M7:

Zone C

Homes of working class and ethnic enclaves.

Cornucopian Theory

Human ingenuity can solve environmental issues.

Transportation Technology

Improved efficiency in moving goods and people.

Technological Advances

Improvements in food production and medicine.

Crowd

Large group of people in close proximity.

Dredging

Removing sediment to combat coastal erosion.

Gentrification

Renovation of neighborhoods displacing lower-income residents.

Extreme Weather

Severe weather events linked to climate change.

Environmental Sociology

Study of human-environment interactions.

Human Ecology

Study of humans and their environments.

Urbanization

Study of social and economic city relationships.

Carcinogens

Substances that can cause cancer when released.

Adaptation

Adjusting to new social conditions or changes.

Conflict Perspective

Analyzes power dynamics and resource distribution.

Brown Zones

Areas where nothing can grow due to pollution.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

Births plus immigration equals deaths plus emigration.

Incineration

Burning waste to reduce volume.

Landfill

Burying waste in designated areas.

Population Growth

Change in population size over time.

Postindustrial Cities

Cities focused on service and information sectors.

Zone A

City center for business and culture.

Microcosm

City reflecting universal human behavior.

Concentric Zone Model

City structure as concentric circular areas.

Metropolis

Combination of suburbs, exurbs, and urban areas.

Suburbs

Communities surrounding cities for commuting.

Soil Pollution

Contaminants affecting soil health and productivity.

Pollution

Contaminants damaging air, water, or land.

Air Pollution

Contaminants in the atmosphere affecting health and environment.

Garbage Management

Control of waste disposal and recycling.

Semi-Peripheral Nations

Countries in transition between core and peripheral.

Crude Death Rate

Deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Stage 3

Declining birth rates; increasing life expectancy.

Sustainable Development

Development without depleting natural resources.

Net Migration

Difference between immigrants and emigrants.

Social Policy & Debate

Discusses socio-economic issues in suburbs.

Environmental Racism

Disproportionate environmental hazards in minority neighborhoods.

Functional Perspective

Examines societal functions and dysfunctions.

Suburban Sprawl

Expansion of suburbs causing traffic congestion.

Positive Checks

Factors increasing mortality rates, e.g., war.

Preventive Checks

Factors reducing fertility rates, e.g., birth control.

Stage III: Transitional

Falling birth rate, low death rate, slowed growth.

Internally Displaced Person

Fled home but remains within country.

Interactionist Perspective

Focus on individual attitudes and social interactions.

Zone B

Formerly wealthy homes turned into cheap apartments.

City Development Prerequisites

Fresh water, advanced technology, social organization.

Greenhouse Gases

Gases contributing to global warming.

Conventional Crowd

Gathering for a scheduled, regular event.

Paris Accord

Global agreement on climate change mitigation.

Collective Behavior

Group actions not regulated by institutions.

Cancer Cluster

Group of cancer cases in a specific area.

Toxic Chemicals

Harmful substances in electronic waste.

Social Stratification

Hierarchical arrangement of individuals in society.

Stage I: Pre-Transition

High birth and death rates, little growth.

Stage II: Transitional

High birth rate, falling death rate, rapid growth.

Stage 2

High birth rates; declining death and infant mortality rates.

Stage 1

High birth, death, and infant mortality rates.

Natural Resource Use

Increased consumption linked to suburban growth.

Water Crisis

Lack of access to clean water resources.

Megalopolis

Large urban corridor of multiple cities.

DREAM Act

Legislation allowing childhood immigrants a path to citizenship.

Peripheral Nations

Less developed countries with economic challenges.

Crude Birth Rate

Live births per 1,000 people per year.

Climate Change

Long-term temperature shifts due to human activity.

Stage IV: Late-Transition

Low birth and death rates, very low growth.

Stage 4

Low birth and death rates; population stability.

Carrying Capacity

Maximum life sustained in a given area.

Fertility Rate

Measure of children born in a society.

Mortality Rate

Measure of number of deaths in a population.

Population Growth from 1990-2013

Migrants in the U.S. increased from 1 in 6 to 1 in 5.

White Flight

Migration of Whites from diverse urban areas.

Green Revolution

Modern farming methods increasing food production.

Immigration

Movement into an area for permanent residence.

Migration

Movement of people into or out of areas.

Emigration

Movement out of an area to another place.

Urban Continuum

No strict line between rural and urban areas.

NIMBY

Not In My Backyard; local opposition to projects.

Sex Ratio

Number of men per hundred women.

E-waste

Obsolete electronics contributing to global waste increase.

Casual Crowd

People together without significant interaction.

Asylum-Seeker

Person awaiting validation of refugee status.

Refugee

Person forced to leave due to crisis.

Groundwater Contamination

Pollutants leaching into water sources from landfills.

Natural Increase

Population change through births and deaths.

City Population Threshold

Population of 100,000 behaves like a city.

Core Nations

Post-industrial countries with economic power.

Fecundity

Potential number of children women can bear.

Demographic Transition Theory

Predictable four-stage model of population growth.

Malthusian Theory

Predictions on population control factors.

Economic Forces

Primary influence on modern city growth.

Demographic Transition Model

Process of change in mortality and fertility.

Demography

Quantitative study of human populations.

Industrial Era Urbanization

Rapid city growth due to factory jobs.

Social Change

Shifts in societal structures and norms over time.

Population Composition

Snapshot of demographic profile of a population.

Flash Mob

Spontaneous gathering for a brief event.

Zone E

Upper class estates in suburbs and exurbs.

Demographic Groups

Various populations migrating to urban centers.

Population Pyramid

Visual representation of population distribution.

Exurbs

Wealthier communities beyond suburbs.

Zone D

Wealthy homes and shopping centers.