LING Final Prep
What kind of speech error supports cascading activation of phonology during lexicalization?
Blend
The advisory _______ met once per week. If you were running a study similar to Duffy et al.'s 1988 experiment, presenting participants with the sentence above and filling the blank either with cabinet or group, which word would take participants longer to read, and why?
Cabinet, because it is the less often used and subordinate term for a collection of people.
What is one of the major differences between garden path and constraint-based theories of sentence parsing?
Constraint-based theory emphasizes that an ambiguous sentence is disambiguated with the assistance of semantic and contextual information, whereas the garden path theory does not employ these sources until it reaches a point of confusion related to the initial interpretation.
Across languages, syllables with codas like 'egg' attract stress while those with onsets like 'ba' do not. This is likely because
Due to gestural timing, a coda consonant makes a syllable physically longer while an onset consonant does not
The finding that a stranded morpheme usually comes out in a form appropriate to its new context suggests that
*All of the above What is stranded is a morpheme, not an allomorph Speakers avoid violating phonotactic constraints even in error Selection of allomorphs happens close to the end of the processing sequence
What kind of speech error supports pre-planning and is more common in highly proficient speakers?
Anticipation
The idea that late closure and right association biases influence sentence processing before semantic plausibility has a chance to exert its effect provides support for...
Autonomous syntax
If participants were asked to complete a lexical decision task, which priming word would result in the fastest recognition of bread as a real word?
Baker, because of the semantic link between bread and a bakery
Imagine that you are designing a study to evaluate whether certain types of sentences are ambiguous and lead to misunderstanding. Which technique would permit the most natural environment for your study?
Eye-tracking reading task
Based on the concept of neighborhood density, which word would be most difficult for a participant to identify as a word during a lexical decision task?
Flip, a word that may become many other words if a letter is replaced, such as flit or slip
Pronouncing 't' in the word 'prince' is (at least) originally due to
Gestural mistiming
The disappearance of 't' in the phrase 'perfect memory' is (at least) originally due to
Gestural mistiming
The Interactive Activation Model
Has facilitation between levels and inhibition within levels
Based on ERP studies of language predictability, which sentence would likely generate the largest N400 effect in response to the underlined word?
He stopped by the store to pick up a loaf of cheese
In He ate a mouse I believe was mine, there is a clause boundary before Correct! I a mine mouse
I
In Swinney's 1979 crossmodal priming study, which condition led to decreased activation of the test word's meaning that was not primed?
Increasing the ISI between the test word and the prime
Findings that we do not wait until the end of the sentence to start interpreting it and predicting what's coming up provide support for the hypothesis that processing is...
Incremental
Below is a lexical decision task in which a prime is presented very briefly, covered by a "mask" and then followed by a target word, as shown below. What is the rationale for using this masked priming methodology? Related Prime Unrelated Prime Prime: NURSE (50 ms) Prime: WRENCH (50 ms) Mask: ##### (500 ms) Mask: ###### (500 ms) Target: DOCTOR Target: DOCTOR You Answered
It reduces the likelihood that participants will use a task-specific strategy of trying to think of words related to NURSE or WRENCH.
The sentence She'll wear the jumper she washed tomorrow is hard because of
Late closure bias
Consider the sentences. The man led to the bench had a walking stick. The man sat on the bench had a walking stick. How does the constraint-based approach account for the parsing of these garden path sentences?
Lead is more likely to be transitive than sit
As you begin to hear the word storm, other phonetically similar words such as store and stomp may also be activated during the first few hundred milliseconds of storm. Which model or effect best accounts for this type of spoken word activation? Implicit semantic priming Neighborhood density effect Marslen-Wilson's cohort model McGurk effect
Marslen-Wilson's cohort model
The ______ is the best evidence that our sound perception is affected by crossmodal properties of speech.
McGurk effect
Sublexical units are
Meaningless units that participate in word recognition
Refer to the example below, in which participants read through sentences a phrase at a time, pressing a button to advance from step 1 through 3. The British ---- ------- -- -------- ------- . --- ------- left waffles -- -------- ------- . --- ------- ---- ------- on Falkland Islands. The above stimulus is an example of which research method?
Moving window paradigm
______ is the phenomenon in which it takes longer to recognize a word that shares sounds with many other words than it does to recognize a word that is very phonetically distinct from other words.
Neighborhood density effect
Which scenario illustrates implicit priming of behavior? Measuring participants' positive/negative ratings of the phrase energy exploration compared with drilling for oil. Comparing food sales at 9:00 am with those at to 5:00 pm at a fast food restaurant. Observing the rate of yawning in participants when presented with words related to sleep (including dream and bed) versus words not related to sleep. Observing whether participants choose an item of clothing based on its accessibility/position in their closet.
Observing the rate of yawning in participants when presented with words related to sleep (including dream and bed) versus words not related to sleep.
Suppose you read the sentence The cat baked in the sun was tasty and, once you read was, your eyes jump back to baked because you realize baked was ambiguous. This would be consistent with processing being...
Parallel
Which scenario describes a crossmodal task? Participants primed with an image of a horse must decide if the letter sequence they see next is a word or a non-word. After seeing a series of various dog faces, participants are asked to categorize visually presented words as animal or object. After hearing the word anger, participants are asked to say as many semantically related words as possible in 30 seconds. Participants hear the sentence John jumped in the water, and must decide if the letter sequence they see next is a word or a non-word.
Participants hear the sentence John jumped in the water, and must decide if the letter sequence they see next is a word or a non-word.
According to Kamide et al.'s 2003 study, where would subjects look as they heard The beer was drunk by...?
Participants would look toward the person wearing a helmet before the sentence was even completed.
The neighborhood frequency effect on reaction times suggests that
Phonologically-related words compete for recognition
Which example supports the idea that semantic information about cohort competitors may be activated during incremental language processing?
Presentation of batter increases eye fixation times for an image of a soldier compared with a librarian.
The age of acquisition effect
Refers to the finding that words acquired early are processed faster
The sentence Bruce looked the friend who had his car washed up is difficult to process because of...
Right association bias
What important property of speech planning do sound-swapping versus word-swapping errors reveal?
Semantic word activation precedes phonetic planning in speech planning.
It should be easier to read He said the wugtion was blig than He read the wugtion was blig because
Some verbs are more likely to be followed by complement clauses
One way in which printed word recognition differs from spoken word recognition is:
Sublexical units in spoken word recognition are more subject to coarticulation
In the figure, longer eye fixation on the parrot compared to the nickel at the prompt Pick up the carrot is best explained by the..
TRACE model cohort model Ganong effect McGurk effect
Given the differences between spoken and printed word recognition, we should expect that
The end of the word will matter more in printed word recognition than in spoken word recognition
Based on eye movements, which statement about subjects' perceptions of the two sentences is true?
The first sentence reveals some initial misinterpretation, whereas the second sentence is smoothly and correctly parsed.
Which sentence is a garden path sentence? The gang leader hit the lawyer with a wart. The lawyer with a wart was hit by the gang leader. The cruel man beat his puppy using a thick stick. The puppy was beaten with a thick stick by the cruel man.
The gang leader hit the lawyer with a wart.
Which sentence contains an intransitive verb? The long letter arrived. Tim wrote a note to Jo. The portrait artist drew a face. The dog ate my homework.
The long letter arrived
Based on the results of the experiment illustrated, how does context affect a subject's ability to make sense of the ambiguous component in the sentence Put the apple on the towel in the box?
The pencil does not aid the listener in A, but the apple in B provides context, helping the subject avoid confusion.
_______ occurs when a participant reports hearing both the missing phoneme as well as the non-linguistic sound, such as a sneeze, that replaced it.
The phoneme restoration effect
Grammatically, _______ exemplifies a sentence in passive voice; whereas _______ uses an active voice. The plumber was sued by the baker; The baker sued the plumber The man jumped on the trampoline; The man is jumping on the trampoline The horse is racing past the fence; The horse who was raced past the fence tripped The thief is taking the jewels; The jewels were taken by the thief
The plumber was sued by the baker; The baker sued the plumber
Suppose you are faced with the sentence The food of the rodent in the box was eaten by the cat. What is in the box? The rodent or its food? English speakers are likely to interpret the rodent rather than the food as being in the box. This provides support for
The right association bias
Facilitatory lexical-to-sublexical feedback is supported by...
The word superiority effect
If subjects see the image of a soccer player kicking a ball into a net and are asked to describe the scene, which condition would most likely lead them to use the passive voice to describe what is happening in the image?
They have just produced a passive sentence.
Consider the two descriptive sentences below. If you were a subject in Smith and Wheeldon's 1999 study investigating sentence planning and saw an image displaying an eagle, a roof, and a balloon in various positions relative to one another, how would your time to begin describing the scene be affected? The eagle rises over the roof and the balloon. The eagle and the balloon rise over the roof.
Time before speaking would be shorter for the first sentence.
Which scenario provides evidence of inhibition? - When participants are shown a display containing pictures of a boat, a seed, an anchor, and a light bulb, and are asked to click on the boat, the movement of their eyes to the target is faster than when the anchor is replaced by a present. - When asked to click on the hammer, participants ignore the picture of a box of tissues because it is not related to a hammer. - When participants are shown a display containing pictures of a boat, a seed, a goat, and a light bulb, and are asked to click on the boat, the movement of their eyes to the target is slower than when the goat is replaced by a present. - During a lexical decision task, participants more quickly identify still as a word if they were previously primed by the word stiff than if primed by door.
When participants are shown a display containing pictures of a boat, a seed, an anchor, and a light bulb, and are asked to click on the boat, the movement of their eyes to the target is faster than when the anchor is replaced by a present.
One argument against lexical-to-sublexical feedback during word recognition is...
Word recognition can only be hurt by such feedback
If a speaker says 'I appointed these unkind people' instead of 'I disappointed these kind people', this would provide evidence that
Words are sometimes assembled out of morphemes 'dis' and 'un' being linked to the same semantic features 'dis' and 'un' compete for selection All of the above
We know that high neighborhood frequency hurts word recognition because...
Words that sound like frequent words are recognized slower than words that sound like rare words
In which situation would speakers be most likely to use prosodic cues that are helpful for disambiguating spoken language? Working together with a friend to build a birdhouse. Giving instructions for building a birdhouse over the phone to a friend. Reading instructions for building a birdhouse aloud to a friend. Recording instructions for building a birdhouse to be heard by a friend at a later time.
Working together with a friend to build a birdhouse.
Suppose the speaker erroneously says 'The hotdog ate the cats' instead of 'The cat ate the hotdogs'. The 's' at the end of the sentence is likely to be pronounced..
[s] as if the speaker intended to say 'cats'
Imagine that your child is learning a popular holiday song, and instead of singing "All of the other reindeer," she has learned the words as "Olive, the other reindeer." This is an example of
a mondegreen.
Understanding thematic relations of a verb
allows a listener to make inferences about the event and participant relationships being described in a sentence.
The English phonemes /r/ and /l/ are the same phoneme in Japanese. If a Japanese speaker avoids calling their friend Ralph by his first name, this provides support for
feedback
Imagine that you were a participant in William Ganong's 1980 study, and you were asked to report whether you heard the word beard or deard when presented with an ambiguous phoneme sound between /b/ and /d/ at the start of _eard. You would
be more likely to report hearing beard than deard.
Subjects in Zenzi Griffin's 2001 codability study were presented with a sentence in the form The X and Y are above the Z. The subjects began speaking the sentence more slowly when the word in slot X expressed a low-codability concept than when it expressed a high-codability concept; however, the codability of concepts expressed by words in the Y or Z slots had no effect on speaking times. These results suggest that speakers
begin speaking as soon as they've selected the lemma for the first word.
Which word activation sequence best represents what you would expect to occur during mediated semantic priming? hemlock → key → door → window bike → pedal → foot → sock stem → flower → petal → rose spit → spin → spot → spout
bike → pedal → foot → sock
If we find that hearing the word sofa makes one more likely to name a soft drink soda rather than pop or coke, this would support
feedback from phonology to lexicalization
Motley and Baars (1979) hooked up participants to a fake electrode and asked them to read lists of non-word pairs like shad bock. The mistakes participants made in this study demonstrated that spoonerisms
can be primed by context and its effects on the mental state of the subject.
Speech errors induced by a combination of semantic and phonetic similarities between the intended words and the unintended utterances, such as saying Hello (intended) Linda (unintended) to your wife, when her name is Laura, (Linda being the name of your ex-wife), support the _______ of word activation.
cascade model
Participants are asked to quickly read the following list of word pairs silently before reading aloud a pair of target words: fast cone fan coat fad code Which pair of target words would be most likely to result in a sound exchange error?
cat fold not cap fort The first has more similar sounds
The Ganong effect is to linguistic perceptual invariance as _______ is to visual perceptual invariance.
color constancy
The idea that reading experience, and not general working memory capacity, is what contributes to subjects' performance on the reading span task best supports the _______ of language processing. constraint-based approach garden path model thematic relations framing effect
constraint-based approach
Chambers et al. (2004) used an eye movement study to compare where people would look when given instructions about eggs that were either in their shell or cracked in a container. This study suggested that _______ plays an important role in disambiguating spoken language, supporting the _______. context; constraint-based approach frequency-based information; garden path theory frequency-based information; constraint-based approach context; garden path theory
context; constraint-based approach
According to Susanne Gahl (2008), the two lexical items too and two have
different lemmas and different lexemes
During the Stroop test, subjects
experience interference from the semantic characteristics of words as they attempt to identify their physical characteristics, such as color.
Which speech error demonstrates the lexical bias effect? Saying _______ instead of _______.
hags flung; flags hung
Arthur is trying to name a key ingredient in his famous fish and chip recipe. He remembers that it is a white powder that helps in the dough rising process, also used in baking. He says, "Then you have to put in two teaspoons of the whatchamacallit." His inability to retrieve the name of the ingredient while recalling its other characteristics suggests that he...
has activated the lemma associated with that word, but not the word's sounds.
According to Just and Carpenter (1992), subjects who score poorly on the reading span test should
have considerably more difficulty interpreting object relative clauses than subject relative clauses.
Short pauses and disfluency in speech likely indicate that the speaker
is engaging in some mental activity related to planning speech.
In Spivey and Marian's 1999 study, bilingual English-Russian speakers heard instructions such as Can you hand me the marker? as they were shown a set of objects that included a stamp, which is pronounced /marka/ in Russian, and a marker. The results of the study support the conclusion that...
lexical items belonging to different languages can compete with one another.
Spoonerisms, named after the Reverend William A. Spooner, are errors that occur when the speaker
mistakenly swaps sounds between words.
Imagine a task in which subjects see two images flashed quickly, one after the other, and are required to ignore the first image and name the second. The cascade model, but not the serial model, of word production predicts that..
naming a cat will be faster if the first object is a cap than if it is a book.
Identify the pair of homophones. listen―hear peer―pier breed―bred sew―sewn
peer―pier
When Fiona says the word "tag," she pronounces the "t" sound with slightly more aspiration and a little further forward in the mouth than when Blake says it. You have no trouble hearing both of them as examples of the same word. This phenomenon is known as
perceptual invariance.
Which speech error would be most likely to occur? - vake the leers (intended: rake the leaves) - verb the most complicated swap (intended: swap the most complicated verb) - put the sink next to the milk (intended: put the milk next to the sink) - cake her a nice warm moat (intended: make her a nice warm coat)
put the sink next to the milk (intended: put the milk next to the sink)
In order to activate a speaker's planning phase without involving the mechanical production of words, researchers using the SLIP (spoonerisms in laboratory induced predispositions) technique ask subjects to
read all non-target words silently to themselves.
In the sentence The stew simmered on the stove turned out to be delicious, the phrase simmered on the stove is ambiguous because it is missing certain function words. This grammatical structure is known as a..
reduced relative clause.
Kay Bock (1986a) showed participants images of various events and asked them to describe what they saw. This study demonstrated that participants' creation of a spontaneous sentence
resembled the syntactic structure they produced in the previous sentence.
Which is the uniqueness point for the word rotund? rotun rot rotu ro
rotu
Which word pair represents the closest cohort competitors of the word sandwich? sandy, saddling sumo, sushi song, seal satiate, satire
sandy, saddling
In terms of word activation, facilitation tends to occur following _______, whereas inhibition often occurs as a result of _______. visual word presentation; auditory word presentation phonetically similar words; semantically similar words semantically similar words; phonetically similar words auditory word presentation; visual word presentation
semantically similar words; phonetically similar words
The garden path theory places emphasis on the _______ rather than _______ of processing during the initial parsing phase.
speed; accuracy
The figure, from Bock 1986a, demonstrates _______ priming where reading a sentence with a double object increases the likelihood of producing one with a _______.
syntactic; double object
Motley, Camden, and Baars (1982) found evidence of self-monitoring of speech errors. When a sound change between target words would result in a _______ spoonerism, subjects took _______ to begin speaking, even if they did not make a speech error.
taboo; longer
In their 1998 study, John Trueswell and Al Kim (1998) found that they could steer readers toward one or another interpretation of a garden path sentence by subliminally presenting an unrelated verb that was biased toward either a direct object or a sentential complement frame. This shows
that it is possible to use a word to prime similar verb frames as well as similar meanings.
Sally, 4, has the vocabulary of a 5-year-old. George, 5, has an average vocabulary for his age. In a study of language processing based on predictive eye movement,
the children would orient to relevant visual cues at similar speeds.
Based on the findings of Meyer's 1996 study, at the point when a person begins to utter the sentence The keys are next to the television,
the lemmas of both nouns, but only the sounds of the first noun, have been activated.
In general, ventriloquists seem to use techniques and illusions that heavily rely on their audience's _______ processing of stimuli, where previous knowledge has a great influence on shaping perception.
top-down
Kamide and colleagues (2003) investigated predictive language processes and found that after hearing only the first few words, Japanese speakers
used specific grammatical cues to predict how a sentence might end.
