in which they develop

core knowledge theorists disagree with Piaget's ideas and argue that A)development occurs in a distinct series of stages B)cognitive development originates with sensorimotor reflexes C)social and cultural influences drive and determine development D)infants begin life with innate, special-purpose knowledge systems

D)infants begin life with innate, special-purpose knowledge systems

Research stimulated by the core knowledge perspective has been interpreted to suggest that A) the environment has no effect on infants' acquisition of early number skills. B) formalized schooling is not necessary to build on to innate early number capabilities C)only humans and not other animals develop some sense of number early in life. D)infants can discriminate the quantities "one" from "two" and use that knowledge to carry out simple addition: 1+1=2

D)infants can discriminate the quantities "one" from "two" and use that knowledge to carry out simple addition: 1+1=2

on average, American black children score 10 to 12 points below American white children. research demonstrates that this gap A)is mostly due to genetics B)is completely due to test bias C)has nothing to do with SES differences between American black and white children D)is at least in part due to the types of specific information and skills acquired as part of majority culture upbringing

D)is at least in part due to the types of specific information and skills acquired as part of majority culture upbringing

research on early brain development demonstrates that programmed cell death A)is a frequent and damaging consequence of prenatal exposure to teratogens B)occurs at a dramatic pace during middle and late adulthood C)is often the result of understimulation during infancy and early childhood D)makes space for increased synaptic connections during infancy and early childhood

D)makes spaces for increased synaptic connections during infancy and early childhood

which of the following is a 2 year old most likely to do A)pretend that a banana is a phone B)put a sock on their hand and pretend it is a snake C)pretend that a large box is a refrigerator D)pretend to drink out of a toy cup

D)pretend to drink out of a toy cup

a major limitation of correlational studies is that A) researchers cannot examine the relationship between two variables B) negative relationships between variables cannot be measured C)there is no way to simultaneously measure the strength and the direction of the relationship between two variables D)researchers cannot infer cause and effect between two variables

D)researchers cannot infer cause and effect between two variables

when asked what might be happening in a picture of a smiling child next to a broken swing set, a 4 year old is most likely to to say: A)she's sad because the swing is broken B)she's happy because she mom promised to help her fix the swing C)she's sad because she broker her swing D)she's happy because she likes to swing

D)she's happy because she likes to swing

according to Vygotsky, in the zone of proximal development is/are A)the newest set of tasks that the child has learned how to do independently B)those tasks that the child can teach other children how to do C) only those tasks that the child can discover how to do on her own given her current readiness D)the range tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of others

D)the range tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of others

research on epigenetics demonstrates that A)most behaviors are about 50% genetic and 50% environmental B)only a minority of behaviors are the result of a bidirectional relationship between genes and the environment C)for most behaviors, the influence of genetics is stronger than the influence of external experiences like culture, parenting, diet, or education D)the relationship between genes and environment is bidirectional

D)the relationship between genes and the environment is bidirectional

which of the following helps to explain why preoperational children's thinking keeps them from being able to understand Piaget's idea of conservation? A)they tend to spend too much time on reversibility, or mentally reversing the steps in a problem back to the starting point B)they tend to focus more on the dynamic transformation of a situation without giving adequate attention to beginning and ending points C)the have a significant grasp on the idea that appearances can change without changing the fundamental characteristics of the situation D)their thinking is characterized by centration in which they focus on one aspect of the situation while ignoring other important aspects

D)their thinking is characterized by centration in which they focus on one aspect of the situation while ignoring other important aspects

the least developed of the newborn baby's senses is A)hearing B)taste C)smell D)vison

D)vision

which of the following is supported by research on brain development? A)studies of infants raised in horribly inadequate romanian orphanages demonstrate that full recovery from the effects of profound underestimation can occur at any age B)a sensitive period exists for the development of skills that vary across cultures such as: reading/writing, guitar plating, etc C) adults recover from brain injuries quicker and more fully than do infants and children D)when babies are born with dense cataracts, their brains will not wire themselves correctly for vision unless their cataracts are removed early

D)when babies are born with dense cataracts, their brains will not wire themselves correctly for vision unless their cataracts are removed early.

which of the following is supported by research on self-conscious emotion in early childhood A) experiencing any guilt at this age is associated with feelings of personal inadequacy B)when parents repeatedly comment on the worth of the child and her performance, children experience self-conscious emotions less intensely C)children at this age experience self-conscious emotions only when other people are present D)when the parents focus on how to improve performance they introduce moderate and adaptive levels of self-conscious emotions

D)when the parents focus on how to improve performance they introduce moderate and adaptive levels of self-conscious emotions

in the first few days of life, infants A)prefer salty taste rather than sweet taste B)prefer to look at checkerboards with many squares rather than checkerboards with few squares C)prefer listening to unfamiliar, novel noises rather than to their mother's voice. D)who are breastfed prefer the smell of their own mother's breast to that on an unfamiliar lactating women

D)who are breastfed prefer the smell of their own mother's breast to that of an unfamiliar lactating women

which of the following is supported by research on private speech during early childhood A)young children who freely use private speech perform worse on challenging activities than those who keep their thoughts inside their heads B)young children's use of private speech is a direct result of their egocentrism C)young children frequently use private speech when engaging in unstructured playful tasks with friends D)young children speak to themselves for self-guidance during difficult tasks

D)young children speak to themselves for self-guidance during difficult tasks

Studies of prosocial behavior in early childhood demonstrate that A)reinforcing young children with attention or praise is necessary to get them to begin to help others B)young children are more likely to copy the prosocial actions of cold, distant adults opposed to warm, responsive adults C)young children are more likely to model the prosocial behaviors of age mates than older children or adults D)young children who are given material rewards for helping come to expect something in return for helping, and therefore rarely help spontaneously out of kindness to others

D)young children who are given material rewards for helping come to expect something in return for helping, and therefore rarely help spontaneously out of kindness to others