Lifespan Quiz 6
What are some new occupations that develop?
1. Independent living 2. Financial independence 3. Career development 4. Long-term relationships 5. Parenting (for some) Extra notes: - Independent living and financial independence = new occupational demands/high level of performance and occupations -financial independence = marker of adult development -career development ex. Going to grad school/starting your career -getting involved in long-term relationships (I.e. intimate/work relationships) - and some on to parenting -many people who are formally employed, and due to covid are now back with their family -covid has impacted that with many bommerang back home due to financial constraints
What are the neuromuscular system changes in young adulthood?
1. muscular performance at peak performance between 20-30 years of age 2. reaction times generally peak just before onset of young adulthood and remain constant until late twenties
In regards to intimacy vs. isolation what is the functions of the "courtship"stage?
1. serves as period where at least one member of a couple is considering marriage 2. period where values,religious beliefs, family relationships, and long-term goals are considered prior to decision on engagement
What is the conflicting research on impact of retirement on mortality rates?
1. some research indicates early retirement can increase life expectancy but rates of death for single men after retirement at retirement age is increased (may be due to retirement as a result of poor health) 2. Retirement can lead to isolation, depression, cognitive decline. 3. The result depends on activity level and social support 4. Volunteerism can build social integration (a sense of embeddedeness that comes from having multiple social roles). - This is important in middle age as it can provide social support and social resources to enhance resilience
In regards to intimacy vs. isolation what is the functions of the "engagement"stage?
1. strengthens the relationships 2. redefines one's social world through the union of two families 3. serves as preparation for married life 4. period of in-depth assessment of compatibility between partners
What is the exploration stage?
Career choices are specified and implemented, different roles are tried and options are explored -Growth and exploration stages mainly take place in childhood through young adulthood. There may still be some exploration and establishment in middle adulthood, mainly if there is a career change or career instability
What occurs in the Specification stage?
Developmental period: Ages 18-21 Definition: Ideas about vocational interests become more specified
What occurs in the Implementation stage?
Developmental period: Ages 21-24 Definition: Process of skills training occurs along with experiences needed to pursue chosen career
What occurs in the Stabilization stage?
Developmental period: Ages 25-35 Definition: Individual works within desired profession - may make career changes and return to previous stages
HOW DOES ONE DEFINE THE "TRANSITION TO ADULTHOOD"?
Developmental tasks of transition to adulthood: 1. Evaluating one's place in the world 2. Exploring possibilities & choices in living, & forming a draft of an adult identity 3. Forming a dream of life 4. Forming a mentor-relationship 5. Choosing an occupation and forming relationship with a partner which may lead to having a family (Levinson)
What are the positive and negative/challenging elements of leaving home?
Positive elements: - the freedom - the independence - having own space/developing skills challenging elements: - financial strain, loneliness, and not having support of a family
What is the deceleration stage?
Preparing for retirement and engage in more leisure activity
What is significant about social participation?
Relationships become more complex 1. Marriage 2. Divorce 3. Blended families 4. Kinship (chosen family, not related by blood) 5. Parenting adolescents and early adults 6. Boomerang, the empty nest gets filled again
What is significant in regards to adolescent thinking?
Right vs wrong (dualism) Search for the correct answer
What roles emerge in young adulthood and what occupations support those roles?
Roles for early adulthood = - demands of the roles are complex ex. Caregiving for grandparents, Aunt,wife, fiance, homeowner, stepparent, godmother, etc. - many complex demands and a lot of occupations to support them ex. IADLs of an apartment renter or home owner - social demands of the wife/fiance/boyfriend
What is stage 4 of Kohlberg's stages of moral thinking?
Stage 4: - maintenance of the social order - rules are obeyed to maintain the order Extra notes: - Young adults move thorugh stage 4 and on -Stage 4 = looking at societal conformity ex. Thinking about law and order (you break the law you pay a debt), you behave in a way that maintains social order, no questioning of authority(ex. If theres a law it should be followed) , those who are right get rewarded and those who don't do right get punished -Stage 4 ½ = more abstract thinking about it, someone is more cynical and they may start to question authority, the law may not be the final word on morality, someone may still have morality but do things against the law ex. Hippies of the 60s challegning authority/questioning the establishment of older adults without believing their morally wrong
What are the new adult milestones that develop?
ex. Traditional life milestones ex. Getting married,having a job, having children - now change because some don't want to meet those traditional life milestones - ex. New Milestone = joining a service, choosing to travel the country/world, and getting involved in community organizations, and becoming politically active - about having higher level of responsibility and not meeting those traditional life milestones
What requires significant cognitive development?
ex. buying furniture/getting health insurance
Levinson's life transitions theory focuses on __
the period of turmoil between relatively stable stages: from youth to young adulthood, from young adulthood to middle adulthood, and from middle adulthood to older adulthood. - These transitional periods are points in which the structure of life changes and people re-evaluate life goals and priorities and make appropriate structural life changes. - Each transition has specific life tasks
Extra notes about social participation
-marriage/ intimate partnerships (central to this stage), also a stage where its divorced - may get remarried, which become a part of blended families -may become more kinship = kinship is family who is your chosen family (close friends/neighbors if biological family members don't serve that function) - parenting older children and even young adults - dealing with young adults coming back after they've been empty nestors - may be grandparents living in the household with children
What is the Psychosocial Crisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation?
1. It's about legacy; building up (generating) what we leave behind, yet continuing to grow, toward fulfillment & satisfaction 2. Need to resolve Intimacy Vs. Isolation crisis to be able to move forward with secure relationships in order to participate fully in the demands of middle adulthood (balancing work, caring for others, being involved in the community) 3. Activities associated with generativity vs. stagnation a) Managing a career b) Nurturing an intimate relationship c) Expanding caring relationships d) Managing the household i. Intense self-care and IADL demands
What is emerging adulthood?
Emerging adulthood defined as time after adolescence when young adults have insufficient income and no family responsibilities (no children).
What are the health risks of middle adulthood?
- Common aging-associated diseases (not a part of natural aging) 1. Hypertension 2. Cardiovascular disease 3. Diabetes Mellitus 4. Cancer -Hypertension (high blood pressure) leading risk factor for heart disease and stroke, can lead to kidney disease and vision problems. - Risk factors includes AA, obesity, stress, high ETOH consumption, high salt intake, family history, smoking - Cardiovascular disease is leading cause of morbidity and mortality in middle and late adulthood - Likelihood of developing cancer increases with age. - High level of caregiver stress. *- minority Populations (I.e. native american, african american, and hispanic to develop diabetes ) *hypertension = most at risk is african americans, i
What is significant in regards to health risks?
1. High risk leisure especially for males (motorcycles, skydiving, adrenaline sports, etc.) 2. Decrease in practice of healthy behaviors, sometimes poor lifestyle choices (sleep, sex, substance abuse, high risk behaviors such as reckless driving). 3. They can bounce back readily so tend to abuse the bodies. 4. Increased risk of traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries during this period (16-30 yo), most common age for SCI is 19. - TBI is 15 to 24 yo. 5. These risks and injuries complicate occupational development.
What are some changes in performance patterns from adolescence?
1. How do roles between siblings and between adult and parent change during this period? a) Importance of peer relationships to help with stress and provide an "extended family; social network expands. b) Virtual friends in social networking: what purpose do they serve? Quality of friendships.... 2. Boomerang generation (see transition reversal) because of economic factors; how do these affect roles? Routines? a) Domestic partnerships and cohabitation: new roles, shared responsibilities 3. Parent as a role: parenting as an occupation. How do these roles influence occupations? a) How will your routines and occupations change when you transition from the role of student to occupational therapist? Extra notes: -established new habits ex. Living on your own, to keep things cleaned, routines ,and ability to care for others - have new rituals ex. Rituals you develop when going on campus/have a schedule ,ex. going to the coffee shop every time with the same particular people - rituals with the new relationship that you are in/new role you've taken on
What is significant about health management and maintenance?
- Health is relatively stable. - Fertility declines, women experience menopause. - Health management needs will depend on lifestyle and general health up to middle age. - Healthy habits and lifestyle at this stage will impact health into older adulthood Extra notes: - health management is due to lifestyle - don't go to maintain health within young adulthood and now we need periodic screenings - demands on women adulthood in middle adulthood can interfere
What is the maintenance stage?
- Maintenance of prestige, authority and responsibility 1. Holding on: stagnating or plateauing 2. Keeping up: updating or enriching
What is significant about work?
- Occupational career is major structural factor of adulthood 1. Focus of attention through much of waking hours 2. Determines activities, social relationships, challenges, satisfactions 3. Expression of personal identity 4. Means of attaining social status & personal value Extra notes: - found that career and focus of much young adulthood is work - major focus of performance patterns/routines -often determines what activities you engage in - ex. Lots of friends who are OTs/some challenges you face =frames the social network - becomes a part of your personal identity ex. OTs have a strong sense of professional identity/ becomes a part of who you are -social status based on performance at work
When does adulthood begin?
- Traditionally, has been identified as age over 18 years. - End of adolescence and beginning of adulthood depends on cultural context and social environment. - Different trajectories exist, depending on events. - So the time range is fluid depending on roles, responsibilities, occupations, etc., as well as expectations in the environment. - Some 16 year olds may be functioning more like adults than some 30 year olds. - Generally speaking, age 18 to 40.
Extra notes of Super's stages
- crystallization starts in adolescence ex. Idea of different jobs, have enough awareness of the different jobs,and starting to match with what career matches with your sense of identity - specification stage = started thinking of interests in health care/here it fits in my interests - implementation stage = go through the process of getting the skills you need of your skills ex. formal education, training, being in the OT school, fieldwork, mentorship programs - stabilization = where you are working in your profession/may change careers and could go back to early stages if change careers -happens at any point of the lifespan
What are other changes experienced during the transition to adulthood?
- going against your parents (different then adolescent rebellion) - financial literacy needed/lack of financial literacy ex. Needing educational videos in regards to finances - health management changes = family planning/responsibility ex. Wellness visits, vaccinations
HOW DO CONTEXTS & ENVIRONMENTS INFLUENCE YOUNG ADULT OCCUPATIONS?
1. Environments Physical Social 2. Contexts Cultural Virtual Temporal Person Extra notes: --dating changed because you can't meet someone in person (Due to covid) -covid is a social, temporal and personal context ex. Where somebody lives, what kind of neighborhood, How far away are you from jobs/social activities, moving from the school -influence of virtual contexts ex. Role in education - person contexts ex. Age, resilience impacts that occupational performance
What are the roles in midlife?
1. Friend 2. Spouse 3. Sibling 4. Parent 5. Grandparent 6. Caregiver 7. Mentor 8.Volunteer (increased in community) 9.Employee, maybe supervisor 10. Others?
What is the life course theory?
-life course theory = idea we develop on based on events around us/contextual factors around us 1. sociohistorical factors = key events during history/periods of life ex. 9-11, economic crisis in 2008, covid-19 2. -timing of lives = individual experiences/timing ex. Whats your generation? generation Z/millenial, relationships you had, life transitions (moved/had a major life event, death,bringing a new person in your life, major accomplishments) , things that cause you stress/vulnerable/difficult triumph - and help to increase resilience Study findings: -millenials are more educated ( have higher level of educations than other cohorts) have women out pacing men in completing college - silent generation = only 11% women were finishing college, and now women out pacing men - generation differences (more women in the earlier generations)/ income levels , and education level has a lot to do with income level 3. transitions during this time = typical developmental transitions 4. how do these transitions influence your trajectory = ex. Had a move, which changes your social circle /activities you did or major change in your family that influenced your life trajectory -transition reversal = major life transition and had it reversed back 5. linked lives and social ties = what are the influences of those relationships ex. Family/romantic relationships 6. human agency and personal control = plan for competence, how do you get from one life event to another, what are the cognitive changes to adolescence to adulthood that allow you to make plans ex. Made a career choice, going to graduate schools, moving from parts of the country, and moved away from friends/changed relationships (made the choices to change the trajectory of your life) - ex. Events that were out of the control that switched the trajectory 7. past shapes the future = ex. Earlier life events/Choice that you make/parent that makes which leads to different experiences (I.e. ripple effect) - we have a lot of changes take us in one direction or the other - major life changes (linked lives, the ones that are positive and negative all lead to major life changes)
What is Piaget's Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage(11+ years)?
-not everyone reaches this stage, depending on the sociocultural context, environmental press, abstractions, ability to generate hypotheses and generalize
Extra notes in regards to health risks
. Extra notes: - have sense of invincibility, -> mortality is due to risky behavior- leading cause of death is motor cycle accidents -high risk leisure activities for males ex. Motor cycle riding, high adrenaline sports -physically people can bounce back so easily ex. Can engage in smoking/binge drinking - start establishing lifestyles at this age for maintenance in middle adulthood ex. getting enough sleep/managing stress - increase risk of TBI/brain and spinal cord injuries because of the high risk activities ex. Car accidents/high risk leisure activities - common age for brain injury is 19 and for TBI is between 15-24
What are the developmental tasks of middle adulthood?
1. Achieve adult civic and social responsibility 2. Establish & maintain an economic standard of living 3. Assist young people to become responsible adults 4. Develop leisure activities 5. Accept physiological changes 6. Relate to one's partner/spouse 7. Adjust to aging parents - achieve adult civic and social responsibility = assuming a social role -assist young people = ex. Parenting/mentor role
What are the midlife ADL's and IADL's?
1. Add to the self-care occupations, many IADLs are managed simultaneously - Home establishment and management are important 2. Others depend on the adult's effectiveness and efficiency -Personal care may be more involved to minimize the impact of age and regain youthfulness - Expected to be efficient with all IADLs
In regards to intimacy vs. isolation what is the functions of the "dating"stage?
1. Allows an individual to learn about himself/herself 2. allows an individual to identify persons compatible with own goals,values, and personality 3. offers opportunity to develop personal interests 4. provides leisure tiem activites 5. enhances the status of the individuals involved in dating 6. lays the groundwork for the next stage of the progression towards marriage
What is attachment/separateness as defined by Levinson's Life transitions?
1. Assess the need to redefine oneself 2. Evaluate changes in relationships and social roles
What is Destruction/creation as defined by Levinson's Life transitions?
1. Balance tradition with progress 2. Tear down former life dream or lifestyle to all for new life that fits middle age
What are the different type of ages?
1. Biological Age a) The condition of organ and body systems 2. Psychological Age a) Ability to adapt, solve problems and cope with life events 3. Social Age a) Habits, beliefs and attitudes
Wagner's (1996) model of optimal development, beginning at age 18 (early adulthood) includes __
1. Biologic 2. Cognitive 3. Emotional 4. Social 5. Moral 6. Vocational -prefrontal cortex by 24-26 should be fully developed
What is the role of OT in other settings?
1. Community-based Mental Health a) Support for chronic mental illness 2. Work/Industry Ergonomics 3. Work Rehabilitation a) Transitional return to work programs/Work Hardening b) Functional Capacity Evaluation
What is significant in regards to adult thinking?
1. Considers problem in context (relativism) 2. Management of more complex problems 3. Accept inconsistencies are part of life
What is Young/old as defined by Levinson's Life transitions?
1. Contemplate effects of age and lifestyle on body 2. Realign self-image with appearance and physical abilities 3. Cope with new habits, routines, and occupational choices
In regards to vocational theories,what are the four Super's stages?
1. Crystallization 2. Specification 3. Implementation 4. Stabilization
What are the barriers within young adulthood?
1. Don't go to the doctor for check-ups 2. Social expectations 3. Low cost of unhealthy foods 4. Lack of time, facilities, and knowledge and skills for gathering and preparing healthy foods 5. Lack of motivation to eat healthily 6. Social Media
Extra notes/lectures notes in regards to roles
1. Each role has potential to add stress. 2. Role strain is an important concept in this period, related to what's called the sandwich generation. 3. Sandwich generation refers to adults who are caregivers for children and their own parents, which can result in overload or strain with competing demands, and when disagreement over what one should be doing or how one should be doing it, or when one takes on more than one can manage. (This is similar to occupational imbalance) Wide variety of roles during this time period, which result in co-occupations -Extra notes : - common roles is friend, spouse ,sibling, etc. , caregiver for an older parent, employee, - role strain= there's increasing demands on the particular roles, if you are in a situation where you are parenting and caring for grandparents/ work and increase stress, ability to cope is tied to resilience
What is Bronfenbenner's ecological model?
1. Individual child (center) 2. Microsystem = includes family, clasroom, peer, siblings 3. The Exosystem = extended family, school board, neighborhoods, mass media, and parents work environments 4. macrosystem = history,social conditions, economic system, culture, and laws 5. mesosystem = interactions between the child's microsystems, such as the interactions between the child's parents and teachers, or between school peers and siblings. Extra notes: -system applies at any age - how the systems change - ex. As up through adolescence much of the macrosystem and microsystem has been done with the family system(clasroom, extended family) and now that's expanding ex. In college you have teachers but now it's the friends/social group, or romantic relationships and participating in work places/work culture, university activities
What is significant about client factors(Values, beliefs, and spirituality of this age group?
1. It's a myth that people become more religious as they age. Those that are highly religious tend to stay highly religious, but religiosity can increase, decrease, or fluctuate throughout adulthood and can change with life experiences 2. Religion and associated activities are common among older adults for the current cohort? How do you think this might be changing as Gen Xers and millenials enter middle and older adulthood? 3. Faith and religion can help people cope with stress, losses and difficulties that occur throughout adulthood. Extra notes: - values, beliefs, and spirituality = level of religiosity is consistent through life but in middle adulthood might develop a social role in their spiritual network (churches ,communities, etc.) but mostly they are consistent
What are the health risks in young adulthood?
1. Leading causes of death a) MVA b) Suicide 2. Obesity 3. Risky behaviors a) Binge drinking b) Substance use c) Smoking d) Unprotected sex e) High risk leisure activities -High risk behaviors can be the result of peak physical health and young adults feeling they can easily "bounce back"
Extra lecture notes in regards to leisure
1. Leisure can enhance cognitive function, promote health and restore occupational balance 2. Leisure pursuits may change from less action, physically oriented to accommodate for physical changes 3. Middle adulthood may provide the opportunity for expanded leisure participation as family responsilibities may be decreasing and middle aged adults may have more time for leisure activities 4. Consider leisure pursuits that can be continued into later adulthood, and leisure is considered as part of retirement planning as it may become a greater part of time expenditure
What is significant about leisure?
1. Leisure may evolve into retirement plans 2. Structure of Leisure a) Family-oriented, to be close to family b) Self-oriented, for freedom c) Facilitate social participation d) Pursuing postponed interests
What is middle age?
1. Middle phase of adulthood 2. Ages 40-65 a) Physiological changes b) Occupational identity c) Implications of boomerang young adults - boomerang = ex. Young adults who move out of their parents home and there's divorce/financial issues and they go back home - life transition events and a natural life course that is different then other generations -The experience of physiological changes is influenced by lifestyle changes - Time of diverse activity demands, occupations, & roles—occupational balance and role strain
What are the psychosocial themes of adulthood?
1. Midlife crises are rare 2. Life and interactions are more predictable 3. Stress 4. Time of intense responsibility
What is significant in regards to cognitive development and executive functioning in young adulthood?
1. Peak of cognitive development and intellectual ability a) Brain development 2. Foundation for abstract reasoning and mature coping -Fluid intelligence peaks in early adulthood and begins to decline by age 30 - Crystallized intelligence improves through early adulthood - Pre-frontal cortex fully develops allowing for improved executive functioning
What is significant about work and volunteerism?
1. Retirement is being delayed for this generation 2. Benefits of work: a) Productivity b) Routine c) Social participation 3. Increased volunteer participation in community a) Civic engagement b) Mentoring
What is the OT's role in transitioning?
1. Transitioning to Adult medical services - Many adult physicians are not trained in typically pediatric diagnoses (C.P., developmental disorders, etc.) 2. Managing IADL and role transitions 3. Career planning and services a) Transition planning is part of IDEA b) Supported/Supportive Employment
What is the modern work perspective?
1. Work is almost entirely a commodity 2. Work shifting from manufacturing to service jobs 3. Work is becoming less constrained
What is the Protestant work ethic?
1. Working itself is good 2. Those who do not work are not useful members of society or are sinners 3. Hard work will over-come all obstacles and provide wealth 4. Success is linked to effort and measured by material wealth
What are the Integumentary system changes in young adulthood?
1. after adolescence skin begins to lose moisture, gradually becoming more dry and wrinkled with age 2. first signs of gray hair and baldness may appear in young adulthood 3. unwanted hair growth may appear *- skin is in the best shaped/start towards the end of young adulthood have gray hairs, baldness
What are the GI system changes in young adulthood?
1. digestive tract displays a decrease in the amount of some digestive juices after 30 years of age 2. Ptyalin (enzyme used to digest starches) in the saliva decreases after 20 years of age 3. third molars (wisdom teeth) normally between 20-21 years
What are the cardiovascular system changes in young adulthood?
1. has established adult size and rhythm by 16 years of age 2. total blood volume of young adult is 70-85 ml per kilogram of body weight 3. blood pressure rises slowly from early childhood, and cholesterol levels increase form age of 21 years
What are the respiratory system changes in young adulthood?
1. mature in young adulthood 2. body's ability to use oxygen optimally is more dependent on efficiency of cardiovascular s ystem and needs of skeletal muscle than on maturity of lungs
What occurs in the Crystallization stage?
Developmental period = adolescence Definition = consideration occurs of various vocational ideas consistent with one's self-concept
What are the overall physical changes?
Considered to be 16-24 years of age. - Overlaps with adolescence and young adulthood. - Between 19-26 is peak of physical performance, adult growth and coordination, reaction time, fewer illnesses. - Effects of Physical inactivity in childhood show up Extra notes: - some of the physical changes overlap (16-24 years old)
What is masculine/feminine as defined by Levinson's Life transitions?
Emergence or exploration of behaviors or traits of opposite gender
What is Atchley's Theory of Continuity?
Emphasizes stability of ways of being and doing over time, rather than universal stages and changes
What are the enablers within young adulthood?
Enablers 1. Healthy diet of friends and family 2. Support/encouragement of friends and family to eat healthy 3. Desire for attractiveness to potential partners and others 4. Increased availability of information 5. Social support from peers 6. Social media -Social media can be both a barrier and support for healthy lifestyle. - There is increased availability of information on preparing healthy foods as well as abundance of references to unhealthy foods. - There may be increased support for healthy choices and exercise but also pressure and negative impact on body image.
Extra notes in regards to psychosocial themes
Extra notes : - life and interactions are more predictable = a lot of it has to do with maintenance/manage responsibility - stress= responsibility comes from multiple sources ( can impact health, about life tasks(managing caregiving for others and work)) -a time of intense responsibility = this time is very self-efficacous/in control in all roles as a caregiver of children and of parents as well - seeing if someone adopts an internal or external locus of control with stress -internal control = power that you can control the events - external control = putting that responsibility is attributing it to things external to yourself - those who have an internal locus of control = have better health outcomes and decrease stress because feel like they can control it better - having a sense of pride/accomplishment can help with coping and stress management - we can help them through these factors -Stress: is different in middle age, than young adulthood: more chronic, than acute
Extra notes of Atchleys theory
Extra notes: -occupational identity falls in this category -in erikson/piagets there's stages and everyone goes through the same stage but atchley's theory is how we adapt/cope and our changes is about how we are exiting /being over time - Important concepts: -internal patterns (I.e. personal context in the OTPF) = who we are/tendencies, personality, how we tend to cope with things/how do we respond, introvert/extrovert, respond calmly or with stress -external patterns = external to us of how we cope and change ex. network of social support - developmental goals = the life tasks that happen at the different stages I.e. what are we expected to accomplish/influenced by the culture - adaptive capacity = use of attitudes and spirituality and social support to cope - -atchley's theory = is all about adapting and coping to life adaptations/changes and how we develop/move through each stage
Extra notes in regards to role of OT
Extra notes : - work in an adult in a physical rehab setting -physical rehab contiuum = most acute to least acute of needs - most acute = most acute hospital settting, their health is maintained and medical needs are most important -> then move onto rehab (SNF, IRF, about 45 minute to be stable ) -> HHC (therapist to come help them) -> outpatient setting (no longer need intensive care) - middle adults in these settings= getting medical care/treatment to age associated diseases ex. Impact of diabetes,cardiovascular diseases, lung disease, stroke, cancer, metabolic diseases - manage chronic illness =our role is to establish/modify routines and to help with occupations - help with working on health management and managing side effects -- working on occupational adaptation/modification and being functional - work in community-based mental health settings , typically support with chronic mental illness -only in the acute phase, not a lot of support after acute phase - may participate in acute settings - may work with ergonomics/improving efficiency of work - work on work rehabilitation = rehab due to cog,physical, or mental health condition and getting them back to work (transition to work/work hardening programs) - functional capacity evaluation = targeted therapy getting them back to work if they had to stop working - ex. OT looks at work environment and see hows the chair set up, how the monitor is set up, and look at individual workers and helping them with their individual set up (positioning client), Helping them with the arm rest, help someone who has arthritis
How does occupational performance change in young adulthood?
Extra notes: -may start doing more in domestic life ex. Cooking, cleaning - ex. IADL's, ADL's = cooking, paying bills, - health management is its own occupation and IADL's that needs to have a domestic life to take care of your home/self - education demands developed (going from primary school with not a lot of control/say for what your responsible for -> college , choosing your own path/ your responsibility for taking notes/doing your work) , - higher level responsibility in education and work job -play and leisure activities changed ex. Sports/extracurricular activities they change and evolve in adulthood (They are less organized, more recreational then competitive, or left behind all together) -social participation = expands and becomes more complex, bigger role in the community, may have family members of their own/starting their own family unit, and caring for other family members or adults - co-occupations =may be done with friends or taking on the parenting role Lecture notes : -Domestic life - What are some co-occupations? - Decision to parent leads to new responsibilities and occupations. - Education: requires self-regulation and discipline, as well as economic support. May delay income but usually yields more opportunities for higher income and choice.
Extra notes in regards to cognitive development
Extra notes: - brain development is complete = foundation for abstract thinking/more mature coping - shift from adolescent thinking (dualism = ex. Right and wrong answers and searching for the correct answer) and now to adult thinking = relativism = the abstract thinking/gray thinking transitions (I.e. puts the problems into context) may not be a clear right or wrong, two people can be right at one time and two people can be wrong at one time; can't always be a clear definition of everything in life
Extra notes for ADL's and IADl's
Extra notes: -by this stage people are compotent in ADL's = become more complex (many of them start to deal with maintaining physical appearance, morning regime may get more complex/take longer but generally they are very efficient with ADL's) - IADL's = someone is highly efficient,more compelx and can manage simultaneous high IADL's - effectiveness and efficiency is important because being caregivers to children and adults, there's others who are dependent on a middle adult to complete their IADL's
Extra notes of Super's stages of adult career development
Extra notes: - Maintenance: - most middle adults have reached the maintenance stage (have established authority) - someone may be holding on : may have stagnation/plateuing ex. Staying at same job/stay at work - keeping up ex. many OT's will have to keep up ex. Build skills/ continue with CE, grow in maintenance stage Deceleration stage: - = starting to engage in leisure activity and explore what their going to do for when their not working - career change with the baby boomer generation and on may have a career change may go back to exploration/establishment stage
Extra notes of perspectives of work
Extra notes: - in US culture theres a traditional/prostestant work ethic = traditional ideals, stem from prostatant relgious beliefs ( if you work you are good) and those who do not work (Are sinners) - ex. American dream= as long as you work hard you can link the ulimate american dream -down sides = ex. Brag about how hard they work/how much sleep they got = a lot of social value that puts on the work, some jobs have more prestige then others, the work identity is very engraved of who we are - with someone with disabilities = their self worth = those who don't work are mooching off the system/they are not valued members of society, and a stigma between stay at home parents vs. Working parents (I.e. because staying at home parents are not contributing to society) Modern work: - work is now a commodity - now it's a lot of service jobs (leisure/tourism, health care, etc. ) - less constrained (not being in the office, can tela commute, states can contribute, may have multiple part time jobs, have the gig economy ) - traditionally in the baby boomer and prior generations = many workers stay with one company until they retire - with generation x and after, now we move from job to job - more common to have career changes - work changes as a construct , different characteristics of the cohort
Extra notes in regards to barriers and enablers
Extra notes: -influence of social media/huge part of life -ex. Is social media a barrier and enabler (it can be both) - young adults don't tend to go to the doctor/high expectation of engaging in sexual behavior that comes from social media - don't have the money to afford healthy foods - have a lack of time/access to maintain healthy lifestyle do to a busy schedule -enabler: see healthy diets of friends/families will encourage them to engage in healthy behaviors, desire for attractiveness and potential partners and others which means taking better care of health, more access to health promotion activities, do get social support from peers
Extra notes in regards to performance skills
Extra notes: - between 24-26 , the frontal lobe is fully operational/executive functioning is happening - better ability to be abstract/take in points of view, and being reflective about ones performance - better able to form relationships because they have a better ability to emphathezise/ take people's perspective - emotional intelligence develops at this stage -can understand constructive criticism, understand intent behind constructive criticism without being offended by it - increase ability/desire to form relationships ex. Friendships/work/ mentor relationships - higher level thinking ex. Plan/organize - begin navigating conflict better/care for family members ex. Many people are having children = having higher cognitive skills and happens over the lifespan -fluid intelligence peaks during this time period = begins to peak during early adulthood and then slowly declined after age 30 - crystalized intelligence begins to improve after the age of 30 -coping/resilience is developed better-have community partnerships/have higher level of relationships so they have higher reslience ex. Churches/community organizations so they can deal with higher levels of stress as they get through adulthood - at this stage people are at peak physical condition (with strength,coordination/flexibility) and after this stage it starts to decline - most of the health risks are dealing with lifestyle issues ex.- having a sedenatary lifestyle , can have an injury ex. Overeating/busy schedules/stress, not getting enough sleep, alcohol and drug use, motor vehicle accidents, HIV/AIDS - ex. Young adults are in such good shape they tend to have a sense of invsibility/more risky behaviors
Extra notes about transition to adulthood
Extra notes: - tasks that young adults develop are getting a sense of where ones place in the world/what are the possibilities ex. What kind of job do I want to have/starting a draft of the adult identity -having a dream of life ex. What will my adult life look like -forming a mentor relationship ex. Not only in work but in dream of life/tasks that you want to accomplish, should be mentee/mentor relationship - these are the typical developmental tasks
Extra notes in regards to work and volunteerism
Extra notes: Work: -central occupations - most are in stage of maintaing work (maintenance) - thinking about retiriment, some retire some wait until late adulthood - ex. Baby boomers are delaying retirement ex. Was 65 now later -routine ex. What transportation, lunch is all centered around work - social participation = work is significance source of this Retirement: - might lose benefits = have social isolation (due to activity and how much support you have after you retire Volunteerism: - volunteerism has an increase role in a life of a middle adult (increase participation in the community, and pursue interests they may have had with work due to financial reasons/life demands and have sense of pride and establishment in the community, opportuniy for membership and having a legacy/erikson's life stage of generativity)
Extra notes in regards to midlife structures and functions
Extra notes: - Brain = shriinkage of the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum - cognitive = more successful in multi cognitive tasks (work/education) - if working memory improves you have to work at that. - Working memory gradually decrease but you can increase through games - ex. As OTs going to perform standardized tests, which make you count up scores - vision changes = - how much light is needed to see, - presbyopia - ex. No difficulty seeing, but have reading glasses because the eyes have difficulty accommodating/you have difficulty seeing close up - driving, can't read the menu, reading medication labels, cooking labels, texting(can make them big now) ex. Seeing the instruments on the inside of the car may impact being near sighted -Hearing: - not normally significant hearing loss - hearing/working in a loud factory, when you listen to music loud, go to loud music festivals = can affect hearing loss - social participation is affected by hearing loss - musculoskeletal = - osteoporosis, those who are at most risk are women (women have hormonal changes ex. More at risk for osteoporosis, can encourage clients to strength training/weight bearing ex. Get 1lb weights to help improve bone density - can affect activities in sports, IADLs, work(need to transfer people need physical activity) - cardiovascualar =aerobic activity is important to maintain, aerobic activity does decrease - cardiovascular endurance is lower/become more tired - occupational performance implications ex. less likely to exercise, not able to run around with kids , getting through a work day
What is significant about responsibilities of the sandwhich generation?
Extra notes: - demand on cognitive skills, complex decision makings, and IADL's need to be efficiently done for the sandwhich generaiton - experience of a negative health outcome has a ripple effect
Extra notes in regards to Psychosocial crisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Extra notes: - stage of generativity and stagnation - we expect that someone can accomplish the prior stage, an adult can accomplish this prior stage with a sense of intimate relationships with others to build up from this stage - building up a legacy (generativity), develop something that you can leave behind for other
Extra notes in regards to Levinson's theory
Extra notes: - stages are due to period of turmoil, someone needs to transition from one stage to the next - someone needs to establish the counter points/needs -managing a career, dealing with physical changes/social changes and reevaluate life goals and priorities 1. Young old: -you contemplate affect of age/lifestyle on the body ex. Young adulthood is a period of good health and you don't feel like how health maintenance has affected you/injuries you had -middle adulthood =accept those changes/become obvious and the impact that lifestyle had 2. Destruction/creation: ex. Young adulthood the task you create a dream for yourself - destruction = getting to that dream and being able to tearing it away that it doesn't match the reality and now adjusting it for the new reaility of middle age 3. Masculine/feminie: - certain traits that are masculine and feminine - women will start to explore more masculine tasks and men will start to explore more feminine
Extra notes in regards dating, courtship, and engagement stages
Extra notes: - in many cultures this is where we develop a lifelong relationships and whether it's a partnernship/marriage -typically trajectory in western culture - begin with dating where the person learns more about him/herslef and their relationship, understands their compatibility goals/values, see if their personality fits, if it develops their personal interests, who they do leisure activities with, begins to lay the groundwork for the next stage of progression -courtship = relationship becomes more serious/ considering possibility of marriage/ long -term goals together ex. do we have the same values/personalities, do our values,relationships, things about raising a family do they align to allow for a larger commitment -> begin to preparing for a joint family life
Extra notes for leisure
Extra notes: - have occupational balance/leisure has to change in response to all this - someone may have really active lesiure persuits = like sports/ different health maintenance activity (those demands on cardiovascular/musculokskeltal system), they begin to evolve, so our role will help someone with those physiological changes - less individually focused and become more family -oriented = becoming more immediate/extended family -also provide time for self - pursue postponed interests = have more time available, and can pursue things they wanted to do
Extr anotes in regards to formal operations stage
Extra notes: - we are in this last stage/formal operational stage -not everyone reaches this stage depends on socio-cultural context/ if theres environment stress for cognitive mastery, if theres cognitive skills to develop abstract ideas/generalize hypothesis/concepts ex. Paying bills = not just doing the math, how much money do I have/how much money am I going to spend, how much am I going to spend ex. I need to on a concert and I need to save my moneyex. Living away from home = ex. Looking for an apartment, what can I afford, how close is it to the things I'm near, find roomates -not everyone reaches that capacity/challenges of navigating that transitiion f you don't have that capability of thinking -post operational thinking = those who accomplish higher levels of thinking ex. People who develop theory/complex reasoning process (hierarchal thinking ex. Great thinkers, which think of big systems/great ideas) ex. Besos who thinks of large systems of how to change commerce but most only go to formal operations period
What is the establishment stage?
Focus is to secure long-term placement in the chosen career
How do we get from from Erikson's Identity vs. Identity Diffusion to Intimacy vs. Isolation?
Identity vs. Identity Diffusion: 1. Form a separate identity 2. then you have Executive Function OR Fully formed personal and social identity= meaningful intimate relationships Intimacy vs. Isolation: 3. After you have personal/social identity then you have: a) Friends, Lovers, etc. b) Intimate relationships become important social capital as we age Outcomes: - Inability to form meaningful relationships=loneliness & isolation
What are the important concepts of Atchley's Theory of Continuity?
Important concepts: 1. Internal patterns (who we are, how we cope) 2. External patterns (network of social support) 3. Developmental goals (influenced by culture) 4. Adaptive capacity (use of attitudes & spirituality, as well as social support) to cope -Includes occupational identity - Adults evolve their behaviors through transactions with their experiences (we learn from our mistakes) - Being adaptive leads to resilience (we can handle ups & downs)
Extra notes in regards to Erikson's stages
In adolescence we were in identity vs. Identity diffusuion - young adulthood = intimacy vs. Isolation - has to be development/sense of identity first before we can get to intimacy - so in the adolescent stage we form a separate identity -> then develop frontal lobe (Executive functioning) we develop a personal social idenitity ( who we are and how we represent ourselves to others) -> then we can to that intimacy vs. Isolation stage - as we develop frontal lobe, we have a fully formed personal social identity -> then we can get to that intimacy vs. Isolation stage ex. Relationships with close friends/sibling we develop intimacy -relationships become important social capital as we grow - outcomes = accomplishment of the intimacy stage is that we can form meaningful relationships and the negative outcome is that we experience loneliness/isolation - social/intimate relationships are very important
What is stage 5 of Kohlberg's stages of moral thinking?
Morality of contract and individual rights - rules are obeyed if they are impartial; democratic rules are challenged if they infringe on the right of others Extra notes: -Stage 5: application of universal truths/morality, can be achieved in middle age but young adults may move into this too ex. Thinking of morality beyond man's law (I.e. golden rule- not infringing on rights of others)
What are the client factor and performance skill changes in early adulthood?
Performance skills: - process -motor - social interaction 1.ex. Cognitive skill changes Fluid intelligence peaks during this time period and begins to decline slowly beginning at age 30! Crystallized intelligence is building with education, life experience and solving problems. 2. Coping developed in childhood gets more practiced, as young adult experiences challenges in community and partnerships and is able to be resilient in stress (rebound). Facing stress leads to better coping and resilience. 3. physical changes = What are the physical changes? Peaks in strength, endurance, coordination, flexibility, and gradual declines. Health risks because of lifestyle issues
What is the role of the OT in physical rehabilitation?
Physical Rehabilitation 1. Settings: Hospital, SNF, IRF, HHC 2. Treatment related to age-associated diseases 3. Management of Chronic Illnesses a) Establishing or modifying habits, roles, routines b) Health management c) Occupational Adaptation/Modification -May encounter those with complications due to HTN, DM, Osteoarthritis, Cardiovascular disease. This may be treatment related to stroke, joint replacement, cardiac surgeries, amputations.
What are cognitive changes that occur in this age group?
Typical performance during this stage 1. Cognitive performance is relatively stable for health adults a) Increase in verbal and spatial abilities and reasoning b) Decrease in speed (calculations, perceptual processing) c) May be a decrease in working memory but can be increased with cognitive challenges (brain games?) d) Overall physical exercise can improve/maintain cognitive performance for healthy aging
Extra notes in regards to OT's role in transitioning
Extra adults: - working with young adults who don't have those adult skills - transitioning services for those who have pediatric diagnoses (CP/developmental disorders/autism) - we transition from adult to medical services ex. Kids with disabilities (long term chronic disabilities) they have to move from pediatric services(where services are geared) and unique health needs and have to transition to medical services (need doctors for that) -need to manage IADL/role transition ex. Going to college when you have a disability, parenting when you have a disability, managing a household when you have a disability - many of these kids have therapy when their kids but not when their a young adult - medicaid stops paying for OT/speech at 21 - aspect of career planning for those with disabilities - in IDEA have transition planning that starts in middle school ex. Look at career exploration and start implementing it - supportive employment = special work environments and pair up with an organization to allow someone to enter the workforce with the necessary accommodations - ex. Able to work as an administrative assistant when he has a disability - OT looks at the tasks and environment and the person, and we come up with a match to look at where they would be successful for a career - organizations partner with work places to get accommodations/flexibility -finding work places that gear towards those with special needs, and OT's job is to find match between the person's skills/capabilities, interests, what can be supported in the work place, and what type of work could be supported in the work place
Extra notes in regards to definitions of adulthood
Extra notes: - Adulthood doesn't have a clear definition based on age, when does it begin? - emerging adulthood = gray area/not definitive transition here on this day you're an adolescent and on this day you're a full adult (transition period of adulthood) - early adulthood = part of the transition where someone makes the change from childhood/adolescence to adulthood (and in beginning stages) -where adults are biologically = healthy/active, and physically mature, and engaged in health-enhancing behaviors - most cog. functioning is fully developed - this is when the frontal lobe maturity happens/fully able to make decisions - future orientated/ think multi-dimensionally - in the US, most adults have achieved 12 years of formal education -emotionally = aware of themsevles/ who they are, have developed a secure sense of self - have developed a sense of resilience - social skills are mature/ being able to engage in all methods of social interacion/cooperative interactions with their peers - have one valued intimate relationship (with a friend or s.o) - acknowledge perspective of others/have diversity - morally have an internalized set of values that is abstract, are socially responsible, understanding of fairness/equity and taking consideration of diversity/taking in peoples perspective - vocational development is happening (being aware of their potential/what they have to offer, and what the options are) - career literate - have employability skills/start to have a life plan that should be based on their personal preferences - not based on social biases like in a collectivist culture but based on personal strengths/preferences
