Lipids

Heart disease is the ___________ leading cause of death among North American adults.

#1

The acceptable macronutrient distribution range set by the Food and Nutrition Board for lipids if ______ to _________ of kilocalories.

20-35%

Pair the type of fat with a correct example or description of that type of fat. Triglyceride

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule

According to the American Heart Association's Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction, cholesterol intake should not be greater than

300 mg per day.

Pair the nutrient claims in reference to fats with its correct definition. Low Fat

3g of fat or less per serving.

You just ate a food containing 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides __________ kilocalories from fat.

45

The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that at least __ of total calories come from essential fatty acids.

5%

Linoleic acid is an omega-_____ fatty acid; Alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-_____ fatty acid.

6; 3

How many kilocalories are in one gram of fat?

9

What is a triglyceride?

A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol.

Match the fatty acid type with its correct chemical structure description. Saturated Fatty Acid

Contains no carbon-carbon double bonds.

Pair each lipoprotein with its correct function. HDL

Contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and excretion from the body.

Pair the type of fat with its food source. Polyunsaturated Fat

Corn oil, fish oil, sunflower oil, and safflower oil.

Pair the fatty acid with its correct effect on blood clotting and inflammation. Omega-3

Decrease blood clotting and inflammation.

What are some health benefits associated with consuming a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids?

Decreased blood triglyceride levels. Reduced risk of heart disease. Management of pain resulting from rheumatoid arthritis.

What are some examples of the types of foods highly susceptible to rancidity?

Fatty fish, deep-fried foods, and high-fat foods with a large exposed surface area.

Pair each type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with its correct bonding scheme. Oleic Acid

First carbon-carbon double bond is at the ninth carbon from the methyl end.

Pair each type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with its correct bonding scheme. Linoleic Acid

First carbon-carbon double bond is at the sixth carbon from the methyl end.

Pair each type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with its correct bonding scheme. Alpha-Linolenic Acid

First carbon-carbon double bond is at the third carbon from the methyl end.

Pair the type of lipid with its correct description. Phospholipid

Forms lipid bilayer of cell membrane.

Match each type of lipid to a description of its chemical structure. Phospholipid

Glycerol backbone with fatty acids and at least one phosphorus-containing group.

Match each type of lipid to a description of its chemical structure. Triglyceride

Glycerol backbone with three fatty acids.

Pair the type of fatty acid with its corresponding chemical structure. Trans Fatty Acid

Hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond.

Pair the type of fatty acid with its corresponding chemical structure. Cis Fatty Acid

Hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond.

What are some risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

Hypertension, smoking, family history, or blood cholesterol >200 mg.

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

Ice cream, chicken, and eggs.

In terms of HDL and LDL, risk for development of cardiovascular disease increases when ______ levels are low, and ______ levels are high in the bloodstream.

HDL; LDL

Why are emulsifiers important in cooking and baking?

Helps keep mixtures from separating.

Compared to Caucasians, African-Americans have _______ risk for developing cardiovascular disease.

Higher

Why is LDL considered "bad" cholesterol?

If not cleared from the bloodstream, LDL cholesterol builds up in the blood vessels. Buildup of LDL in blood vessels contributes to atherosclerosis, a process that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

_____________ transports lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues.

Lipoproteins

Foods high in monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats are typically _________ at room temperature.

Liquid

Oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids are typically __________ at room temperature.

Liquid

_________-density lipoprotein is considered the "bad" cholesterol.

Low

Pair the type of lipid with its correct description. Triglyceride

Major form of lipid in food and the body.

In the listing of ingredients on a food label, the presence of _____________ is an indication that a product is a source of trans fats.

Margarine or partially-hydrogenated oil.

Pair the type of fat with its food source. Trans Fat

Margarine, shortening.

Match popular sources of dietary fat to either the Mediterranean diet or the typical North American diet. North American Diet

Mayonnaise, margarine, and whole milk.

Identify one product of triglyceride digestion that can be absorbed into the cells lining the small intestine.

Monoglyceride

Formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a ____________ consists of one fatty acid bound to a glycerol backbone.

Monolglyceride

Stick margarine has ___________ trans fatty acids than tub margarine.

More

Match each type of lipid to a description of its chemical structure. Sterol

Multi-ringed compound with a hydroxyl group.

Pair the type of fatty acid with its correct classification. Omega-9

Nonessential fatty acid.

Pair the type of fat with its food source. Monounsaturated Fat

Olive oil, canola oil, and peanut oil.

Match popular sources of dietary fat to either the Mediterranean diet or the typical North American diet. Mediterranean Diet

Olive oil, fish, and nuts.

Pair the type of fat with a correct example or description of that type of fat. Fatty Acid

Omega-3, Omega-6

Match the fatty acid type with its correct chemical structure description. Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

One carbon-carbon double bond.

Which of the following food ingredients indicate the presence of fat in a food product?

Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, cream, lard, sunflower seeds, and shortening.

What are some good food sources of phospholipids?

Peanuts, organ meats, and soy beans.

A ____________ is a type of lipid that contains a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphorus group.

Phospholipid

What types of lipids are synthesized by the body?

Phospholipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides.

What is true regarding plant food sterols and stanols?

Plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol. Plant sterols have blood cholesterol-lowering properties.

__________ is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.

Plaque

Pair the correct type of blood pressure with its definition. Systolic Blood Pressure

Pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping of the blood from the heart.

Pair the correct type of blood pressure with its definition. Diastolic Blood Pressure

Pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats.

Dave participated in a health screening at work and received the following results. Which of these results place Dave at risk for cardiovascular disease?

Systolic blood pressure = 130 mmHg HDL cholesterol = 40 mg/dL

The process of oxidation usually changes the shape and/or function of a function.

True

The main source of saturated fat in American diets are

animal fats

A food manufacturer sets out to reduce the fat content of a cookie, the food scientists will need to consider

changes in the flavor and texture of the food product.

Food manufacturers use the process of hydrogenation to

convert liquid oils into more solid fats.

The American Heart Association recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to

decrease saturated fat intake.

A major function of phospholipids in foods is to act as an

emulsifier.

The three-carbon alcohol that forms the backbone of a triglyceride is

glycerol.

Compared to margarine, butter is

higher in saturated fat and cholesterol.

Cell membranes are composed of a double layer of phospholipids. The phosphate heads of the phospholipids are ______, whereas the fatty acid portions of them are _____.

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

Essential fatty acids

must be obtained from the diet.

Compared to plant oils, animal sources of fat are typically higher in

saturated fat.

To protect cardiovascular health, the Food and Nutrition Board specifically recommends limiting intake of ___________ and ___________.

saturated fatty acids; trans fatty acids

Compared to regular margarine, reduced-fat margarine contributes less fat and total calories to the diet because

some of the fat has been replaced by water.

If the label of a tub margarine product says the product is "reduced-fat", this means

the product contains 25% less fat than regular margarine.

Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on

the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.

The American Heart Association recommends that Americans should limit daily ______ intake to no more than 1% of total kilocalories.

trans fat

High levels of HDL in the blood tend to slow the development of cardiovascular disease because HDL

transports cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver for excretion.

An omega-3 fatty acid is

unsaturated.

_______________ serve to stop the damage done to cells by free radicals.

Antioxidants

Pair the nutrient claims in reference to fats with its correct definition. Reduced or Less Fat

At least 25% less fat per serving in comparison to the full-fat version of the food product.

_______ act to emulsify fats in the small intestine, suspending them in digestive juices to enhance the action of digestive enzymes.

Bile acids

Fat digestion is rapid and thorough in the small intestine under what "right" circumstances?

Bile is released from the gallbladder. Lipase breaks triglycerides down to monoglycerides.

Arrange the foods from the lowest % of kcal from fat to highest % of kcal from fat.

1. Baked Beans 2. Whole Milk 3. Cheddar Cheese 4. Canola Oil

List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack.

1. Damage occurs in the blood vessel lining. 2. Plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage. 3. As plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity. 4. Clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack.

Steps of dietary fat absorption in the order they occur:

1. Glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the small intestinal cells. 2. Triglycerides are reassembled within the cells lining the small intestine. 3. Triglycerides are packaged into chylomicrons. 4. Chylomicrons enter the lympatic system.

Steps of Fat Digestion

1. Some lipase is released by the salivary glands in the mouth. 2. Salivary lipase and gastric lipase begin digesting short-chain fatty acids in the stomach. 3. Bile emulsifies the fats. 4. Pancreatic lipase digests long-chain fatty acids and triglycerides. 5. Triglycerides are broken down and absorbed int he small intestine.

Pair the by-products from chylomicron digestion to their final destinations in the body. Free fatty acids

Absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use.

How do you convert a liquid oil to a solid fat at room temperature?

Add hydrogens to the liquid fat. Hydrogenation.

Pair the type of fatty acid with its associated shape of the carbon chain. Trans Fatty Acid

Allows the carbon chain to remain straighter.

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

Alpha-linolenic acid and linolenic acid.

Pair each lipoprotein with its correct function. LDL

Carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells.

Pair each lipoprotein with its correct function. Chylomicron

Carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells.

Pair each lipoprotein with its correct function. VLDL

Carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells.

Pair the type of fatty acid with its associated shape of the carbon chain. Cis Fatty Acid

Causes the carbon chain to bend.

Match each type of lipid to a description of its chemical structure. Fatty Acid

Chain of carbons flanked by hydrogens.

How can you identify hidden fat in a food product?

Check the list of ingredients.

Pair the type of fat with a correct example or description of that type of fat. Sterol

Cholesterol

Plant oils are always _________ free.

Cholesterol

_____________ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin.

Cholesterol

Pair the by-products from chylomicron digestion to their final destinations in the body. Glycerol

Circulates back to the liver.

Which of the following are true in terms of triglyceride digestion and absorption?

Digestion primarily occurs in the small intestine via pancreatic lipase. Two outer fatty acids are removed prior to absorption. Fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed by the intestinal cells.

Formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a _________ consists of two fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone.

Diglyceride

What are the functions of HDL cholesterol in the bloodstream?

Donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion. Picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources.

Pair the type of fatty acid with its correct classification. Omega-3

Essential fatty acid; alpha-linolenic acid.

Pair the type of fatty acid with its correct classification. Omega-6

Essential fatty acid; linoleic acid.

___________ fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, whereas ___________ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet.

Essential, nonessential.

There is no way high-fat foods can be included in a well-balanced healthy diet.

False

Pair the type of fat with its food source. Long-Chain Saturated Fat

Fat in beed, pork, lamb, and lard.

How does fat impact the flavor and texture of foods?

Fat provides certain textures that help carry flavors. Flavors dissolved in fat.

When choosing fats in your diet, which of the following are important guidelines to keep in mind?

Fat should make up 20-35% if total kilocalories. Select more plant sources and fewer animal sources of fat.

Pair the fatty acid with its correct effect on blood clotting and inflammation. Omega-6

Increase blood clotting and inflammation.

How does meeting the recommendation for fatty fish consumption decrease the risk for heart attack?

Increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids in fatty fish reduced inflammation and reduced the formation of blood clots.

What are two adverse health effect currently associated with increased intake of trans fat from partially hydrogenated oils?

Increased risk of heart disease. Increased inflammation.

Which statements are true about a diglyceride?

It consists of two fatty acids bonded to a glycerol backbone. It is the breakdown product of a triglyceride.

Why is HDL considered the "good" cholesterol?

It slows the development of cardiovascular disease and aids in transport of cholesterol in the bloodstream to the liver for excretion.

What are some examples of foods that contain cholesterol?

Lean ground beef, turkey, and eggs.

Pair the type of fat with a correct example or description of that type of fat. Phospholipid

Lecithin

Pair the nutrient claims in reference to fats with its correct definition. Fat Free

Less than 0.5g of fat per serving.

What are the values for HDL and total cholesterol, respectively, that serve as risk factors for development of cardiovascular disease?

Less than 40 mg/dL; greater than 200 mg/dL in fasting state.

What are some ways to minimize trans fat intake?

Limit consumption of cookies and pastries and fried foods.

The enzyme _______ plays an important role in fat digestion.

Lipase

The gastric _________ enzyme released in the stomach acts primarily on triglycerides that have fatty acids with short-chain lengths.

Lipase

Due to their high energy density (9 kcal per gram) ___________ are the ideal form of energy storage for the body.

Lipids

Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

Lipids

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

Lipoprotein Lipase

What are the main functions of cholesterol?

Provides structure to cells. Helps form hormones. Building blocks for bile acids.

Pair the fatty acid chain length with its correct fate of absorption. Long-chain fatty acids.

Reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system.

Pair the by-products from chylomicron digestion to their final destinations in the body. Chylomicron remnant

Removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids.

What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?

Salad oils, butter, margarine, and mayonnaise.

What are some food sources of EPA and DHA?

Sardines, salmon, and tuna.

Butter is solid at room temperature. Butter contains mostly ____________ fatty acids.

Saturated

_________________ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.

Saturated

High dietary consumption of ______________ increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Saturated and trans fat.

What breakfast offerings are a source of cholesterol?

Scrambled eggs and 2% milk.

Most foods containing saturated fatty acids are ____________ at room temperature.

Solid

A ________ is a lipid with a multi-ringed structure.

Sterol

A compound containing a multi-ring structure and a hydroxyl group is a ____________.

Sterol

Which class of lipids may serve as precursors for hormone synthesis?

Sterols

What are some examples of foods that may contain partially hydrogenated (trans) fats?

Stick margarine, French fries, shortening, and potato chips.

What is the function of an emulsifier?

Suspends fats in water.

Pair each type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the correct molecular structure. Omega-6

The first carbon-carbon double bond is located on the sixth carbon from the omega, or methyl, end of the structure.

Pair each type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the correct molecular structure. Omega-3

The first carbon-carbon double bond is located on the third carbon from the omega, or methyl, end of the structure.

How are the different types of fatty acids distinguished?

The position and number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton. The length of the carbon skeleton.

Which statements are true about omega-6 fatty acids?

They are also called polyunsaturated fatty acids. The first carbon-carbon double bond is on the sixth carbon from the methyl end of the carbon chain.

Why are triglycerides ideal for fat storage?

They are energy dense. They are chemically stable.

Which of the following are true about essential fatty acids?

They are unable to be synthesized by the body. Omega-6 fatty acids increase inflammation and blood clotting. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce inflammation and blood clotting.

Which statements are true about sterols?

They contain a multi-ring structure. They can be produced by the body. Cholesterol is a common example.

Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids?

Trans

___________ fatty acids, which are a byproduct of hydrogenation of vegetable oils, are similar to saturated fatty acids in structure and physiological effects.

Trans

Pair the fatty acid chain length with its correct fate of absorption. Short and medium-chain fatty acids.

Travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver.

What is the body's most efficient form of stored energy?

Triglycerides

Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature.

True

Monounsaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated fats all provide the same number of calories.

True

Match the fatty acid type with its correct chemical structure description. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

Two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

What are some ways to limit trans fat intake at home?

Use reduced-fat or fat-free milk instead of non-dairy creamers. Broil, pan-fry, or grill meats instead of deep-fat frying with shortening. Use vegetable oils or softer tub margarines instead of stick margarine or shortening.

Lipoproteins are classified into four groups including __________.

VLDL's, LDL's, HDL's.

What are some examples of foods that are naturally cholesterol-free?

Vegetable oil, vegetable shortening, peanut butter, and margarine.

Pair the type of lipid with its correct description. Cholesterol

Waxy lipid found in all body cells.

Which of the following food sources are high in saturated fat?

Whole milk and a cheeseburger.

A long-chain fatty acid is defined as

a fatty acid that contains 12 or more carbon atoms in length.

Three fatty acids combine with glycerol to form

a triglyceride.