Lifespan Motor Development Exam 1

A lifespan approach means:

All skills, prior to birth - till death, including fine and gross motor skills are essential for Motor Development.

Thinking in "series" is achieved only when the child has reached ...

Concrete operational

The field of study concerned with mechanisms that govern behavior at the present moment in time: NOW -- as the behavior happens?

Control

"Time" and "History" is a critical factor in studying Motor Control and Learning. T/F

False

In rich and highly industrialized countries i.e. USA, UK, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Singapore, Japan etc. gender stereotypes have little influence: generally men and women have equal opportunities/expectations in sport and society. T/F

False

Those in the preoperational stage are now able to grasp the concept of "Conservation". T/F

False

NORMS, TIME and HISTORY, are emphasized to greater extent in which area of Motor Behavior?

Motor Development

For African-American boys, the best predictor regarding involvement in sport and exercise is:

Peers

In gymnastics, scoring-rules change after every Olympic year. Certain moves are scored lower, while others encouraged (scored higher) when deemed more difficult. Therefore gymnasts change their routines according to the new rules - in order to maximize their starting (base) points. This is an example of a ____________ "constraint" in the Dynamical Systems theory.

Task

The emergence of the butterfly (stroke) in swimming (emanating from the breast stroke) demonstrates ...

The emergence of different behaviors depending on the interpretation and perception of rules/task

"Conservation" is NOT yet demonstrated by typical 6 year-olds: Despite transferring equal volumes (e.g. 16 oz) to a taller container v. a shorter one, majority will choose the taller container as having more. T/F

True

During the preoperational stage significant language development occurs, therefore incorporating foreign language learning through play and movement are best initiated during pre-school and early elementary years. T/F

True

Significant language development occurs during the preoperational stage: therefore incorporating foreign language learning through play and movement are best initiated during pre-school and early elementary years. T/F

True

The "Motor" and "Cognitive" domains, not only develop alongside each other, they mutually impact each others development. T/F

True

When do humans typically reach a "plateau" (level off) in motor development?

When few or no new skills are developed, while old skills are maintained.

"Movements arise solely from the dictates of the brain." This general principle is

a major principle in the Maturation/Information-Processing theory

The topic is the role of 'motor achievement' on a persons' persistence in sport/activity. Choose the INCORRECT statement (below). a. Children understand that in order to be physically fit, persistence is needed for endurance sports. b. Children socialize during play, meet friends and they help each other improve skills, learn, and excel, they stay in the sport and the process feeds back again and again. c. Children practice well and improve, and as they play better, feel good about their bodies, they persevere to learn more. d. When children perform well, "don't 'suck'", don't get taunted, they get chosen to play, they learn skills from others, they persist and the cycle of getting better and staying with the sport continues. e. Children learn skills, they score more, they participate more, they have fun, they keep (persist) at it

a. Children understand that in order to be physically fit, persistence is needed for endurance sports.

"Barefoot and pregnant in the kitchen" ... is a derogatory phrase addressed to females by many known personalities (e.g. infamously Bobby Riggs - regarding Billy Jean King). In sport, activity and exercise: Which below best demonstrates that women have moved beyond this? a. Women do compete in sport, earn a living in the industry, exercise choice freely regarding childbearing and domestic roles whether in or out of the home/sport. b. Women compete using the same rules in tennis, basketball or any other sport: proving that women function like men. c. Women readily play football and contribute to any and most college football programs. d. Serena Williams (tennis player) or Lindsey Vohn (skier) or any outstanding female athlete, show that females perform better than men in sport: they are capable of beating men at any given time. e. Most women throw a ball just like the men do. They have the same opportunities as the men have.

a. Women do compete in sport, earn a living in the industry, exercise choice freely regarding childbearing and domestic roles whether in or out of the home/sport.

"Cognition" for an infant is achieved through ...

active sensation and motion by the body and brain

Choose the "stereotyping" described below - which results in Age-Determinism, that can ultimately limit the motor behaviors, of otherwise healthy people? a. "Driving while Asian" - stereotypes the driving skills of Asians. b. Old people are frail, high maintenance, powerless and have little to contribute to the economy. c. "White men can't jump." d. Tall or large and muscular African-Americans on campus are good dancers/movers like all athletes. e. Women are not genetically blessed to do math, science or engineering, they can't throw, they are mentally frail and typically emotional thus unlikely to perform at the highest (peak) levels.

b. Old people are frail, high maintenance, powerless and have little to contribute to the economy.

Patterns of play demontrated as early as 3-years of age include which of the following: a. boys assume deferent roles b. boys emphasizing achievement c. girls encouraged to be aggressive d. girls exercising dominance e. boys taking on an encourager and nurturing stance

b. boys emphasizing achievement

Based on Piaget's theory, the interplay of cognition and movement (i.e. motor development) is ...

critical from birth onwards

Shooting a basketball free throw will change based on two different circumstances (A vs. B): A) no audience, practice, no one else around, no competition B) championship game, 5 seconds remaining, Televised on NBC Which statement describes a "dynamical systems theory" of assessing both situations? a. The basketball player will recall his past performance (memory) and program the response accordingly. b. The difference in environments will not influence the basketball player - he should be able to handle the situation the same way in all occasions c. In either case, the player is influenced only by his own personality, belief in himself; everything else will have no effect on performance. d. Performance is affected by any of these: the persons' temperament, physical and mental response to environmental stress, previous training and proficiency in the task. e. The basketball player will shoot as he normally does - because it is programmed in his head and muscles

d. Performance is affected by any of these: the persons' temperament, physical and mental response to environmental stress, previous training and proficiency in the task.

Which of the following is an INCORRECT example of TASK constraint shaping behavior? a. Technology has changed teaching tennis classes: e.g. young children use a reduced racket size, with smaller grips scaled to their sizes, and the advent of rackets made of lighter carbon fiber, synthetic strings and larger racket head sizes altered strokes and strategies for the game. b. A marathoner trains by moving to a city high in elevation (Denver) in order to run longer and faster. c. The basketball shot clock was introduced in the 1950's and changed the way the game is played. d. A 9-year old child trains for the shot put by using a lighter-weight, scaled down version of the Olympic shot. e. Children with cerebral palsy use computer technology with modified handles to 'communicate' and perform tasks.

d. A marathoner trains by moving to a city high in elevation (Denver) in order to run longer and faster.

Which of the following does NOT exemplify: "Persevering in a sport or activity is mediated by one's motor "achievement". a. If one performs badly over and over again, it is less likely that he/she will hang around the sport. b. Skillfulness implies a level of achievement that serves as motivation to keep practicing. c. Those exposed to more and varied game situations, and more playing time get better; second stringers w/ lesser skills barely improve with little opportunity to play. d. Achieving new skills is tough, therefore don't waste time on any new skill that doesn't suit your needs. e. If you are skillful at something then you tend to stay in the activity.

d. Achieving new skills is tough, therefore don't waste time on any new skill that doesn't suit your needs.

Which of the following correctly describes the baby boomers? a. Baby boomers are about 40-50 years old. b. Baby boomers are determined by age: at 80 years and beyond, one joins the club. c. Eventually everyone joins the world of baby boomers. d. Baby-boomers are now mostly older adults. Those not yet, are approaching it.

d. Baby-boomers are now mostly older adults. Those not yet, are approaching it.

Which of the following is TRUE about the effect of movement on language and verbal skills. a. Language is abstract and geographically specific: therefore it has no role in intelligence and cognition. b. In the preoperational stage, the brain is primed to learn only 1 language: movement is best used to learn the primary language of the child c. In the preoperational stage, movement has little to no effect on language development d. Because we communicate and think with our body -- movement is a major platform through which language and verbal skills can be developed e. In the formal operational stage, cognition is driven by movement and language.

d. Because we communicate and think with our body -- movement is a major platform through which language and verbal skills can be developed

Which best describes the socialization process in the exercise and sport context? a. A step-by-step, clearly ordered process occurs: first involving the family, then peers, coaches, mentors and other significant others a person meets and interacts within various social circles b. Interaction between self-, significant others- and society kick starts the process c. Building self-esteem, self-concept and overall self-worth is the centerpiece and end goal: the process begins and ends with these elements. d. Beginning with observation, the process of assimilating or retreating from a certain sporting world - snowballs as rules are inferred, models identified, skills tried out and interactions played out. e. It is an orderly, sequential and predictable unfolding of interactions, relationships and skills.

d. Beginning with observation, the process of assimilating or retreating from a certain sporting world - snowballs as rules are inferred, models identified, skills tried out and interactions played out.

Choose which term does is the primary topic in Motor Development.

motor skills as they emerge in time

Playing "peek-a-boo" (w/ infants) helps develop the important (sensori-motor) cognitive concept of ____________?

object permanence

Choose which term does NOT BELONG under the GENERAL UMBRELLA of Development. a. Gestation (pregnancy) b. lifespan motor perspective c. Gross motor skills d. Growth e. Practice f. Motor Milestones g. Fine motor skills h. Maturation i. motor achievement and persistence)

practice

Based on Piaget's theory of cognitive development, at which stage will movement (i.e. motor activities) impact language learning, verbal and reasoning skills the most?

pre-operational

According to Piaget "Thinking with the body" is the general theme of which stage of cognitive development?

sensori-motor

Which milestone marks the end of childhood - and the beginning of adulthood?

stoppage or cessation of growth

By the time a child reaches the "concrete operational" stage, he/she will indicate an clear understanding of the conservation of mass concept. T/F

true

During the preoperational stage significant language development occurs, therefore incorporating foreign language learning through play and movement are best initiated during pre-school and early elementary years. T/F

true

If the USA is true to its democracy, athletes have the right to speak their minds out, whether it has to do with sport or outside of it ... for example athletes getting paid for their labor , gender equal opportunity, or NBA players expressing "Black Lives Matter". T/F

true

Significant language development occurs during the preoperational stage: therefore incorporating foreign language learning through play and movement are best initiated during pre-school and early elementary years. T/F

true

Social interaction is related to sport psychology and has contributes significantly to motor development. T/F

true

Now that we have covered all the age groups, which two populations overtly (readily) demonstrate the largest behavior changes in a relatively short period?

Children & Older-adults

Which of the following is NOT significantly supported by OBSERVABLE data? (re socialization differences: F vs M) a. Girls tend to seek harmony, form groups, nurturing playmates, and communicate, while boys exhibit independence, aggressiveness, leadership b. Boys build the tallest, most fortified block structures, and fantasize about combat scenarios, then tear and demolish their creation during "battle", while girls form "beautiful" structures that need to be protected, about which tales and stories are spun. c. Boys talk eloquently during play, building their stories coherently towards a climax and ending, while girls string together disparate words, sound effects, and motion, along with "expletives". d. Girls are communicative and expected to articulate thoughts in relational terms, while boys make "noise", use as many "expletives" to demonstrate and illustrate points about personal conquest e. Boys are taught to "achieve", be ambitious, aggressive and dominant, while girls identify as care-givers and nurturers, subservient to the authority of an 'iconic alpha dog' leader.

c. Boys talk eloquently during play, building their stories coherently towards a climax and ending, while girls string together disparate words, sound effects, and motion, along with "expletives".

Choose the FALSE statement among the following that describe "socialization". a. Interaction, a key step in the socialization process may include competition with and against people, reaction to officials, significant others and the audience. b. Getting socialized into "something" begins with observation and exposure. c. Individual v. team sports; between genders (male v female); martial arts v. graceful sports -- follow different socialization processes and theories. d. Participants can enter or get out of different sport worlds via similar socialization processes, despite variations in details and nuances. e. Any newcomer infers rules within the system, models behavior after a stand-out performer and eventually gets the full experience by trying, making and learning from mistakes.

c. Individual v. team sports; between genders (male v female); martial arts v. graceful sports -- follow different socialization processes and theories.

Which of the following is TRUE with respect to cognitive development? (ergo all the rest are FALSE). a. Evidence (data) suggest there are significant differences in motor skills and athletic abilty between children with higher cognitive achievement (e.g. High IQ) and those with lower cognitive skills (e.g. low IQ). b. Genetic elements (e.g. parental intelligence) alone determine the cognitive development of children; all other factors tested have non-significant effects. c. On average data indicate a low correlation between athleticism and cognitive levels (IQ). d. Data indicate that play as a means for cognitive development has little impact on language, reasoning, concrete nor abstract/formal thinking. e. IQ or intelligence quotient (intelligence ÷ age) is a valid measurement of cognitive development in adults from 20 - 60 years old; as we get older, we always get smarter.

c. On average data indicate a low correlation between athleticism and cognitive levels (IQ).

ALL the following statements are TRUE about socialization EXCEPT for ONE. Choose that which is FALSE. a. Any newcomer infers rules within the sport (system), models behavior after a stand-out performer and eventually gets the full experience by trying, making and learning from mistakes. b. Getting socialized into "something" (a sport or activity) begins with observation and exposure. c. Socialization processes differ greatly between genders, between combat sports (martial arts) v. aesthetic graceful sports (figure skating) or between individual v. team sports. d. Interaction, a key step in the socialization process may include competition with and against people, reaction to umpires or referees, significant others and the audience. e. Although there may be variations in details, participants can enter or get out of different sport worlds via similar socialization processes,

c. Socialization processes differ greatly between genders, between combat sports (martial arts) v. aesthetic graceful sports (figure skating) or between individual v. team sports.

Regarding families and authority figures in general, which of the following is TRUE (ergo all the rest are false)? a. Girls generally choose to look up most to sisters and teachers as their primary influence in sport. b. The coach and mentor in general, is the biggest influence on one's sports choices c. The caregiver - (whether parent, grandparent, or aunt etc) - is the biggest influence in infancy. d. Mothers, sisters, and teachers (women in general) play no role in sport choices of children. e. Peers have more influence on caucasian (white) boys than their fathers when it comes to life and sport choices.

c. The caregiver - (whether parent, grandparent, or aunt etc) - is the biggest influence in infancy.

"Barefoot and pregnant in the kitchen" ... is a belief system that stifled women from exercising certain behaviors. Choose the typical interpretation of this phrase below: a. A women become more powerful they are able to work in their own homes and telecommute using the internet and digital media. In bare feet, they enjoy the comforts of motherhood while working and earning at the same time. b. Women prefer the comfort of home, being barefoot for example, though this is interpreted as enslavement; the pregnancy domain is exclusive to women, and women are generally accepted as better cooks compared to men. c. Women did not have earning power, nor capability to survive outside of her known "home", therefore expected to follow stereotypical gender roles: give birth, nurture and perform domestic chores for the survival of her family. d. Women compete with men for the same piece of the pie: they act like men, think like men and therefore should not be relegated to the home as the saying says. Yet they are expected to be super women who can do it all. e. The divorce rate in the United States soared once women were allowed to vote. Experiencing the rights given to men have made them seek for more privileges one of which is to go outside and make a living.

c. Women did not have earning power, nor capability to survive outside of her known "home", therefore expected to follow stereotypical gender roles: give birth, nurture and perform domestic chores for the survival of her family.

Which of the following is readily demonstrated as early as 3-years of age when it comes to play patterns? a. boys are encouraged to be encouragers and nurturers b. boys assume deferent roles c. achievement is emphasized in boys d. dominance is encouraged in girls e. girls encouraged to be aggressive

c. achievement is emphasized in boys

In general, the most significant influence for survival, socialization, and identity (w/in social circle) of an infant/young child is the:

caregiver

Which of the following is NOT significantly supported by OBSERVABLE data? (re socialization differences: F vs M) a. Boys build the tallest, most fortified block structures, and fantasize about combat scenarios, then tear and demolish their creation during "battle", while girls form "beautiful" structures that need to be protected, about which tales and stories are spun. b. Girls tend to seek harmony, form groups, nurturing playmates, and communicate, while boys exhibit independence, aggressiveness, leadership c. Girls are communicative and expected to articulate thoughts in relational terms, while boys make "noise", use as many "expletives" to demonstrate and illustrate points about personal conquest d. Boys talk eloquently during play, building their stories coherently towards a climax and ending, while girls string together disparate words, sound effects, and motion, along with "expletives". e. Boys are taught to "achieve", be ambitious, aggressive and dominant, while girls identify as care-givers and nurturers, subservient to the authority of an 'iconic alpha dog' leader.

d. Boys talk eloquently during play, building their stories coherently towards a climax and ending, while girls string together disparate words, sound effects, and motion, along with "expletives".

Which of the following does NOT exemplify: "Persevering in a sport or activity is mediated by one's motor "achievement". a. If one performs badly over and over again, it is less likely that he/she will hang around the sport. b. Skillfulness implies a level of achievement that serves as motivation to keep practicing. c. If you are skillful at something then you tend to stay in the activity. d. Developing new skills is tough to achieve, therefore don't waste time on any new skill that doesn't suit or fit your needs. e. Those exposed to more and varied game situations, & more playing time get better; second stringers w/ lesser skills barely improve without the opportunity.

d. Developing new skills is tough to achieve, therefore don't waste time on any new skill that doesn't suit or fit your needs.

Which of the following statements on Motor Development theories is CORRECT? a. The information-processing/maturation model acknowledges the effect of the organism, environment and task definitions on behavior. b. By laying the groundwork for the information processing theory, Charles Darwin made a major impact on motor development theory. c. Information-processing as a theory proposes that a computer and its central processing unit is modeled after the human brain. d. Dynamical systems theory state that "behaviors and movements emerge depending on the dynamics between three factors: environment, individual (organismic) characteristics, and task description and rules. e. Dynamical systems as a theory, embraces the maturation concept.

d. Dynamical systems theory state that "behaviors and movements emerge depending on the dynamics between three factors: environment, individual (organismic) characteristics, and task description and rules.

If someone PROPOSES a "Battle of the Sexes", TODAY --- for example: Serena Williams v. Roger Federer (in tennis; if you do not know them -- think of a hypothetical example in your own sport) --- which below is the DECENT and REASONABLE attitude -- based on what we learned about socialization. (Let's learn from lessons of the past.) Choose the answer with the least prejudice, bias, and ill-intent --- in other words -- for the sake of the children.. which below "DOES NO HARM"? a. Men are more likely to "achieve" more; are more ambitious, more aggressive and more dominant anyway, particularly in sport. More girls will want to stay home, and not necessarily play sport, : they want to fulfill their roles as care-givers and nurturers, so it is best to let them be. b. Boys will always be boys; girls will always be girls. Money and power will equalize everything. Whoever is in power will pursue their agenda. Whoever wants a "say" in the table: earn your way towards power and then get your agenda accomplished. c. Simply put, gender differences are based on biology. Women give birth and are correctly relegated to being barefoot and pregnant in the kitchen. Men are strong therefore do the work needed. A google scientist once stated (paraphrasing), it should just be accepted that women are not good for certain jobs, likewise men are not good for certain jobs. Pick your spots, and don't spoil it for the rest of the population. d. Gender should not be a reason to unjustly exercise power over ANYONE: Gender differences can be appreciated and celebrated without depriving rights to each other. e. Title IX proves that all the nice intentions do not make for an equitable and just world. Redistributing money, just so the girls can play, only antagonizes half the population. Men are rightly victimized because they gave up their advantages. They are the ones who really want to play sport, why not give them access and funds to do so?

d. Gender should not be a reason to unjustly exercise power over ANYONE: Gender differences can be appreciated and celebrated without depriving rights to each other.

Which of the following can best DETER (discourage) an entrenched gender dichotomy (girls v. boys) too early and avoid unhealthy gender attitudes? a. Fathers take care of your sons. Mothers take care of your daughters. Good role assignment is a must. b. Make sure to have a comprehensive anatomy and gender lessons as soon as puberty hits. Gender issues arise during the teenage years and therefore begin to address this as soon as signs emerge. c. Make sure boys look up to super-heroes early on. There are enough cartoon or TV characters they can model after. For girls, make sure they model their lives after successful women in the limelight. d. Toys, language, sports or activity do not have to have gender baggage early on. The key is to provide all opportunities for play for all children. Whenever possible choose gender neutral language, colors, activities, and do not be too married to "pink" toys for girls and "blue" toys for boys. e. Encourage hero-worship in sports. Strong presence of the male character model are everywhere. For girls, very few models are available, so even if a successful woman comes and is vilified as being "butch" or a "bitch", accept and encourage this model.

d. Toys, language, sports or activity do not have to have gender baggage early on. The key is to provide all opportunities for play for all children. Whenever possible choose gender neutral language, colors, activities, and do not be too married to "pink" toys for girls and "blue" toys for boys.

One statement regarding "ages and stages" (Figure 1-5) is INCORRECT. Which is it? a. No exact age is "mandated" for independent walking to begin: numerous factors determine this although ON AVERAGE when infancy ends, that's when they walk. b. Middle adulthood begins at 40, while older adulthood begins at 60 c. Childhood ends with the stoppage (cessation) of growth, on average at 18 for females and 20 for males. d.Neonates are infants from birth to 22 days. e. A "Lifespan Perspective" in motor development, means that movement is crucial prior to birth all the way to the peak of performance at middle-adulthood. f. A subset of the 'young adulthood' stage are the college years: generally, this period is "uneventful" motor skills-wise because collegians often do not develop nor need many new motor skills

e. A "Lifespan Perspective" in motor development, means that movement is crucial prior to birth all the way to the peak of performance at middle-adulthood

Which of the following does NOT exemplify: "Persevering in a sport or activity is mediated by one's motor "achievement". a. If one performs badly over and over again, it is less likely that he/she will hang around the sport. b. Those exposed to more and varied game situations, and more playing time get better; second stringers w/ lesser skills barely improve with little opportunity to play. c. If you are skillful at something then you tend to stay in the activity. d. Skillfulness implies a level of achievement that serves as motivation to keep practicing. e. Achieving new skills is tough, therefore don't waste time on any new skill that doesn't suit your needs.

e. Achieving new skills is tough, therefore don't waste time on any new skill that doesn't suit your needs.

Which best describes the socialization process particularly in the exercise and sport context? (This is true to for basketball, track, diving, football, ballet, gymnastics, swimming etc.) a. A step-by-step, clearly ordered process occurs: first involving the family, then peers, coaches, mentors and other significant others a person meets and interacts within various social circles b. It is an orderly, sequential and predictable unfolding of interactions, relationships and skills. c. Interaction between self-, significant others- and society kick starts the process d. Building self-esteem, self-concept and overall self-worth is the centerpiece and end goal: the process begins and ends with these elements. e. Beginning with observation, the iterative process snowballs with rules inferred, models identified, skills tried out and interactions played out.

e. Beginning with observation, the iterative process snowballs with rules inferred, models identified, skills tried out and interactions played out.

Which of the following statements on Motor Development Theories is CORRECT? a. The Dynamical systems theory embraces the maturation concept. b. Information-processing theory proposes that a computer best models the human brain: it has memory, central processing unit and pathways to sense and execute commands. c. Charles Darwin made a major impact on motor development theory by laying the groundwork for the information processing theory. d. The information-processing/maturation theory acknowledges the effect of the organism, environment and task definitions on behavior. e. Dynamical systems theory believes that behaviors or movements emerge depending on dynamically changing interaction between the following: environment, individual characteristics, and task description and/or rules."

e. Dynamical systems theory believes that behaviors or movements emerge depending on dynamically changing interaction between the following: environment, individual characteristics, and task description and/or rules."

A golfers' performance of the same 12-foot putt (same location of the hole) will change based on two different circumstances (A vs. B): A) no audience, practice green, no big prize money, vs. B) a 10 million cash prize, at the last round, last hole of the US Open, on national TV. Which of the following statements describes a "dynamical systems theory" of assessing both situations? a. The difference in environments is the only thing that influences the behavior. A 'mature' golfer should be able to handle any situation. b. With the same putt, same length and same location of the hole, the golfer programs his stroke to be consistent regardless of context. c. Based on the information in both conditions, the golfer plans an appropriate approach recalling his past performance (memory) and programming the suited response. d. In either case, the golfer is influenced only by his own personality and belief; everything else will have no effect on performance. e. No one thing determines the putt: any of the following can affect performance, temperament, physical response to environmental stress, emotional and cognitive control, and previous training.

e. No one thing determines the putt: any of the following can affect performance, temperament, physical response to environmental stress, emotional and cognitive control, and previous training.

In comparing the socialization process for basketball vs. ballet, which of the following is NOT TRUE: a. Despite different objectives for both, the newcomer infers rules within the system, models behavior after a stand-out performer and eventually gets the full experience by trying, making and learning from mistakes. b. Participants can enter or get out of both worlds via the same socialization process: same principles apply. c. Social interaction is key to both: in basketball - the aim is to interact, play the game, and compete with, and against other people - while the ballerina interacts with partners, fellow members (group) and the audience. d. Both activities start with observation. e. The socialization process between the two contrasts dramatically: basketball is about competing, ballet has no such competition, and concentrates on beauty and perfection.

e. The socialization process between the two contrasts dramatically: basketball is about competing, ballet has no such competition, and concentrates on beauty and perfection.

Which of the following can best DETER (discourage) an entrenched gender dichotomy (girls v. boys) too early and avoid unhealthy gender attitudes? a. Make sure to have a comprehensive anatomy and gender lessons as soon as puberty hits. Gender issues arise during the teenage years and therefore begin to address this as soon as signs emerge. b. Encourage hero-worship in sports. Strong presence of the male character model are everywhere. For girls, very few models are available, so even if a successful woman comes and is vilified as being "butch" or a "bitch", accept and encourage this model. c. Fathers take care of your sons. Mothers take care of your daughters. Good role assignment is a must. d. Make sure boys look up to super-heroes early on. There are enough cartoon or TV characters they can model after. For girls, make sure they model their lives after successful women in the limelight. e. Toys, language, sports or activity do not have to have gender baggage early on. The key is to provide all opportunities for play for all children. Whenever possible choose gender neutral language, colors, activities, and do not be too married to "pink" toys for girls and "blue" toys for boys.

e. Toys, language, sports or activity do not have to have gender baggage early on. The key is to provide all opportunities for play for all children. Whenever possible choose gender neutral language, colors, activities, and do not be too married to "pink" toys for girls and "blue" toys for boys.

Problems in US Womens Soccer is a microcosm of gender issues at play. Which ISSUE is their legal case primarily about and is still dominant today? [Note: all of the following discriminatory practices were accepted THEN - in soccer, or any sport for that matter. However they are NOT acceptable NOW. Choose a practice which is still very much in place.] a. leadership roles only for senior males b. crying allowed for girls, not for boys c. unequal sport funding in schools d. head coaching role for males only regardless of participants and sport e. unequal pay

e. unequal pay

A mother sits watching her daughter compete in gymnastics -- clipboard in hand -- notes every error in her floor routine, every unnecessary movement she carelessly does on the beam, and screams loudly in the stands - enough so everyone in the team can hear. The daughter tenses up, and her performance progressively deteriorates. According to the dynamical systems theory, this demonstrates the impact of ________ on motor behavior?

environment

When a father sits in the stands watching his son play basketball -- clipboard in hand -- noting every error in offense and defense, and every necessary and unnecessary foul committed, every point made and botched, and every free-throw and rebound missed - the child tenses up. The child's performance progressively deteriorates. This demonstrates the impact of ________ on motor behavior?

environment

A child in preoperational stage understands the "seriation" concept: For example, -- putting a ball marked with letters A, B, C in a cannister -- going IN it should be in this order: A-B-C. Going out it should be in this order: C-B-A. T/F

false

Children can begin to process "thoughts" and "ideas" on "cause and effect" only when they have had at least 3 years of life experience (during toddlerhood) T/F

false

In the "Sensori-motor stage", the child is actively putting together thoughts on "conservation" and "seriation". T/F

false

Only during the "formal operational" stage will a child exhibit and understanding of the "Conservation of Volume" concept. T/F

false

The domains of human development include the following: motor behavior, affect, psychology, physiology, and anatomy. T/F

false

The primary "DRIVING" processes for social and emotional growth ARE self-esteem, self-worth and self-concept. T/F

false

The step-by-step SOCIALIZATION process involves ALL of the following: observation, modeling, enhancement of self-esteem, self-concept and self worth, peer influence, inference of rules and behavioral procedures, trial and error, and, fundamental social interaction. T/F

false