LMSW study quide exam prep

developmental theories

Theories of moral reasoning (Kohlberg, Gilligan) Theories of cognition (Piaget) Transpersonal theories of human development (Transpersonal - means beyond or through the persona or mask. Going beyond identity rooted in the individual body or ego to include spiritual experience or higher levels of consciousness.) Stage theories - Erikson

5. Identify the missing step in Albert R. Roberts seven-stage crisis intervention model: 1) assess lethality; 2) establish rapport; 3) __________; 4) deal with feelings; 5) explore alternatives; 6) develop an action plan; 7) follow-up. The third step is:

"Identify problems" is the third step in the Roberts crisis intervention model.

Stages of group development

1. Forming - size each other up 2. Storming - tension, competition, 3. Norming - high creativity 4. Performing - highly productive, group identify complete 5. Re-forming - recognition for participation 6.

Piaget's Stages of cognitive development

1. Sensorimotor 2. Pre-Operational 3. Concrete Operational 4. Formal Operational

7 stages of grief and loss

1. Shock & Denial: A numbed disbelief occurs after the devastation of a loss. A person may deny the reality or gravity of their loss at some level to avoid pain. Shock provides emotional protection from being overwhelmed all at once. This may last for weeks. 2. Pain & Guilt: Shock wears off and replaced with suffering of excruciating pain. It's important to experience the pain fully and not numb it artificially. 3. Anger and Bargaining: Frustration leads to anger. Uncontrolled, it can permanently damage relationships. May result in trying to negotiate with one's self (or a higher power) to attempt to change the loss that has occurred. 4. Depression, Reflection, & Loneliness: A long period of sad reflection overtakes a person and the magnitude of the loss sets in. 5. The Upward Turn: Life becomes calmer, more organized as one starts to adjust to life with the loss that occurred. 6. Reconstruction & Working Through: As a person starts to become more functional, realistic solutions seem possible for life after the loss. 7. Acceptance & Hope: The last stage - a person learns to accept and deal with the reality of their situation. A person is more future-oriented and learns to cope

Family Life Cycle

1. Unattached Adult The main issue occurring in this first stage is accepting parent-offspring separation. Rob Smith has just turned 20. He is in college, which means he is experiencing life on his own for the first time. The tasks that are critical for him to accomplish in this phase include: separating from family and connecting with peers as well as initiating a career. 2. Newly Married Adults The main in issue in this stage is commitment to the marriage. Rob is 23, and he has just gotten married. He is learning how to no longer act for himself, and now act for the welfare of his wife and their relationship. He is accomplishing the tasks of forming a marital system while continuing to address career demands at his job as a copywriter. 3. Childbearing Adults Rob's wife, Penny, has just given birth to their first child and named her Becky. They are now accepting new members into the system. They need to make adjustments in their usual schedules, finances, and duties in order to care for this new child. They are also needing to make room for visits and interactions with their parents in their new role as grandparents. 4. Preschool-age Children Becky has just entered a preschool and is full of energy, joy, and curiosity. And while adored by her parents, she is also a bit draining. Now is the time for Rob and Penny to accept the new personality of their child, adjusting to it in whatever ways are best. It is also important that Rob and Penny make efforts to take time out as a couple - going out on dates, for example. 5. School-age Child Becky is 8 years old, and the issue at hand now is for Rob and Penny to allow their child to establish relationships outside the family. This means they give Becky permission to go over to Megan's house for her birthday party or to have Miranda over to the house on Saturday. Along with encouraging social interactions, this time includes tasks like encouraging the child educationally and managing increased activities, like Becky's play rehearsals after school. 6. Teenage Child This is a challenging time for Rob and Penny. Becky is now 15 years old and wanting more independence. The main issue is then increasing flexibility of family boundaries to allow independence. Rob and Penny need to shift to some degree in their parental role and provide opportunities for Becky's growth. 7. Launching Center Rob and Penny find it hard to believe, but it is actually time for Becky to head off for college and live on her own. The issue now is for them to accept exits from and entries into the family. While Becky leaves home, she still comes back every several months to visit, so one of the tasks is to accept her leaving while also maintaining a supportive home for her to return to. 8. Middle-aged Adults It is a strange feeling for Rob and Penny to be alone in the house again after all those years. They are now letting go of children and facing each other again. Now that their conversations are not focused on Becky, they are learning to share other things with each other and building their closeness. Becky is now 25 and married, so they welcome her back to their home for visits. The final task to face now is managing the continued aging and new illnesses present in Penny's father and Rob's mother. 9. Retired Adults Rob and Penny have just moved to Florida because they thought it would be a great change of pace for their retirement. They are accepting retirement and old age, which means they are taking part in tasks like keeping up their own health, keeping in close touch with Becky and her family, and dealing with the grief of losing their parents.

When evaluating a newborn infant, the most positive score on the APGAR is

10

Formal Operational

11-15 years. The child learns more adult=like thinking. Transfers logical operations from concrete thinking to the abstract - hypothetical thinking

14. The following criteria are all used to distinguish substance abuse from substance dependence except:

14 - C: Substance abuse typically involves narcotics, while dependence typically involves non-narcotic drugs.In general, narcotics are more addictive than non-narcotic substances. Even relatively "benign" substances of abuse, such as marijuana, can produce dependence if used often enough, and mounting clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that a marijuana withdrawal syndrome also exists (however, it is not yet in the DSM). Common treatment medications include: Antabuse (disulfiram; for alcohol abuse); ReVia (naltrexone; for alcohol and narcotics); and Trexan (naltrexone; for alcohol and opioid dependence).

A child who can walk fairly well alone, can engage in play with other children, knows at least 50 words and can put 2-3 words together to form a sentence is MOST LIKELY:

2 years old

Pre-operational (Piaget)

2-7 years: Child begins to use symbols - drawing, words, learns language and learns to speak. Gians understanding of past and future. Child is self-centered - sees things in relation to himself

Concrete Operational

7-11 years - The child learns to manipulate symbols logically. Also learns conservation of substance

Theory

A general statement about the real world whose essential truth can be supported by evidence obtained through the scientific method. - Must explain in a provable way why something happens. Ex: Learning theory explains behavior on the basis of what organisms have learned from the environment.

Family hero

A leader; Lots of activities; Admired; Goes from accomplishment to accomplishment; Teachers brag about; Serious, seldom plays; Adult-like, extra mature; Seems to: "Have it made" "Have it all together"; Relatives dote on; Helpful at home; Successful away from home. Inside: inadequate, never good enough, scared, guilty lonely *"model", escapes through personal achievement*

13. Encopresis is defined as:

A: The voluntary or involuntary passage of stool in an inappropriate place by a child over the age of four (i.e., past toilet training).This is a frequently misused term. It is most frequently applied to children and developmentally delayed adults.

16. You are called to see a young black man in his mid-twenties. Two adult sisters brought him for an urgent appointment. The young man is clean, neatly dressed in slacks, dress shoes, and a tweed sport coat. He is also calm, relaxed, and without any signs of agitation. The two sisters, however, appear disheveled, frazzled, and almost histrionic. They blurt out the he "has problems" and urge you to talk with him. Privately, he tells you that he is fine. Later, however, the ladies tell you he left home abruptly and traveled cross-country with no destination. He didn't sleep for three days (with them pursuing him), was spending money excessively and writing checks he couldn't cover. He ended up in a nationally famous amusement park at 3:00 a.m. (having scaled a fence), sitting on an empty roller coaster "waiting for the ride to start." When confronted, he admits all of this, but says he's now rested, and doing better. The most likely diagnosis would be:

B: Bipolar I, single manic episode, in full remission.There is no evidence of frank psychosis, thus brief psychotic disorder can be ruled out. Hypomania does not appear appropriate, as the client's behavior would likely have resulted in hospitalization had anyone been able to evaluate him during his period of mania. Cyclothymic disorder does not appear appropriate, as the client's conduct exceeded the threshold severity for hypomania, and no information is provided regarding depressive symptoms (though he may well have them). Finally, the Bipolar I, single manic episode is identified to be in full remission, as the client's manic symptoms appear to have completely resolved.

17. A therapeutic approach that views the client from a social context, that sees behavior as derived from unconscious drives and motivations, that views disorders and dysfunction as emerging from internal conflicts and anxiety, and that seeks to facilitate the conscious awareness of previously repressed information is called a:

B: Psychoanalytic approach.This approach is built upon the concepts and theory of Sigmund Freud and others who have followed him. The approach is also sometimes called a "psychodynamic" approach.

According to Kohlberg, the level of morality most individuals reach is

Conventional

15. Name the four classic diagnostic "A's" of schizophrenia:

D: Affect, associations, ambivalence, and autism. In 1911, Eugen Bleuler coined the term schizophrenia, and defined it using his now-classic four "As:" Affect (blunted emotional response to stimuli); associations (loosening, disordered thought patterns), ambivalence (an inability to make decisions due to poor information integration and processing), and autism (a preoccupation with the self and one's thoughts). Common medications for treatment: Clorazil (clozapine), Haldol (haloperidol), Loxitane (loxapine), Mellaril (thioridazine), Prolixin (fluphenazine), Risperdal (risperidone), Stelazine (trifluoperazine), Thorazine (chlorpromazine), and Zyprexa (olanzapine).

6. Self-Psychology, as postulated by Heinz Kohut, acknowledges that personality is partly formed by social structure. A cohesive self is achieved by incorporating the perceptions and functions of healthy significant others and objects into an internalized self structure through a process called:

D: Transmuting internalization.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Disturbances regarding self image and sexual, social and occupational roles; impulsive, self damaging behavior, makes suicidal gestures; other directed, overly dependent on others; unable to problem solve or learn from experience; view others as either all good or all bad; verbally is self critical, demanding, whiny, manipulative, and argumentative and can become verbally abusive; nonverbally has highly changeable and intense affect, impulsive behaviors - Splitting

Which condition is known to have a genetic cuase

Down's syndrome

Post-conventional

Ethics - Observing individual and group (societal) rights. Conscience and logic - Seeking to apply universal principles of right and wrong

Mascot

Family member who relieves tension by entertaining

Current developmental crisis impacted by the developmental crises of other family members

From an individual or family life cycle theoretical perspective, the primary assumption about Joan's situation is based on her current developmental stage and retirement, which is compounded by her family's changing landscape as they begin their own families.

18. The concepts of "pre-affiliation" (becoming acquainted), "power and control" (setting the roles), "intimacy" (developing cohesion), "differentiation" (independent opinion expression), and "separation" (moving to closure and termination) are all stages in:

Group development.During these stages, the social worker needs to: 1) facilitate familiarity and elicit participation; 2) clarify roles; 3) develop group cohesion; 4) support individual differences; and 5) foster independence. The use of a "Sociogram" (a chart or diagram depicting group member relationships) can aid the social worker in revealing, monitoring, and intervening (if necessary) in group member

Pre-conventional

Heteronymous morality - Accepting what the world says is right - Instrumental purpose - Defining the good as whatever is agreeable to the self and those in the immediate environment.

8. Prioritizing the goals and objectives of the client and determining which need to be worked on first.

In partialization, the client's objectives and goals are first prioritized so that they can be worked on separately and in sequence. This is a way to avoid overwhelming the client by the work she/he must do to attain her/his goals. It is a way of making progress in steps that match the needs and concerns of the client.

Eriksson's Stages of psychosocial development

Infancy- Trust vs. mistrust Early childhood - Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt Play age - Initiative vs. guilt School age - Industry vs. Inferiority Adolescence - Identity vs. Identity diffusion Young adulthood - Intimacy vs. isolation Adulthood - Generativity vs. self-absorption Mature age - Integrity vs. Disgust and despair

Erik Erikson's life cycle stage associated with the pleasure of attack and conquest is:

Initiative vs. guilt

Conventional

Interpersonal experiences - Seeking conformity and consistency in moral action with significant others. The societal point of view - Seeking conformity and consistency with what one perceives to be the opinions of the larger community.

Model

Is a blueprint for action. It describes what happens in practice in a general way. Ex: The behavioral model (based on learning theory) gives specific guidelines 2 for how to effect change. If a parent complains that his child is having difficulty staying in his own bed at night and the parent has been allowing the child to sleep in his/her bed( thereby reinforcing the child's difficulty) the practitioner would help the parent to extinguish the behavior by removing the reinforcement.

What medication is commonly used for Bipolar I disorder?

Lithium

Lost child

Loner; Ill at ease with others; May read, listen to music or look at TV a lot; Tries not to be a bother; Strong attachment to animals; No close friends *Family member who helps by not causing problems or getting in the way*

Structural Family Theory

Minuchin Families have an underlying organization that is adaptive or maladaptive. Maladaptive patterns of interaction lead to symptoms. Role of therapist is to identify the maladaptive patterns and make structural changes Techniques: joining, evaluating family structure, restructuring, enactment, reframing

Sublimation

Name these mature defense mechanisms: • Converting an unacceptable impulse to a socially acceptable form (Hint: it is the most mature of all defense mechanisms) Dealing with unacceptable feelings or impulses by unconsciously substitute acceptable forms of expression

Abuse perpetrators

Often blow up in anger at small incidents. He or she is often easily insulted, claiming hurt feelings when he or she is really very angry. Are excessively jealous: At the beginning of a relationship, an abuser may claim that jealousy is a sign of his or her love. Jealousy has nothing to do with love. Like to isolate victim: He or she may try to cut you off from social supports, accusing the people who act as your support network of "causing trouble." Have a poor self-image; are insecure. Blame others for their own problems. Blame others for their own feelings and are very manipulative. An abusive person will often say "you make me mad", "you're hurting me by not doing what I ask", or "I can't help being angry". Often are alcohol or drug abusers. May have a family history of violence. May be cruel to animals and/or children. May have a fascination with weapons. May think it is okay to solve conflicts with violence. Often make threats of violence, breaking or striking objects. Often use physical force during arguments. Often use verbal threats such as, "I'll slap your mouth off", "I'll kill you", or "I'll break your neck". Abusers may try to excuse this behaviour by saying, "everybody talks like that". May hold rigid stereotypical views of the roles of men and women. The abuser may see women as inferior to men, stupid, and unable to be a whole person without a relationship. Are very controlling of others. Controlling behaviours often grow to the point where victims are not allowed to make personal decisions. May act out instead of expressing themselves verbally. May be quick to become involved in relationships. Many battered women dated or knew their abuser for less than six months before they were engaged or living together. May have unrealistic expectations. The abuser may expect his or her partner to fulfill all his or her needs. The abusive person may say, "If you love me, I'm all you need- you're all I need". May use "playful" force during sex, and/or may want to act out sexual fantasies in which the victim is helpless. May say things that are intentionally cruel and hurtful in order to degrade, humiliate, or run down the victim's accomplishments. Tend to be moody and unpredictable. They may be nice one minute and the next minute explosive. Explosiveness and mood swings are typical of men who beat their partners. May have a history of battering: the abuser may admit to hitting others in the past, but will claim the victim "asked for" it. An abuser will beat any woman he is with; situational circumstances do not make a person abusive

19. When a client seems overwhelmed or uncertain how to share further, it can help to break down the concerns at hand into smaller, more manageable parts. This communication technique is known as:

Partialization. For example, "Well, if we take these things one at a time, maybe we can start with..."

Theories of moral reasoning (Kohlberg, Gilligan) Kohlberg's stages of moral development

Preconventional, conventional, post-conventional, formal operations

Practice models

Problem-solving, task-centered, solution focused, narrative

Psychodynamic Theory

Psychodynamic psychotherapy is concerned with how internal processes such as needs, drives, and emotions motivate human behavior. Emotions have a central place in human behavior. Unconscious, as well as conscious mental activity serves as the motivating force in human behavior. Early childhood experiences are central in the patterning of an individual's emotions, and therefore, central to problems of living throughout life. Individuals may become overwhelmed by internal and/or external demands. Individuals frequently use ego defense mechanisms to avoid becoming overwhelmed by internal and/or external demands.

Scapegoat

Rebellious; A "screw up"; Angry; May try to compete with the hero but loses out; Stops trying to please family, may withdraw; Compared to older brother or sister; Puts on "tough act"; Early chemical use; Girl may get pregnant; Runs with peers who are like him *someone blamed for the faults of others*

defense mechanisms

Repression a. Unconscious forgetting b. Defense mechanisms in anxiety disorders 2. Suppression: Conscious forgetting 3. Denial a. Refusal to admit there is a problem b. Commonly seen in substance abuse 4. Displacement a. Feelings toward one person or situation are displaced onto something that is safer b. Example: Mad at the boss, yell at your spouse or children 5. Regression a. Behave in ways more appropriate for an earlier stage. b. Example: Six-year old hospitalized patient wets bed. 6. Rationalization a. Makes an excuse and does not admit the real reason b. Very common 7. Projection a. Mechanism of paranoia b. Puts own feelings on someone else 8. Ideas of reference a. Patient thinks everything is about them and it is bad. b. Common in persons with paranoia and Alzheimer's. 9. Reaction formation: Acting opposite underlying drives and desires 10. Transference: The patient transfers feelings they had for someone earlier in life onto the nurse.

Sensory motor skills and behavior of early infant development include:

Rooting and sucking

In Piaget's framework, the first stage of cognitive development is called

Sensory motor stage

Drive or structural theory

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality argued that human behavior was the result of the interaction of three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego. His structural theory placed great importance on the role of unconscious psychological conflicts in shaping behavior and personality

Conditioned stimulus

Stimulus that does not innately evoke a response in an organism but that the organism learns to respond to because it has been paired in the past with an unconditioned stimulus. Ringing of a bell

Self Psychology

Strong self-esteem ("healthy narcissism") develops through empathic responsiveness from others Children need to feel "mirrored," have someone to "idealize," & have a sense of "twinship" with others Deficits develop in the child's sense of self when caregivers lack empathy Change occurs when an empathic clinician becomes a healthy "selfobject" for the client An idealizing selfobject, a mirroring selfobject, or a twinship selfobject Humans need empathic understanding throughout life

28. As a counselor, you want to have an accurate picture of a client's ability to accomplish an individual task or group of tasks. You will use a test instrument that measures:

The correct answer: Aptitude

16. Joan is 30 years old, just had her third child, and reports extreme fatigue, poor concentration, lack of motivation, and loss of appetite. She is disheveled and has body odor. The FIRST step is to:

The correct answer: Discover the duration and intensity of symptoms. Further assessment is required to determine what the primary issue is with Joan, enabling appropriate goal-setting and treatment planning.

14. 23-year old Penny comes into your outpatient office seeking therapy for "constant worrying." Penny says that ever since high school, she's referred to herself as a "worrier" and that she often finds herself worrying about work, graduate school, her friends, her family - just about everything. She confirms that worrying this much is exhausting, and more often than not, she feels fatigued, though this may also be related by her difficulty falling and staying asleep. Penny adds that she snaps at her loved ones and has a harder time focusing on her school work. She thinks that the way she feels is pretty normal, but you think she may have:

The correct answer: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Penny's symptoms fit Generalized Anxiety Disorder because she's had them longer than six months, has the symptoms (fatigue, sleep disturbance, irritability, difficulty concentrating) most days, and the symptoms are related to a number of events/activities.

23. The reliability of an assessment tool is an indicator of:

The correct answer: How dependable the assessment tool is

17. A therapist is operating in an outpatient psychiatric setting. He is beginning a new process group. The FIRST task is to.

The correct answer: Nurture group cohesion The first task in a group is to develop cohesion. This may be done in multiple ways, such as developing a sense of safety, setting boundaries, or establishing rules as a group.

15. Jerry, a 37-year old man, is referred to your outpatient practice by an emergency room worker following a string of recent emergency room visits. Jerry tells you that for the past couple of months he's had these "mini heart attacks" where he finds himself shaking, can't catch his breath, and feels like he might pass out for several intense minutes. He's sure it's a heart attack because of the chest pain that goes with it, but the emergency room keeps telling him he hasn't had a heart attack. He's so worried about having more of these incidents that he avoids leaving his house for anything other than work to keep himself safe, and he's considering taking a leave of absence from work. Jerry denies ever receiving mental health treatment previously. Based on the information provided, you believe he's probably struggling with:

The correct answer: Panic Disorder. Panic Disorder is the best fit because what Jerry is describing fits with a panic attack, and he's going to great lengths to avoid having more. For Generalized Anxiety Disorder with Panic Attacks to fit, Jerry would need to give more history of anxiety outside of the panic attacks, which he does not. Jerry also does not provide any information that indicates substances are a factor or that he has any intense fears other than of having more of these incidents.

21. When a child bases moral judgments on punishments and rewards, Kohlberg calls this level:

The correct answer: Pre-conventional. Lawrence Kohlberg demonstrated that people progressed in moral reasoning through a series of stages that can be generally classified into three levels, with two sub-stages each. In the pre-conventional stage, people behave according to socially acceptable norms because they are told to by an authority figure and there is the threat of punishment. In the conventional stage, right behavior is characterized as acting in one's own best interests so as to gain approval of others or abide by one's duty. In the post-conventional stage, one acts according to a higher sense of morality.

24. Carl is incarcerated and is engaging in treatment for substance use as part of his sentence. He has questions about confidentiality. What is the BEST response?

The correct answer: Provide information on limits of confidentiality and gain informed consent for treatment. Clients who are incarcerated or are in treatment involuntarily still have the right to refuse treatment, and they have the right to understand who has access to information about their treatment and under what conditions. If there are specific reporting requirements, that must be provided. If reports are given to the courts, parole, or other entities, the client has a right to be informed so he/or she can make an informed decision about whether or how much to engage.

10. Christine has been described by her mother as a normal and healthy child since her birth. However, one and a half months ago she began regurgitating her food and re-chewing it after every meal. She has been checked by her primary medical physician who found no physiological symptoms, thus the referral to your practice. No other DSM-5 diagnostic symptoms are present except those described above. What is the most appropriate diagnosis?

The correct answer: Rumination Disorder.

27. "So here's the overall picture. You feel like you would like to date boys but at the same time you are feeling a little scared. You would like to have a boyfriend, but you would also like to pal around with your girlfriends. Is that correct?" The above is an example of:

The correct answer: Summarization

7. A diagnosis of Pica requires that the following symptoms be present, EXCEPT:

The correct answer: The eating of the nonnutritive substance occurs exclusively during the course of another mental disorder. If the eating behavior occurs exclusively during the course of another mental disorder, a separate diagnosis of Pica should be not be made unless the eating behavior is sufficiently severe to warrant independent clinical attention.

13. If x and y are positively correlated, how does the value of y change as x increases?

The correct answer: Y increases

19. Frances is seven years old and has suddenly become enuretic in the classroom. Her parents report that Frances has been potty trained since age three and has had no incidents in daycare or at home. What is the FIRST step?

The correct answer:Review for triggers leading up to the enuresis. The first step is to consider what triggers preceded the behavior. You always need to assess the client before referring him/or her to other providers.

Ego Psychology

The ego is the biologically-based "executive branch" of the mind that functions by helping us adapt & have coherence, identity, & organization Infants have in-born autonomous potentials free from conflict when infant has "goodness of fit" with an "average expectable environment" Unconscious ego defenses ward off anxiety to protect self from harm & unwanted impulses Ego development is "epigenetic" & sequential; shaped by culture & social environment Ego strengths develop through resolution of crises 15 at each stage of life throughout the lifespan

Conditioned response

The organism's learned reponse to a conditioned stimulus - salivation to ringing of the bell

Formal Operations

The person becomes able to solve real and hypothetical problems using abstract concepts

Problem-solving

The problem solving model focuses on understanding the problem, brainstorming possible solutions, having the client pick a solution, having the client try out a solution and then evaluating how the solution worked. One problem at a time

Margaret Mahler

The seperation - individuation process - known for her contribution to the object relations theory. Focuses on the reciprocal relationship between a mother and her infant and its effect on the infant's development of sense of self

20. "Single system" research designs involve observing one client or system only (n=1) before, during, and after an intervention. Because of their flexibility and capacity to measure change over time, single system designs are frequently used by practitioners to evaluate:

Their practice. The evaluation process involves: 1) problem identification (called the "target" of the research); 2) operationalization (selecting indices that represent the problem that can be measured; 3) determining the "phase" (the time over which measurement will occur), including a "baseline phase" (without intervention) and an "intervention phase." This may also include a "time series design," where data is collected at discrete intervals over the course of the study.

Task Centered

This model focuses on breaking down the problem into small tasks that the client can accomplish. The social worker may use rehearsal, deadlines, and contracts, in order to help the client feel successful and motivated towards solving the problem

Solution-focused

This model starts with the solution and then helps the client establish the steps that will lead to the solution. This model is the one that uses the miracle question to help clients envision the future that they want to obtain.

Narrative

This model uses letters and other methods to help the client re-author their lives.

Conflict Theory

This theory draws attention to conflict, dominance, and oppression in social life. Groups and individuals try to advance their own interests over the interests of others. Power is unequally divided, and some social groups dominate others. Social order is based on the manipulation and control of nondominant groups by dominant groups. Lack of open conflict is a sign of exploitation. Social change is driven by conflict, with periods of change interrupting long periods of stability.

Social Learning Theory

This theory suggests that human behavior is learned as individuals interact with their environment. Problem behavior is maintained by positive or negative reinforcement. Cognitive- behavioral therapy looks at what role thoughts play in maintaining the problem. Emphasis is on changing dysfunctional thoughts which influence behavior. Methods which stem from this theory are the gradual shaping of new behavior through positive and negative reinforcement, modeling, stress management: biofeedback, relaxation techniques, cognitive restructuring, imagery and systematic desensitization

Systems Theory

Those concepts that emphasize reciprocal relationships between the elements that constitute a whole. These concepts also emphasize the relationships among individuals, groups, organizations, or communities and mutually influencing factors in the environment. Systems theories focus on the interrelationships of elements in nature, encompassing physics, chemistry, biology, and social relationships

Unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that innately evokes a reponse in an organism - meat powder

Problem solving process

a. Becoming engaged b. Assessing a ct's situation in order to select appropriate tx goals and means of attaining them c. Planning how to employ these means

8. In working with a client, you become aware that she persistently behaves in ways to please or gain the approval of others. While this is not always problematic, you discover that she is obsessed with wearing the "right" clothes, living in the "right" neighborhood, and marrying the "right" person. At present, her finances are in a shambles as she tries desperately to "keep up with the Joneses," and her romantic life is suffering, as she only pursues relations that she believes others think are optimum, rather than judging relationships on more personally relevant values, such as her feelings for them, baseline compatibility, etc. Utilizing Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, specify the Level and Stage of moral development that applies to this individual:

a. Conventional Level, Stage 3. b. Pre-conventional Level, Stage 1. c. Post-conventional Level, Stage 6. d. Conventional Level, Stage 4. 8 - A: Conventional Level, Stage 3. The Theory of Moral Development was created by Lawrence Kohlberg, to extend and enhance Jean Piaget's theory. Overall, Kohlberg felt that the process of moral development was more complex and extended than that put forth by Piaget.

4. In statistical research, a "Type I Error" (also called an "alpha error," or a "false positive") refers to:

a. Failing to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false. b. A failure to randomize research participants, thereby potentially introducing bias. c. Rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true. d. Assuming a normal statistical distribution when it is skewed. 4 - C: Rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true. A failure to randomize research participants will potentially introduce bias, and may provide grounds upon which to invalidate a study, but it is not a type I error. Assuming a normal statistical distribution when it is skewed will violate the assumptions necessary to apply a proper statistical model to the analysis of data.

9. You have been contacted by a couple to assist them with issues of marital discord. They have been married about six months. The wife presents as vulnerable, tearful, and anxious, and the husband presents as angry and overwhelmed. The wife openly claims that "he has never loved me," and expresses anger that he married her without "the proper feelings." The husband responds that he has "done everything possible" to "prove" his love (to the point of near bankruptcy and jeopardizing his employment with frequent absences), but nothing is sufficient. During the interview, you discover that she has had many short-term relationships in the past, that she has a history of suicide gestures and "fits of rage." Further, she frequently demands a divorce and then begs him to stay, is routinely physically assaultive, etc. The most likely diagnosis is:

a. Intermittent explosive disorder. b. Histrionic personality disorder. c. Paranoid personality disorder. d. Borderline personality disorder. 9 - D: Borderline personality disorder. Individuals with this diagnosis will exhibit: frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment; unstable and intense interpersonal relationships (especially extremes of idealization and devaluation); an unstable sense of self; extreme impulsivity (e.g., spending, sex, drug use, reckless driving, binge eating, etc); recurring suicidal behavior (gestures or threats, or self-mutilating behavior); affective instability due to reactivity of mood; chronic feelings of emptiness; intense anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, recurrent physical fights); transient, stress-related paranoid ideation; or severe dissociative symptoms. However, as with all Axis II disorders, this diagnosis cannot properly be made during a first contact, but must be substantiated over a course of clinical contacts sufficient to compel the diagnosis to be made (DSM-IV).

7. An early cognitive theorist, who worked directly with Freud, established a theoretical orientation that differed from Freud's in three key features: 1) an individual's personality is best perceived as a whole, rather than as having hierarchical segments or parts; 2) social relationships drive behavior more than sexual motivations; and 3) current beliefs and thoughts play a far greater role in human behavior than is suggested via psychoanalytic theory, which is based largely in the unconscious and in past experiences and beliefs. The name of this theorist is:

a. Lawrence Kohlberg. b. Anna Freud. c. Albert Ellis. d. Alfred Adler. 7 - D: Alfred Adler. Adlerian theory also includes a biological view, largely absent in Psychoanalytic Theory, recognizing that hormonal changes, physical illness, chemical imbalances, and neurological disorders can dramatically influence capacity and behavior. It is important to note, however, that Alder still locates false beliefs, irrational thoughts, and misconceptions in the unconscious mind.

12. You are seeing a 16-year-old youth who has, for the past year, been losing his temper frequently, is regularly argumentative with adults, often refuses to follow direct requests, is easily annoyed, and routinely uses blaming to escape responsibility. Approximately four months ago he was caught in a single episode of shoplifting. The most appropriate diagnosis for this youth is:

a. Oppositional defiant disorder. b. Conduct disorder. c. Impulse-control disorder. d. Disruptive behavior disorder, not otherwise specified. 12 - A: Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Disruptive Behavior Disorder, not otherwise specified (NOS) is an umbrella term for behavior disturbances that lack sufficient clarity for the assignment of a more specific diagnosis. Impulse-Control Disorder is only appropriate when a behavior is compulsive in nature. While anger may be a part of that picture, it tends to be an overreaction to a provocation; other relevant compulsions include gambling, skin-picking, kleptomania, etc. The hallmark of Conduct Disorder is deliberate cruelty, and wanton disregard for others rights and property. This client lacks any pervasive and long-standing evidence in this regard.

2. You have just had your first session with a 24-year-old college student. She is seeing you following the break-up of a two-year relationship, which occurred without warning about six weeks prior to this visit. As she explained it, "He met someone else and just moved on." She has been having trouble sleeping and concentrating on her studies since that time. Today she presents as dysphoric and tearful, but is affectively expressive and responsive to humor and other interactive stimuli. The university she attends is a considerable distance from her family and friends, leaving her with limited support during this difficult time. The most appropriate diagnosis would be:

a. Primary insomnia. b. Major depression. c. Adjustment disorder with depressed mood. d. Acute stress disorder. 2 - C: Adjustment disorder with depressed mood. Criteria for this disorder includes a time-limited nature, usually beginning within three months of the stressful event, and lessening within six months-either with removal of the stressor or through new adaptation skills. Adjustment disorder is a "sub-threshold disorder," allowing for early classification of a temporary condition when the clinical picture remains vague. While the patient does have insomnia, it arises from the stressful loss and not as an independent condition. Many of the essential criteria for a major depression are absent (weight loss, psychomotor agitation, blunted affect, etc), although without successful treatment this condition could emerge. The diagnosis of acute stress disorder is not appropriate as the precipitating event did not involve threatened or actual serious injury or death.

10. All but one of the following are National Association of Social Workers (NASW) standards for cultural competence:

a. Social workers should endeavor to seek out, employ, and retain employees who provide diversity in the profession. b. Social workers shall endeavor to resources and services in the native language of those they serve, including the use of translated materials and interpreters. c. Social workers should develop the skills to work with clients in culturally competent ways, and with respect for diversity. d. Social workers should work with diverse clients only if they have had specific training in that client's unique cultural background. 10 - D: Although it is ideal for social workers to receive specific training regarding each of the individual minority populations they typically serve, they should still ensure that someone from an unfamiliar background receives needed services even where no staff with special training in that background is available.

3. The purpose of feedback in a social worker interview is to:

a. allow the social worker to confront distortions in the client's thinking b. summarize main points of the interview c. let the client know social worker understands the issue (YES) d. give the social worker opportunity to self-disclose for benefit of the client

7. The primary role of a social worker is:

a. building rapport b. providing support systems c. acting as a resource (YES) d. curing emotional or mental dysfunction

8. A client with a history of drug abuse was referred to a social worker by a concerned relative. The social worker should FIRST:

a. conduct a family interview b. begin treatment, focusing on the reason for the drug abuse c. refer the client for substance abuse treatment(YEs) d. evaluate the client's motivation for change

6. In facilitating a hospital support group for bereaved parents, a social worker can discuss a personal experience of a death of a child to:

a. create empathy with the participants b. receive help from the group c. create a sense of shared experience d. establish role as expert on grief issues

9. In adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, the most frequently encountered defense mechanism is:

a. denial (YES) b. intellectualism c. suppression d. projection

2. When reviewing a social worker's performance, the supervisor notes that the social worker conveys little empathy toward clients who have recently left welfare and holding first jobs. In order to help the social worker develop empathy with her clients, the supervisor should:

a. explain welfare-to-work procedures from the client's perspective b. suggest the social worker enter therapy to become a more empathetic person c. model empathetic communication when engaging with the social worker (YES) d. clarify the agency's reason for supporting these clients

1. The phase of the helping process which leads to subsequent implementation of intervention is:

a. exploration and summation b. exploration, assessment and planning (YES) c. initiation of established rapport d. clarification and analysis

5. The BEST example of the educational component of supervision is:

a. monitoring the caseload b. providing in-service training c. utilizing individual and group conferences d. refining knowledge and skills (YES)

4. A social worker is leading a women's group with the purpose of improving personal and environmental circumstances. The social worker asks the members to identify the area in which they feel most competent. The social worker is following an intervention strategy BEST described as:

a. reinforcement b. endorsement c. enhancement d. empowerment (yes)

Unconditioned response

an innate response to a stimulus - salivation

Sensorimotor

birth - 2 years: Infant uses motor fx to understand the world - sucking reflex. Infant befins to form circular reactions. Infant lacks symbolic fx - unable to relate or evoke representations of people or things when they are absent

Antisocial Personality Disorder

characterized by a long-standing pattern of a disregard for other people's rights, often crossing the line and violating those rights. It usually begins in childhood or as a teen and continues into their adult lives. Lack empathy and tend to be callous, cynical, and contemptuous of the feelings, rights, and sufferings of others. They may have an inflated and arrogant self-appraisal (e.g., feel that ordinary work is beneath them or lack a realistic concern about their current problems or their future) and may be excessively opinionated, self-assured, or cocky.

Family Systems Theory

l. Differentiation of Self The ability for a family member to tell the difference between their own experiences and identities from others. ll. Undifferentiated Family Ego Mass: Happens when a family's identity has been fused. lll. Triangles An example of this is when Mom and Dad are fighting. Mom tells her son how bad Dad is (THIS IS A NO-NO) and son is closer to Mom and farther from dad. This causes a triangulation relationship within the family. lV. Nuclear Family Emotional Process: A mutual emotional force within the family which occurs when there is a chronic family tension. 4 Basic Relationships Marital Conflict Dysfunction of One Spouse Impairment of One or More Child Emotional Distance V. Emotional Cutoff: It's an unhealthy way of dealing with family members growing up, or building their own independent identity. Vl. Sibling Position: People tend to have many similarities with those that share their birth order. Vll. Family Projection Process: This occurs when parents pour their emotional problems into their child. Vlll. Multigenerational Transmission Process: This happens when the Family Projection Process repeats itself throughout the family's generations.

Disengagement theory is related to

older adults

Isolation of affect

painful feelings are separated from the incident that triggered them initially - feeling and affect do not match A splitting of ideas from feelings originally associates with them

Bowlby was known for his work with

the mentally ill

When a client unconsciously attirbutes elements of the experiences of a former relationship to a new relationship this mechanism is known as

transference

Object Relations Theory

Humans have basic & profound needs to be connected or attached to others (known as "objects") We internalize & take in relationships through our unconscious memories & patterns of relating Patterns of relating influence all our relationships — past, present, & future "Object relationships" develop between the unconscious, internal mental representations of self & others in relationship with real, observable others "True self" develops (in family & in therapy) in context of empathic "facilitating environment" & "good 17 enough" caregiving