MAC143 Final Exam

Readers are seen as consumers first and citizens second.

1704

prohibits monopolies and other activities that would restrain trade or competition and makes fair trade within a free market a national goal

1890 Sherman Antitrust Act

The nickelodeon craze peaked by _____, when entrepreneurs began to seek more affluent spectators, attracting them with larger and more lavish movie theaters. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

1910

prohibited manufacturers from selling only to dealers and contractors who agree to reject the products of business rivals

1914 Clayton Antitrust Act

limited any corporate mergers and joint ventures that reduced competition

1950 Celler-Kefauver Act

When was the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) ratings system created?

1960s

Tobacco ads were banned from television in what year?

1971

Kendall, who published a book of poems in 1986, passed away in 1990. Under the copyright period set by Congress in 1998, when did, or when will, Kendall's book of poems enter the public domain?

2060

- mise-en-scene - sound -cinematography - editing

4 techniques of filmmaking

In 2004, spending on the federal elections in the United States totaled _____ billion.

5.3 billion

As a result of the FCC v. Pacifica Foundation case in 1978, the FCC banned indecent programs from most stations between:

6:00 A.M. and 10:00 P.M.

FCC law that said no owner could own more than 7 AM, 7 FM, 7 over the air TV, not more than 25% of households later became 12-12-12 then 18-12-12

7-7-7 rule

In 1929, annual movie attendance in the United States was

90 million

in our current cultural environment where our media is increasingly niche-ified, there's always a way we are apart of a certain "minority" or sub-culture. (EX: Today's Christian Mag or Latin Mag)

"minority" media, magazine and specialization and national identity

The word magazine derives from the French term magasin, meaning

"storehouse"

Nickelodeons were a type of movie theater whose name combines the admission price with the Greek word for

"theater."

Over the past decade, a major studio film, on average, cost about how much to produce?

$66 million

Any situation in which journalists may stand to benefit personally from stories they produce is known as:

a conflict of interest.

Pierre works for a local newspaper and wants to get his first front-page story. To guarantee his success, he fabricates several sources in a story about a nonexistent gang. Pierre has created:

a hoax

When researching early film history, Ron found a treasure trove of photos in a private archive. One photo was labeled "New York, 1894" and showed viewers leaning over and looking into a cabinet. This was MOST LIKELY a photograph of which device?

a kinetoscope

Justine used her police scanner to arrive at the scene of a fatal car accident before police or rescue personnel. Once there, she took notes, snapped some digital photos, and stayed to take photos of the rescue. Justine is now preparing to publish her on-the-scene story and graphic images. What is Justine's experience an example of?

a scoop

When Thomas Edison first tried to link phonograph and moving picture technologies in the 1890s, what was he attempting to make?

a talkie

in libel law, a reckless disregard for the truth, such as when a reporter or an editor knows that a statement is false and prints or airs it anyway

actual malice

Katia is interested in the films of Georges Méliès, who opened the first public movie theater in France in 1896. Which film should she see?

A Trip to The Moon

Which statement about corporate downsizing is true?

A decline in worker protections led to downsizing.

Which statement would English poet John Milton, author of Areopagitica, agree with?

A democratic society requires a free press.

Why did the Fairness Doctrine end?

A federal court ruled that it was not an extension of Section 315 law.

Hannibal Goodwin's development of celluloid allowed which breakthrough?

A series of pictures could be produced.

A typical ad for cleaning products in the early 1900s:

A typical ad for cleaning products in the early 1900s:

Clarice's mother recently retired from her position at a local bank and now has some time to read about topics of interest to her. Which magazine might she subscribe to?

AARP The Magazine

A travel agency offers Thelma free airline tickets and upgraded accommodations for her next vacation after she interviews one of its agents for an article in the local newspaper. According to shown here, Thelma must refuse this gift because it violates the _____ section of the Society of Professional Journalists' (SPJ's) Code of Ethics.

Act Independently

A nonprofit organization that helps produce public service advertising campaigns for government agencies and other qualified sponsors. EX: smokey the bear

Ad Council

How has the visual design of advertising changed in the twenty-first century?

Ads have become more three-dimensional and interactive. In the twenty-first century, ads have become more three-dimensional and interactive, as full-motion 3-D animation becomes a high-bandwidth multimedia standard.

How has advertising affected the sale of many contemporary branded products?

Advertising costs have increased the price of contemporary branded products.

Why did advertising become the central economic support system for our mass media industries?

Advertising had the ability to create consumers.

Which of the following social changes did advertising contribute to as it became more pervasive in the United States in the twentieth century?

Advertising promoted technological advances in daily life. Advertising promoted technological advances by showing how new machines, such as vacuum cleaners and cars, could improve daily life.

those parts of our society that play the most significant role in shaping who are. (EX: our families, our school systems, the media, and our peer group)

Primary socializing agents

a film that is comprised as one single shot. the camera is static (remains still and does not move). As if the filmmaker was in the audience just filming the stage. no edits or change of angle.

Primitive Cinema: Tableaux ("Living Pictures") Films (1894-1903)

non-theatrical markets for feature films, like home video, television, Pay Per View, VOD, Internet streaming, airlines and others

Ancillary Markets

Who started the first colonial magazine in Philadelphia in 1741?

Andrew Bradford

Which philosopher worked out a modern understanding of the concept of hegemony?

Antonio Gramsci

Mary and Gary were a songwriting team in the 1920s. Their biggest hit, "Tallahassee Twirl," is now in the public domain. What does this mean?

Anyone can use the song "Tallahassee Twirl" without paying copyright royalties.

central element to the blockbuster formula. a lot of movies in the 70s were inspired by B-movie genres. teen audience were essential for this blockbuster approach

B-movie genres

from the late 1920s through the late 1940s, the major movie studios that were vertically integrated and that dominated the industry. The Big Five were Paramount, MGM, Warner Brothers, Twentieth Century Fox, and RKO.

Big Five

the six major Hollywood studios that currently rule the commercial film business: Warner Brothers, Paramount, Twentieth Century Fox, Universal, Columbia Pictures, and Disney

Big Six

Which act placed restrictions on corporations wishing to buy TV and radio campaign ads for political candidates?

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002

Which statement about contemporary commercial magazines is true?

Readers are seen as consumers first and citizens second.

Which politician brought back the use of the half-hour time block in the 1992 and 1996 presidential campaigns?

Ross Perot Third-party candidate Ross Perot restored the use of the half-hour time block when he ran political infomercials on cable and the networks in 1992 and 1996.

Which scenario is the BEST example of synergy?

Characters from Disney's Frozen appear on ABC's Once Upon a Time series.

French term for truth film, a documentary style that records fragments of everyday life unobtrusively; it often features a rough, grainy look and shaky, handheld camera work

Cinema Verite

count of the number of people who visit one site and use an ad to get to another

Click-through

Satirical news was introduced with which television program?

SNL

In 1995, five former reporters from the San Francisco Examiner founded which online-only magazine?

Salon

replaces studio era distribution (platform distribution). by 70s and 80s, every film would eventually make its way to cable and rent them in video stores. had to create excitement around your film. studios would try to get the film on as many movie theatre screens as possible on opening weekend. this is when opening weekends became important and desired. big box office $. if you get a ton of money in the first weekend, gets you that blockbuster label on your film.

Saturation Distribution

not about identifying the correct interpretation or reading a text, its about setting forth an analysis and making a persuasive case on your interpretation of the text. You want to defend your argument.

Semiotics

a model for journalism and speech that places control in the hands of an enlightened government, which speaks for ordinary citizens and workers in order to serve the common goals of the state.

Communist or State Model of Expression

A political system in which decisions are made based on discussion by citizens rather than by elected representatives alone.

Deliberative Democracy

the notion of a sign. "scientific" way to analyze a sign. If you take an object or a sign, this would describe it as objectively as possible (EX: you are an alien that visits earth and needs to bring a report back home which would be a notation)

Denotation

_____ has led to the mergers and acquisitions that resulted in concentrated media ownership.

Deregulation

Lawrence is a journalist. He knows that his colleague Jeff has a conflict of interest on a story he was assigned, but Jeff has not informed their editor of the conflict. According to the Society of Professional Journalists' (SPJ's) Code of Ethics in Figure 14.1 what is Lawrence ethically obligated to do?

Lawrence must disclose the conflict of interest to his editor.

In 1889, a New Jersey minister, ___________________, improved Eastman's roll film by using thin strips of transparent, pliable material called celluloid, which could hold a coating of chemicals sensitive to light.

Hannibal Goodwin

the casual, scripted or ad-libbed banter that goes on between news anchors and other "on-air" people. Mostly considered light hearted.

Happy Talk

Which movie was shot with a consumer-brand GoPro Hero 3 camera?

Hardcore Henry was shot with a consumer-brand GoPro Hero 3 camera in 2015; American-based STX Entertainment then acquired the film for $10 million, made improvements, and released it worldwide in 2016.

media companies know a lot of products they put out will be unsuccessful. they need to even this out with bound-to-be hits. Diversify the portfolio. if you put in money, put it into different things. don't put all of your eggs in one basket. slate of products that are diverse enough so if one product fails (or misses), another will hit.

Hit/miss ratio

the nine screenwriters and one film director subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) who were sent to prison in the late 1940s for refusing to disclose their memberships or to identify communist sympathizers

Hollywood Ten

a period during the 1990s where the two worlds of indie and Hollywood collided due to the impactful film: Pulp Fiction (1994)

Hollywood goes indie/indie goes Hollywood

aided conglomeration. opposite of vertical integration. a biz strategy where a single company has its hand in different sectors of the entertainment industry. one company might own a publishing company, a record label, and a production company all at once.

Horizontal Integration

Monopoly - occurs when a single firm dominates production and distribution in a particular industry, either nationally or locally. Oligopoly - just a few firms dominate an industry Limited Competition - characterizes a media market with many producers and sellers, but only a few products within a particular category. (ex. limited number of radio formats but there are many radio stations)

How are the three basic structures of mass media organizations—monopoly, oligopoly, and limited competition—different from one another?

The concept of film goes back to the early 1400s, the invention of the thaumatrope and the zoetrope, the development stage of movies began when inventors began manipulating photographs to make them appear to move while simultaneously projecting them on a screen, celluloid made film rolls better, kinetograph, vitascope, narrative films, block booking, movie palaces, multiplexes, talkies

How did film go from the novelty stage to the mass medium stage?

They became the first general-interest magazines that aimed at national audience.

How did magazines become national in scope?

The concept of film goes back as early as _____________, who theorized in the late fifteenth century about creating a device that would reproduce reality

Leonardo da Vinci

in media law, the defamation of character in written expression

Libel

Which journalistic model supports the highest degree of individual and press freedoms?

Libertarian (Model of the Press)

a model for journalism and speech that encourages vigorous government criticism and supports the highest degree of freedom for individual speech and news operations.

Libertarian Model of Expression

Studios that did not own theaters: Columbia, Universal, and United Artists

Little Three

a Frenchman living in England, invented the first motion picture camera using roll film. credited with filming the first motion picture, Roundhay Garden Scene, in 1888. About two seconds' worth of the film survives today.

Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince

the ___________ attempted to smooth out problems between the public and the industry.

MPPDA (Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America)

Why didn't early magazines carry advertisements?

Magazine publishers wanted to distinguish their approach from the commercialism of newspapers.

the____________, developed in the seventeenth century, which projected images painted on glass plates using an oil lamp as a light source;

Magic Lantern

content, set prices, and generate profit. They are often asked to live up to society's expectations as well—that is, to operate with a sense of social responsibility in their role as mass communicators. These two main activities—maximizing profits while being socially responsible—are sometimes contradictory functions.

Media organizations develop or distribute

T-shirts, merch, action figures and more all related to a film or TV show. Tie-ins are like "finding nemo" toys in happy meals. important because these products make a revenue for the film. sources of revenue were important because making blockbusters cost a lot of money. had to spend a lot of money to make a lot of money.

Merchandising Tie-Ins

-news media -tribal epostemologies

Media audiences (social world)

Which of the following is the largest magazine chain in the world?

Meredith Corporation

in advertising, a blueprint or roughly drawn comic-strip version of a proposed advertisement

Storyboard

in media economics, the promotion and sale of a product (and all its versions) throughout the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate

Synergy

emerged at the end of the 1920s while color films did not release until late 1930s.

Talkie (films )

movies with sound, beginning in 1927

Talkies

-A single company could now own an almost unlimited number of radio and TV stations. -Telephone companies could now own TV and radio stations. -Cable companies could now compete in the local telephone business. -Cable companies could now freely raise rates.

Telecommunications Act of 1996

Kevin has seen his cable bill increase every year, though the services and channels have remained the same. Comcast is the only cable provider in Kevin's region. Which of these led to Kevin's problem?

Telecommunications Act of 1996.

Which of the following states contains the highest concentration of Channel One contracts?

Texas Texas, along with Ohio, is one of the two states that contain the highest concentrations of Channel One contracts.

was the first feature-length film (more than an hour long) produced in America.

The Birth of a Nation (1915)

How did many newspapers respond to the 2008-09 financial crisis?

They decreased in size. For many papers, the 2008-09 financial crisis led to fewer ads, which caused them to reduce the size of the paper.

used to save time and space constraints and make people more attracted to using the advertised product -famous-person testimonial -plain -folks pitch -snob-appeal approach -bandwagon effect -hidden-fear appeal -irritation advertising

How do common persuasive techniques used in advertising work?

What did magazine publishers do in the late 1800s to dramatically expand circulation?

They dropped the price of an issue below the production cost.

How did the emergence of brand names change the way products were sold?

It allowed manufacturers to dictate prices to retail stores.

How did the creative approach to advertising change from the 1960s to the 1980s?

It became more focused on visual images.

Which scenario BEST exemplifies herd journalism?

Journalists follow a young singer so avidly that she fears for her safety and always travels with a guard.

For a paper about WikiLeaks, Kevin will need to research which topic?

Julian Assange

an early movie camera developed by Thomas Edison's assistant in the 1890s

Kinetograph

an early film projection system that served as a kind of peep show in which viewers looked through a hole and saw images moving on a tiny plate

Kinetoscope

rent a store front place and for a little amount of money, guests could interact with the latest electronic gadgets (now they have the virtual reality ones). kinetoscope was a machine that was an individual motion ( moving pictures) image viewer. Film was a novelty in this area. Eventually, these wore out and films moved into vaudeville.

Kinetoscope Parlors

Why did newspapers welcome space brokers?

They paid up front for advertising space. Newspapers, which had become accustomed to a 25 percent nonpayment rate from advertisers, welcomed space brokers because they paid up front.

What is one of the reasons shield laws exist?

They serve the public interest by allowing reporters to provide information citizens might not otherwise receive.

What happened to Pete Seeger, Orson Welles, Arthur Miller, and the other performers, writers, and musicians identified in the 1950 publication Red Channels as "sympathetic" to communist or left-wing causes?

They were banned for a time from working in television and radio.

Which statement does NOT describe the experiences of the Hollywood Ten as a result of the HUAC hearings in 1947?

They were cooperative.

Why were progressives in the early twentieth century concerned about movies?

They worried that people were more attracted to movie houses than to social organizations.

one of the most widely used techniques that basically says when we see "experts" on the news like doctors, we will take what they say at face value. Credibility. If you can provide an expert for a journalist, who is credible, it saves a step for the journalist. You won't believe the creator of the product (a drug), but rather a credible source that says that product is good and trust worthy (a doctor).

Third party advocate

challenge that faced political leaders: Woodrow Wilson believed that the best interest of the U.S. would be to join the war. There was intense public opposition. Political leaders had to sway public opinion of the general public into thinking that joining the war was in the best interest of the country. PR=propaganda in this instance.

WWI propaganda

In 2017, the four global mega-agencies were

WPP, Omnicom, Publicis, and Interpublic

marketers can develop consumer profiles that direct targeted ads to specific web site visitors

What are the advantages of Internet and mobile advertising over traditional media like newspapers and television?

Many magazines are moving to digital formats to avoid the high costs of paper, printing, and postage. The web allows for unlimited space. Online magazines now have interactive components like: blogs, original video, social networks, games, virtual fitting rooms, etc. Advertisements can now be sent directly yo smart phones from digital magazines, which is appealing to advertisers

What are the advantages of magazines' movement to digital formats?

There are connects between so-called neutral journalism and economics. Together, they convert events into stories, while still keeping a neutral mind set in order to keep it judgement free. 1. Ethnocentrism= in most news reporting especially foreign coverage, reporters judge other countries and cultures on the basis of how "they live up to or imitate American practices and values." 2. responsible capitalism= contends that journalists sometimes naively assume that businesspeople compete with one another not primarily to maximize profits but to "create increases prosperity for all." 3. small town pastoralism= favoring the small over the large and the rural over the urban. Reporters and editors like most Americans tend to value natural settings over their metropolitan counterparts. 4. individualism= prominent value b/c it rewards the rugged tenacity to confront and expose corruption.

What are the connections between so-called neutral journalism and economics?

timeliness, proximity, conflict, prominence, human interest, consequence, usefulness, novelty, and deviance

What are the criteria used for determining newsworthiness?

Regional editions are more of a geographical series while Demographic editions are pertained to certain groups.

What are the differences between regional and demographic editions?

held that a state could not force a newspaper to print replies from candidates it had criticized, illustrating the limited power of government to restrict the print media

Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974)

Which journalist got committed on purpose to an asylum in 1887 in order to pursue a story?

Nellie Bly

no enthusiasm from American's to join the war. Vietnam war still lingering in their minds. Not willing to risk the loss of life. created imagery to get Americans to abandon their dislike for entering the war. A PR triumph.

PR tactics used to sell the Gulf War

novelty films (as historians call it) designed to capture human attention. Once you saw it, it was cool, but boring after awhile

Peep Show Novelties and the "Cinema of Attractions" (1893)

the first ad agents were newspaper space brokers, individuals who purchased space in newspapers and sold it to various merchants. The brokers paid upfront and sold the ad space to advertisers so they could put ads in the newspaper.

Whom did the first ad agencies serve?

It offered cheap labor, diverse scenery for outdoor shooting, a mild climate suitable for year-round production, and was geographically far from the Trust's headquarters.

Why did Hollywood end up as the center of film production?

consumer reports of well-educated consumers. Magazines with enough support go from black and white to color and glossy. Magazines like the advocate had to convince big advertisers to buy ad space (a company like P&G) don't want to be a newspaper like magazine. Magazine had to go into debt to go glossy hoping advertisers will buy those ad spaces. have to use market research for results (EX: lots of gays travel, so they will give into travel ads)

impacts of "upscaling"

need to give people incentives to go through a creative process. to do this, early western society created copyright or patents, so no one else could make money off of it

importance of the public domain

the hay-day of the American film industry. Golden era. in this period, film was the most significant form of leisure entertainment. Avg. American would go to the movies 2-3 times per week b4 TV

importance of the studio system in the film industry

- font -setting - text - framing - image quality -color

important elements of an ad

journalists are trained to give a balanced report and get both sides of the story, but there's not always 2 sides of the story

in favor of "balanced" moderate positions

many journalists go to these sources to get quotes because it's easy. Mayors have press people who can get quotes and connect important people to journalists. your view is less likely to make it in the newspaper because it is harder to reach you for a comment.

in favor of status-quo, elite, powerful, and famous sources

journalists are dependent on subscribers and ads, so middle class is always in mind when making a paper. the middle class is always more likely to keep newspapers alive

in favor of stories that will serve middle class readers

inevitable. we consume narratives through storytelling. journalists have to tell a compelling story to keep the reader reading

in favor of storytelling

shapes our understanding of reality. our ability to understand what is going on everyday is shaped by what our news reports

in favor of what happened yesterday bias

Reasons for the collapse of leading magazines Saturday Evening Post in 1969, Look in 1971, and Life in 1972 include all of the following EXCEPT:

increased circulation. These magazines reduced, not increased, their circulation, which made them less attractive to advertisers despite reduced ad rates.

Between 1965 and 2017, the CEO-to-worker compensation ratio:

increased more than tenfold in favor of CEOs.

independent music and film production houses that work outside industry oligopolies; they often produce less mainstream music and film

indies

Jassie runs a parenting website that is now her full-time job, thanks to the revenue she receives from companies that display ads for products endorsed on her site. Which type of revenue does Jassie receive?

indirect

What type of payments do over-the-air radio stations rely on for most of their revenue?

indirect

Which type of media revenue involves media products supported primarily by advertisers?

indirect payment from consumers

culture we live in has been industrialized and shaped by industrialized production and distribution. this shapes our values and how we live

industrial culture

advertisements that pop up in a screen window as a user attempts to access a new screen page

interstitial

Ken suspects that his girlfriend is cheating on him, so he secretly installs a device on her home phone line that will allow him to listen in on her conversations from a remote location. What Ken is doing constitutes:

invasion of privacy

an advertising strategy that tries to create product-name recognition by being annoying or obnoxious

irritation advertising

-analyze connotation -denotation only helps with how connotation works -try to identify cultural and historical messages the ad tries to tap into - elusive elements. aspects of the ad that are hard to pin down but still important

key aspects of semiotic method

a model for journalism and speech that encourages vigorous government criticism and supports the highest degree of freedom for individual speech and news operations

libertarian model

if media outlets are socializing agents, people who read these sort of magazines may make them think they are apart of an imagined community. Scholars use this to say "what happens when this socialization process into an imagined community?" What happens when magazines meet big ad agencies? magazines socialize power and create communities with their readership. what is advertised in these magazines, the community will feel like they need it (EX: cat fancy for cat people; food and wine for foodies)

lifestyle commercialization

in media economics, a market with many producers and sellers but only a few differentiable products within a particular category; sometimes called monopolistic competition

limited competition

Which structure is typical of the radio and newspaper industries?

limited competition*

Marcus works in the advertising department of a country music format radio station. Which structure does Marcus most likely work under?

limited competition.

columbia (no exhibition), universal (no exhibition) and united artists (only distribution)

little three

a combination of a glossy magazine and retail catalogue that is often used to market goods or services to customers or employees

magalogs

a nondaily periodical that comprises a collection of articles, stories, and ads

magazine

maintains the computer and printing hardware necessary for mass market production

magazine technology and development department

in advertising and public relations agencies, the department that uses social science techniques to assess the behaviors and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created

market research

Dominique is a political reporter for her daily newspaper. She has been asked to go on a television news program as a participant in the show's election coverage. Why might her newspaper encourage Dominique to appear on the show?

marketing

Thomas Edison's vitascope enabled filmstrips of longer lengths to be projected without interruption. This hinted at the potential of movies as a Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

mass medium

Maura works for an entertainment magazine with a wide national audience. This type of magazine demonstrates an emphasis on:

mass production

importance and the power of news media that fuels anxieties about media bias

media bias

Antoine works for a large advertising agency. His responsibilities include identifying the best places to run clients' ads and negotiating the best price for the selected media outlets. What is Antoine's job?

media buyer Media buyers are people who choose and purchase the types of media that are best suited to carry a client's ads, reach the targeted audience, and measure the effectiveness of those ad placements.

in advertising, the individuals who choose and purchase the types of media that are best suited to carry a client's ads and reach the targeted audience

media buyers

tensions between the three roles in media communication are...

media consumer, media-age citizen, and media producer

tensions emerge between our roles as:

media consumer, media-age citizen, and media producer

- biz model crisis - decline of outlets - agressive narrowcasting - conglomeration

media industries (social world)

digital tech

media technologies (social world)

- click bait - breaking news - framing - opinion as news - deep fake videos

media texts (social world)

there is a relationship amongst...

media, imagined communities, and identity

in advertising, large firms or holding companies that are formed by merging several individual agencies and that maintain worldwide regional offices; they provide both advertising and public relations services and operate in-house radio and TV production studios

mega-agencies

movie theater facilities with fourteen or more screens

megaplexes

a publication like "one" functioned as community building people could come together and share experiences. non-for profit so no ads. anyone could send in a letter and it could be published. the advocate wanted to be the Time magazine to the gays. still wanted to serve community, but on a larger scale. in the 1990s, upscaling dynamics were born. Editors for the advocate wanted full color, pay their employees more, and produce a higher quality issue. They had to get money through national advertiser. but how are we going to get Avis and bank of America? tell them they have a market with the gay consumer

mission of magazines

The _____ model of journalism, one of two competing models that have influenced journalism since the early twentieth century, emphasizes describing events and issues from a seemingly neutral point of view.

modern

culture reflects a society's beliefs as well as what is right and wrong

moral beliefs (of culture in culture of industry)

Ornate, lavish single-screen movie theaters that emerged in the 1910s in the United States

movie palaces

Johan works for his college newspaper and is writing an exposé on the sale of ad space and product promotion on campus. Johan is following in which journalistic tradition?

muckraking

contemporary movie theaters that exhibit many movies at the same time on multiple screens

multiplexes

a strategy for critiquing advertising that provides insights into how ads work on a cultural level; according to this strategy, ads are narratives with stories to tell and social conflicts to resolve

myth analysis

movies that tell a story, with dramatic action and conflict emerging mainly from individual characters

narrative films

Hollywood and TV industry interests intersect. Hollywood spends money on ads for TV. sitcoms that were popular would be slotted for Thursdays, the day before a lot of movies would premiere, so Hollywood studios wanted those ad slots and TV studios made big $ by selling those expensive ad spots.

national TV ad campaigns

American beliefs and traditions: should media reflect what it means to be an American?

national identity (of culture in culture of industry)

a relationship between the government and the media

national media and culture

Yasmin works as a writer for MoveOn.org, a liberal group that started as an e-mail group in 1998 and is now a hub for petitions and candidate donations. Despite criticism, MoveOn.org remains available through all online service providers. This is a result of:

net neutrality.

new emerging socially-wide agreement that science and the scientific method became revolved uniformly. how science can solve problems was important, and people finally saw its importance as a source of good. same for journalists. must act with their own "scientific method" or biz models. an example of this would be $ made through advertisements to fund paper. when advertisers became the new customers and newspapers no longer has to solely rely on subscription and pure sales.

new cultural models due to news

the process of gathering information and making narrative reports - edited by individuals in a news organization - that create selected frames of reference and help the public make sense of prominent people, important events, and unusual happenings in everyday life

news

we are now apart of smaller niche communities and taste cultures.

news media in the niche nation

PR is used by almost every corporation. need to have PR proctitioners for fundraising (EX: hospitals and Red Cross)

non profit work

period where people began to go to school to study to be a good journalist. norms in practices that journalists were built to follow

objective journalism

a defense against libel that states that libel applies only to intentional misstatements of factual information rather than to statements of opinion

opinion and fair comment

in favor of professional standard that solve time and space deadlines. does not emerge from politics, but very basic constraints of putting out a daily newspaper

other (political) biases that have bigger impacts

an advertising strategy that incorporates exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product, so you should, too.

bandwagon effect

Jiffy, a company that produces baking products, bills its corn muffin mix as "America's Favorite." This is an example of which advertising approach?

bandwagon effect Promoting Jiffy corn muffin mix as "America's Favorite" is an example of the bandwagon effect because it points out in exaggerated claims that Americans are using Jiffy corn muffin mix to make their corn muffins and implies that consumers who do not use this brand will be left behind.

not through advertising. today, some estimates say that more than 50% of what we think is news is actually plotted by the PR industry. local news is especially suceptible to this.

best way to carry a message is through the news

an early tactic of movie studios to control exhibition, involving pressuring theater operators to accept marginal films with no stars in order to get access to films with the most popular stars

block booking

the type of big-budget special effects films that typically have summer or holiday release dates, heavy promotion, and lucrative merchandising tie-ins.

blockbuster

In 1912, the government outlawed the transportation of movies about which subject across state lines?

boxing

form of advertising that uses the generating of content as a way to promote the particular brand which funds the content's production

branded content

The first Supreme Court decision regarding film's protection under the First Amendment stated that motion pictures were a:

business

what are the different ways out there to pay for things like high quality investigative reporting

business models

a transparent and pliable film that can hold a coating of chemicals sensitive to light

celluloid

Hollywood! before, films were made everywhere in mini-centers. leaders of the production companies were businessmen who wanted to apply biz strategies to the film industry. one location was benefited due to the economies of scale. pool of labor drawn to the city (qualified workers). also, hollywood had good weather, good landscape, seas, and it was a non-union town at the time. very advantegous to film there.

centralized location of film industry

one shot, static camera, but the location changes.

change in location

a combined camera, film developer, and projection system

cinematograph

choices filmmaker makes between the character and what they are shooting. how they film something with their camera (camera distancing or tilt etc.)

cinematography

time period where film is pulled from theatres and not distributed

clearance

camera doesn't have to be in "the best seat in the house". camera and viewer could move around for realization. moves viewer around the action

close-up

How do media corporations generate the most money?

collecting both consumer payments and advertising revenue

narrowly tied to news: simply reporting business markets (EX: next shipment from England will arrive X/Y/Z with A, B, and C goods). for biz only because of low literacy rates in the 19th century. only for well-educated economic elites

commercial press

any print or broadcast expression for which a fee is charged to organizations and individuals buying time or space in the mass media

commercial speech

something we all participate in, but we do not all communicate in the same ways. Some people have "bull horns" that can speak volumes over others that do not have that advantage. Some individuals have an enormous advantage over the others when it comes to communication.

communication inequality

TV was the enemy, and they had to lure people to come in town and pay to see a movie. so to lure people, movies boasted their large screens and cinemascope. advertised how immersed you would be in the film compared to the television with a super small screen. wide-screen theatres.

competing with TV

can be used to have a valuable conversation about media bias in today's world. what is most important about the media landscape?

complex news media landscape

glocal=global/local mixing. unintended mixture of global and local most times

complex realignment of identities, imagined communities, and cultures.

Kelly is writing a story on the opening of a new waste plant in her town and has set up a meeting with an opposition group. Her editor tells her to ask pointed questions and attempt to get some shocking quotes for her story. Which criterion is Kelly being asked to prioritize in her story?

conflict

a key ingreident in narrative writing

conflict

considered unethical, a compromising situation in which a journalist stands to benefit personally from the news report he or she produces

conflict of interest

practice of separate companies (large) coming together. when these companies merge, they merge because they both used to serve separate purposes and their merger will be a corporate conglomeration (Disney and 20th Century FOX)

conglomeration

cultural products that become popular and command wide attention, providing shared cultural experiences

consensus narratives

options among a range of media products

consumer choice

power in deciding what kinds of media get created and circulated

consumer control

In the late 1940s, after World War II, discretionary income that formerly went to buying movie tickets now went to acquiring

consumer products

A lack of several factors led magazines to develop slowly in colonial America. Which one of the following was NOT one of those factors?

contributors

a magazine whose production and mailing is supported not by charging readers, but (typically) through advertising revenues; the publisher, rather than the reader, decides who gets the magazine

controlled circulation magazine

- big 5 owned theatre's. only owned around 17% of theatre's in the U.S. though. 50% of ticket revenue. - independent theatre's were 83% of the market. charged less for tix than big 5 theatre's. not movie palaces - block booking: distribution strategy for big 5 studios used when working with independent theatre's. big 5 would rent their films to independent theatre's in blocks of 10. 10 films= 2 A-pictures and 8 B-pictures

controlling exhibition

Marcus is a lifestyle reporter for a local weekly newspaper. In addition to writing stories for the weekly print edition, Marcus tweets for the newspaper from various local events. This is an example of:

convergence.

occured in late 1800s when industrial mass culture was born. PR was new to economy and social life. Industrial Revolution led to the power of U.S. businesses (steel and railroad industry). large corporations early realized a problem: public interest. They wanted to expand and grow, but ran into opposition from the public. Needed to sway public opinion in their favor and without the publics knowledge that their opinion was being swayed. invention of PR emerged from this.

corporate self interest late 1800s

when magazines that are similar become (and other media) are under 1 umbrella

corporation and conglomeration

create artificial urgency in consumers to get access to the product. sense of urgency to read the last Harry Potter book the minute it comes out (midnight release). if consumers were patient, they would never go to the theater to see a movie.

create urgency

new paradon on how a movie would be made. in studio era/ golden age of film, the studio made all of their own movies and had people under contract. After studio era, a lot of independent producers worked for independent studios. an independent film producer creates a "package" which consists of costs, cast, writing etc. (EX: an independent producer reads a script, then the producer has to get the rights to shoot it, and get everyone on board to make the film. all of this is kind of the package). ALSO they get their money from large banks, pull in some of their own money, investors, or a hollywood studio

creating the package

the phenomenon of American media, fashion, and food dominating the global market and shaping the cultures and identities of other nations

cultural imperialism

Tariq and his family traveled from their home in New Jersey to Lyon, France, to visit family. While there, Tariq enjoyed watching his favorite Nickelodeon shows, like SpongeBob SquarePants, on cable television, where they were dubbed into French. This is an example of:

cultural imperialism.

the industries that develop culture. the kind of industry media is. web, TV, movies etc. that shape our culture.

culture industry

often spearheaded by news orgs like FOX news, believed there was a liberal media bias. a news org that is specifically partisan toward a certain political party and their ideas.

partisan biases

first type of news publication created and produced for political parties

partisan press

Derek works for a local magazine with a circulation of five thousand, though he knows from several surveys that the total number of people who come into contact with each issue of the magazine is closer to fifteen thousand. What accounts for the difference in the numbers?

pass-along readers

the total number of people who come into contact with a single copy of a magazine

pass-along readership

In the United States, national advertising initially focused on:

patent medicines.

affordable newspapers introduced in 1833 created unprecedented mass audience

penny papers

an advertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person

plain-folks pitch

an actor exchanges some of their salary up-front but then the movie producers have to share part of the profits.

points at the backend

the use of ad techniques to promote a candidate's image and persuade the public to adopt a particular viewpoint

political advertising

For most journalists, balance means

presenting all sides of an issue without appearing to favor any one position.

the legal definition of censorship in the United States; it prohibits courts and governments from blocking any publication or speech before it actually occurs.

prior restraint

The principle of _____ refers to courts and governments blocking publication of speech before it actually occurs.

prior restraint.

Journalists routinely straddle a line between the public's right to know and a person's right to:

privacy

controlled by stock market but not by the gov

private (of industry in culture of industry)

a positioning strategy that some firms use to distinguish their products from those of competitors

product differentiation

Putting products into TV shows and movies where they will be seen

product placement

Martha works in the film industry as a costume assistant, maintaining the actors' wardrobes. Which level of the film industry does Martha work in? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

production

when the producer makes their movies, they use deficit financing. they will always go into debt to make a film and they hope the film will be successful enough so they can eventually make a profit.

deficit financing

American culture should reflect and uphold democratic values

democratic values (of culture in culture of industry)

national magazines whose advertising is tailored to subscribers and readers according to occupation, class, and zip code

demographic editions

1907-1919

development of principles of classical Hollywood cinema

Garrett is a writer for the news beat on a daily city newspaper. He has recently completed a story about a series of murders in his town. Which criterion for newsworthiness does Garrett's type of story BEST meet?

deviance

Which type of media revenue involves media products supported primarily by consumers?

direct payment from consumers

Which advertising strategy emerged as a response to corporate mergers and the public skepticism toward large and impersonal companies?

disassociation corollary

response to corporate mergers and public skepticism toward impersonal and large companies

disassociation corollary

studios become___________ after independent films emerge. these producers have to figure out a distribution deal. when an independent producer signs a deal with a studio, they might also be obligated to use studio sets and cameras.

distributors

most PR companies...

do not keep the public aware on their practices

a movie or TV news genre that documents reality by recording actual characters and settings

documentary

Generally, the news department that is responsible for all newspaper content except advertising. At some papers this term refers to the department responsible for the editorial page only.

editorial department

Early movie demonstrations marked the beginning of which stage of the film industry's development?

entrepreneurial

the term used to refer to how a film maker will shoot a shot of the film at the beginning. evaluates the space of a longshot that establishes the setting, space, and mood. after this shot, they can cut in for different angles and close-ups. viewer is less likely to get confused when this shot is done.

establishing shot/master shot

Benson is writing an article about Cuban politics and culture in which he compares the government policies of Cuba very unfavorably to those of the United States. Which value is Benson clearly practicing in his article?

ethnocentrism*

Which of journalists' enduring values noted by sociologist Herbert Gans relates to judging others according to an American model?

ethnocentrism.

magazine subscriptions that automatically renew on the subscriber's credit card

evergreen subscriptions

places where people see and watch films and engage with them. a company (movie theatre company distributes them).

exhibition

an advertising strategy that associates a product with the endorsement of a well-known person

famous-person testimonial

journalists like drama and conflict to circulate around something significant

favor of "bad" news and deviates from the norm-- in favor of conflict

to maximize profit in media industries

for-profit (of industry in culture of industry)

In 1870, about twelve hundred magazines were produced in the United States. By 1890, that number had reached

forty-five hundred, and by 1905, more than six thousand magazines existed

shift of magazines being a universal audience of millions to more magazines that support a smaller niche nation or imagined community

fragmentation of the magazine industry

legal restrictions prohibiting the press from releasing preliminary information that might prejudice jury selection

gag orders

types of magazines that address a wide variety of topics and are aimed at a broad national audience

general intrest magazines

all studios made a variety of genres, but a big number of each. each studio had its own "specialized" genre (EX: universal known for horror films)

genre specialization

a wide range of news. news media is an umbrella term for investigative reporting, editorials, human interest stories, sports and entertainment, celeb gossip, and tabloids

genres of news

refers to the moment when, through questioning, the reporter nabs "the bad guy" or wrongdoer

gotcha story

want to even-out tensions that emerge in the media industry. paramount decision was important gov regulation. FCC licenses were also gov regulated

government regulation in media industry

A-films were big-budget, high profile movies in terms of marketing. Spend most money and market them a ton (EX: Gone with the Wind). B-movies were low-budget genre movies (like gangster movies). They functioned as a training ground for studios and film workers. Lowe budget B-films meant they could make more movies with less financial risk.

grading of product: A & B movies

the sun of the whole is...

greater than the sum of the individual parts (vertical integration)

Other early media ads besides stone carved signs were...

handbills, posters, and broadsides (long, newsprint-quality posters

the acceptance of the dominant values in a culture by those who are subordinate to those who hold economic and political power.

hegemony

a situation in which reporters stake out a house or follow a story in such large groups that the entire profession comes under attack for invading people's privacy or exploiting their personal tragedies

herd journalism

When reporters stake out a house, chase celebrities in packs, or follow a story in large groups, this is called:

herd journalism.

can countries have more than one aspect of journalism?

yes-- U.S. has elements of both libertarian model and the social responsibility model

studios took a map of the USA and divided each region into different zones. zone 1= downtown biz district of area zone 2= mid-sized cities and suburbs zone 3= outlying towns life OX, OH

zone

studios that proceeded the big 5 were not able to produce enough films to meet the demand for film led to more ___________ than the bug 5. made sure that no one else could produce as much content as they did. they flooded the market for film so no other little studios could put their foot in the market.

production companies

However, large or small, online or in print, most magazines deal with the same basic functions:

production, content, ads, and sales.

For a cover story for his newspaper's weekend magazine, Sean is writing a profile of a local real estate developer who has become a millionaire and brought jobs to the region. Sean's article BEST meets which criterion of newsworthiness?

prominence

idea that global flow of media helps us watch the same media products, achieving global understanding. homogenization hypothesis that says this is a huge problem because some think that particular cultures (especially American) is shoved down everyone else's throats.

promises and problems

a best selling novel or through a famous actor (like will ferrell) that draws people in to see a movie. a solidified audience.

proven commodity

_____ journalism obscures the line between reporter detachment and community involvement.

public

a product where the value of the product is not used up by the first person who purchases it and uses it -not a public good: loaf of bread -public good: a Harry Potter book because you can enjoy it and pass it on to other people to enjoy as well

public goods

a type of journalism, driven by citizen forums, that goes beyond telling the news to embrace a broader mission of improving the quality of public life; also called civic journalism

public journalism

in the 1920s, studios developed a number of practices on how movies were made. making them as efficient as possible. production of movies like a factory system

rationalizing production

Janelle prefers movies with strong female characters. For this reason, The Hunger Games trilogy is one of her favorite movie series. Janelle has a preference for which aspect of the standard narrative structure in film?

recognizable character types

To distinguish their approach from the commercialism of newspapers, early magazines...

refused to carry advertisements. By the mid-nineteenth century, though, most magazines contained ads.

national magazines whose content is tailored to the interests of different geographic areas

regional editions

Often managed by immigrants, nickelodeons

required a minimal investment.

an underlying value held by many U.S. journalists and citizens, it assumes that businesspeople should compete with one another not primarily to maximize profits but to increase prosperity for all

responsible capitalism

In embracing one of the journalistic values, reporters sometimes naïvely assume that businesspeople compete with one another not primarily to maximize profits but "to create increased prosperity for all." This value was called _____ by Herbert Gans.

responsible capitalism.

screening committees at research institutions that evaluate all research projects relative to their potential harm to participants

review board

addresses a person's right to be left alone, without his or her name, image, or daily activities becoming public property

right to privacy

traced to beginning of 20th century. used PR to improve its image in the midst of the labor movement. Also used for propaganda demonstration. Wars have been sold to us through PR. First WW was the birth of the power of the PR industry.

roots in the PR industry

length of time when a film is out in the theatre (usually 3 weeks)

run

the strategy of inundating a variety of print and visual media with ads aimed at target audiences

saturation advertising

on the continuum of extremely local to global, which news are we targeting? a local-global continuum

scale

under every narrative, what makes them a narrative is an underlying story. equilibrium is how the story starts (normalcy). disruption disrupts the normal. return to equilibrium is the resolution of the story that makes it go back to normal.

schematic definition: (equilibrium/disruption/return to equilibrium)

other parts of society that are significant in shaping us or socializing us, but they don't play as big of a role as primary socializing agents. not as foundational.

secondary socializing agents

part of the 1934 Communications Act; it mandates that during elections, broadcast stations must provide equal opportunities and response time for qualified political candidates

section 315

build off of the proven commodity. a franchise gets built over time that has a for sure audience or fan base. (EX: harry potter or marvel)

sequels (franchising)

laws protecting the confidentiality of key interview subjects and reporters' rights not to reveal the sources of controversial information used in news stories

shield laws

common element of films. way in which convos are edited and put together. shot of one person in the convo and then reverse shot of her perspective of who she is talking to. conversations are often a variation of this technique.

shot/reverse shot

all the things we see around us are_________ and send out meaning for people to interpret (aka tshirt=casual)

signifying

When Nellie Bly faked insanity to get inside an asylum in the 1880s, she was following which ethical position?

situational ethics

Edward moved in next door to Darcy and set up a lawn mower repair business in his garage. He was popular in the neighborhood, and soon his business was doing well. Darcy didn't like the noise from the repair business and began telling other neighbors on the block that Edward was a drug dealer, even though he was not. Before long, Edward's business declined; he eventually had to shut it down. Darcy's statements about Edward constitute:

slander.

in advertising, a catchy phrase that attempts to promote or selling a product by capturing its essence in words.

slogan

an underlying value held by many U.S. journalists and citizens, it favors the small over the large and the rural over the urban

small-town pastoralism

an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social station

snob-appeal approach

a model for journalism and speech, influenced by the libertarian model, that encourages the free flow of information to citizens so they can make wise decisions about political and often more social issues

social responsibility model

a model for journalism and speech in which the press functions as a Fourth Estate, monitoring the three branches of government for abuses of power, and provides information necessary for self-governance.

social responsibility model of expression

cultural conservatives believed culture should elevate people and make us better educated and better people

social uplift (of culture in culture of industry)

advertisings growing impact on our culture and society has shifted us from thinking of ourselves as producers to thinking of ourselves as consumers. also, citizens to consumers. we increasingly were spoken to through ads as consumers works to shift how we think of ourselves when we are referred to as consumers.

socio-cultural impacts of advertising

what you hear in a film. diagetic _____ that appear in the movie and the world the characters are in. non-diagetic sound is the sounds is the sound elements the audience hears but the characters in the film do not.

sound

Many consider Hollywood's Golden Age as beginning in 1915 with innovations in feature-length narrative film in the silent era, peaking with the introduction of

sound and the development of the classic Hollywood style, and ending with the transformation of the Hollywood studio system after World War II.

in TV journalism, the equivalent of a quote in print; the part of a news report in which an expert, a celebrity, a victim, or a person on the street is interviewed about some aspect of an event or issue.

sound bite

The part of a broadcast news report in which an expert, a celebrity, a victim, or a person-in-the-street responds to some aspect of an event or issue is called a:

sound bite.

in the days before modern advertising, individuals who purchased space in newspapers and sold it to various merchants

space brokers

films that were sci-fi famed themselves on special effects, blowing things up and car chases. something exciting to look at thats not character development. appealing to teens and international tix sales

spectacle and f/x

Martin works in the advertising department of a local car dealership. He buys ad space for the dealership in Sports Illustrated several times a year. What is this type of magazine edition called?

split-run

editions of national magazines that tailor ads to different geographic areas

split-run editions

length of movie used to range from 10 min to 4 hours. the unpredictability was inefficient, and the industry decided to standardize product. assumed length of movie established when the film industry became industrialized.

standardization of length

Criticism of movies in the early twentieth century focused on all of the following areas EXCEPT the:

steep admission price.

narrative is made up of both of these. story is sequence of events in chronological order. line up all the elements in the story. discourse is how the story is told. choices that the filmmaker makes to tell the story creatively. (EX: flashback and then story like in Bolt)

story v. discourse

- studio has a new film, three week run in zone 1, then pull it for a few months for clearance period. After this, move it to zone two for a second run for a few weeks. several month clearance period until released into zone 3 - this model was used because people at this time could only see movies in a theatre. only opportunity to make money off of a film was in theatre's. Allowed the film to be in circulation for a long time. could change ticket prices and lower the prices over zones. could reach consumers who could afford different amounts. -word-of-mouth advertising: if zone 1 run went well and had good media coverage, zone 2 run would draw a lot of people. kept marketing costs low.

strategy: platform distribution

flat panned TV screens. improved sound systems. people are encouraged to create their own home theater. TV became another place for film exhibition and income

streaming/home theaters

an early film production system that constituted a sort of assembly-line process for moviemaking; major film studios controlled not only actors but also directors, editors, writers, and other employees, all of whom worked under exclusive contracts

studio system

a 1950s term that refers to hidden or disguised print and visual messages that allegedly register on the subconscious, creating false needs and seducing people into buying products

subliminal advertising

when the biggest movies get released. key audience was teens who weren't in school.

summer releases

Eli writes a celebrity gossip column for a weekly magazine that also publishes gruesome murder tales and violent accident accounts. What type of magazine does Eli work for?

supermarket tabloid

newspapers that feature bizarre human-interest stories, gruesome murder tales, violent accident accounts, unexplained phenomena stories, and malicious celebrity gossip

supermarket tabloids

Kendra took her niece to a fast-food restaurant to purchase a kids' meal with a miniature Elsa figure from the movie Frozen. This is an example of which practice associated with media conglomerates?

synergy

- copyright laws: help "keep the chicken in the pen". also known as Mickey Mouse protection act. Disney lobbied congress so Mickey would not be in the public domain. protecting their control of MM products -life of author + 50 years -digital rights management tools (tech): right to create our own media with our own purchased digital media products -click-through licenses: terms and conditions we all scroll through when we buy a song or an app

tactics

newspaper, magazines, radio, broadcast, TV, cable, websites, and apps

technologies of production and distribution

Americans now have TV's with TV content and other entertainment for free at home. Movies were less desired. 1947- 90 million Americans went to the movies twice a year. 4 years later, only 54 million.

television

the _________, invented in 1824, a two-sided card with different images on each side that appeared to combine the images when twirled

thaumatrope

Jessie started a cable company in the mid-1980s, one of several companies offering cable service in her region during this time. In 1990, she attempted to merge her company with another cable company in her area but was legally barred from doing so. Why might this business merger have been restricted?

the Celler-Kefauver Act

Hollywood tried to stall the arrival of which technology in the 1970s?

the VCR

was one of the first prominent gay magazines (national)

the advocate

represents all of the people in hollywood. does negotiations to bring the studio "package" together

the agent

- hollywood struggled in the 50s and 60s due to TV suburbanization. - in the 1970s, studios figured out a new formula for movies to bring people back into theatre's. some films were models about how films could be more successful: some say JAWS, Star Wars, and the Excorcist, all 70s blockbusters helped boost the blockbuster formula.

the blockbuster mentality

early film pioneers experiment with the technology of film to tell the story in a unique way. taking 2 shots and putting them together for a purpose.

the development of editing

1903, longer film with a more complex story. all of the films that we watch today. tells a narrative story

the emergence of the complex narrative

The second half of the twentieth century emphasized:

the information-based economy.

Drea considers herself a libertarian, which means she would support:

the publication of pornography.

story begins in the late 1800s, but these practices have been around longer. However, the growing presence of advertisements and values presented in ads have changed our culture. We are a consumer culture, so our values are rooted in that consumer culture.

the rise of advertising and consumer culture

emergence of filmmaking and a community of filmmakers that were developed outside the big Hollywood studios. no studio or big bank funding. new Hollywood that has emerged means that blockbusters will meet indie/outside Hollywood films. a vague term; def: films that were made completely independently from Hollywood financially, production wise, exhibition wise, and distribution wise. Kind of films Hollywood is not likely to make for a profit. NOT blockbuster, rather character development driven instead of special effects driven. mainly appeals to a smaller taste culture.

the rise of indie films

developed in the 50s and 60s where theatre's that had closed in a big city were repurposed. a lucky few theatres owners would show a curtain type movie to a niche audience (EX: foreign films)

the rise of the art house theatre's

era in the history of the American film industry

the studio system (1925-1960s)

a method or "trick" semioticians use to help understand how a certain element of your text has an important role in signifying something. If you swapped out one element of the ad, for example, what would change about the overall mood?

the swap out method

Which of the following was NOT a key trend affecting magazines in the 1950s?

the use of interactive technology

Thomas Edison's lab manufactured a new large-screen system called the

the vitascope

-factors: digital revolution and corporate control -digital revolution: all media technologies converged into one. empowered users to manipulate media content (youtube, GIFS, and mashups) pass a threat to free culture because of corporate control. corporations flipped out when anyone could do anything with their products online. seen as a threat to their copyrighted products. they then sought to impose measures to lock down culture. this effort failed.

threats to free culture

- resist tribal epistemology thinking -seek out multiple sources to escape your bubble -use critical thinking skills -value and support local news media -look for journalism of verification over journalism of assertion

tips for consuming news in a niche nation

This narrative strategy—part of the ______________ of some reporters—is frequently used in political reporting. Many journalists assume that leaders are hiding something and that the reporter's main job is to ferret out the truth through tenacious fact-gathering and gotcha questions.

tough questioning style

Iman is interviewing a local politician accused of graft for a story in her town's weekly newspaper. She researched and prepared carefully for the interview and plans to ask a series of hard-hitting questions to get to the bottom of the situation. This is an example of:

tough questioning style.

reflected in culture aka: something like the Super Bowl

tradition (of culture in culture of industry)

biz that produce our culture are influenced by this. global scale.

trans-national forces (of industry in culture of industry)

1. re-regulation or de-regulation: operation from one country to another was difficult. which American media products could be nurtured into French culture? 2. cold war, untapped market, so western media rushed into former soviet union countries 3. capitalism: private for-profit orgs made these media products 4. new technologies such as the internet connected us all and allowed for the easy exchange of media products on one platform

transnational media and culture

when you evaluate info based on your tribe's values and goals and is backed by tribal leaders rather than on whether it conforms to common standards of evidence or corespondance to a common understanding of the world. what is "good for our side" and what is true begin to blur into one

tribal epistemology

a special effects edit. tricks the viewer into thinking its a single shot when really its two shots put together (mary queen of scotts edit)

trick edit

Traditionally, reporters have aligned facts with an objective position and _____ with subjective feelings.

values

how we interpret a business model. a company's ability to produce, distribute and sell a product. the company controls the distribution and sale of their products (EX: in the book industry, Barnes and Noble is the point of sale for books. if they owned bookstores and forests, they would have even more control.)

vertical integration

short videos or other content that marketers hope will quickly gain widespread attention as users share it with friends online or by word of mouth

viral marketing

Aaron works for 21st Century Fox and earns $67,000 a year. He knows that the executive co-chairman of his company, Rupert Murdoch, made $23.5 million in 2016, or more than 350 times as much as Aaron did. What is this an example of?

wage gap

an English photographer living in America, is credited with being the first to manipulate photographs to make them appear to move. He studied motion by using multiple cameras to take successive photographs of humans and animals in motion. One of Muybridge's first projects involved using photography to determine if a racehorse actually lifts all four feet from the ground at full gallop (it does). By 1880, Muybridge had developed a method for projecting the photographic images onto a wall for public viewing.

Eadweard Muybridge

was plotted to get women to start smoking cigarettes (like Virginia Slims). these images plotted by Bernay's were on the front pages of major newspapers.

Easter Day story

division of labor before the studio system emerged, movies were made on artesional model. one person did everything or was involved. not an efficient way to make a movie. emergence of different jobs in the film industry. this led to longterm contracts.

Employment Practices

a large-screen movie projection system developed by Thomas Edison

Vitascope

Three common mythical elements are found in many types of ads:

-Ads incorporate myths in mini-story form, featuring characters, settings, and plots. -Most stories in ads involve conflicts, pitting one set of characters or social values against another. -Such conflicts are negotiated or resolved by the end of the ad, usually by applying or purchasing a product. In advertising, the product and those who use it often emerge as the heroes of the story.

social changes led by U.S. advertising in the twentieth century

-First, it significantly influenced the transition from a producer-directed to a consumer-driven society. By stimulating demand for new products, advertising helped manufacturers create new markets and recover product start-up costs quickly. From farms to cities, advertising spread the word—first in newspapers and magazines and later on radio and television. -Second, advertising promoted technological advances by showing how new machines—such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines, and cars—could improve daily life. -Third, advertising encouraged economic growth by increasing sales. To meet the demand generated by ads, manufacturers produced greater quantities, which reduced their costs per unit; however, they did not always pass these savings on to consumers.

established in 1917—tried to minimize government oversight by urging ad agencies to refrain from making misleading product claims.

American Association of Advertising Agencies

An organization supported by advertising agencies, advertisers, and publishers that verifies circulation and other marketing data on newspapers and magazines for the benefit of its members.

Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC)

a model for journalism and speech that tolerates little public dissent or criticism of government; it holds that the general public needs guidance from an elite and educated ruling class.

Authoritarian model of expression

According to Figure 14.1 which of the following behaviors is covered in the Minimize Harm section of the Society of Professional Journalists' (SPJ's) Code of Ethics?

Be cautious about identifying juvenile suspects.

smaller and only have a handful of clients and offer specialized services

Botique agencies

Disney's first step in making the studio into a major player was the founding of which distribution company in 1953?

Buena Vista

-Moral beliefs - tradition -national identity -social uplift -democratic values

CULTURE of culture industry

a description or reading of an object or sign that taps into culture and historically specific knowledge to analyze that object

Connotation

_____ narratives speak to central myths and values in an accessible language that often bridges global boundaries.

Consensus

Why hasn't the growth of the advertising industry diminished in the face of critical cultural feedback?

Consumers continue to be fascinated by ads. Many modern consumers buy magazines or watch the Super Bowl just for the advertisements, and adolescents decorate their rooms with their favorite ads and identify with the images certain products convey.

The legal right granted to an author, composer, playwright, publisher, or distributor to exclusive publication, production, sale, or distribution of a literary, musical, dramatic, or artistic work

Copyright

media industries are obsessed with how to protect their copyright laws, especially now due to digital

Copyright Control

source of this is free culture. when ideas are free to flow or "roam," a culture will be more free, creative, and innovative

Creativity and Innovation

indie vibe films with a cult audience and "shocking content" (think Pulp Fiction). things that would never be shown in mainstream Hollywood. made on your own where ever you wanted.

Cult Films in the 70s and 80s

(really re-regulation) conglomeration took off because ending of certain gov regulations. before, conglomeration did not exist. anti-trust laws and such that before made sure conglomeration did not occur

De-regulation

the production format that is replacing celluloid film and revolutionizing filmmaking because the cameras are more portable and production costs are much less expensive

Digital Video

Following the 2008 financial crisis, a number of megamedia firms were overleveraged and thus sold off some assets. Which event is NOT an example of this?

Disney sold Buena Vista.

modes, tech, and biz strategies used to distribute movies from studios to the theatre's where the public can view them

Distribution

big studios realized their old biz strategy would not work anymore. studios became small and laid off a lot of long-term workers. a lot of these unemployed workers created their own production companies to make things for TV. got rid of a lot of back lots, sets, and sold off infrastructure. had to sell off movie palaces by law. made less movies per year. B-movies no longer existed, instead, TV was like B-movies

Downsizing

involves the process of putting two or more shots together. pacing is how frequently an _____ appears in a scene. lots of short shots edited together or vice-versa. shapes the pacing of the film. type of edit is the choices filmmaker makes to put two shots of a scene together

Editing

PR is the attempt by information, persuasion, and adjustment to engineer public support for an activity, cause, institution or movement. we can see how this emerged from elitism. Struck anxiety and fear in greater population. Makes people think of brainwashing

Edward Bernays definition of PR

Who introduced the investigative model of journalism to television in the 1950s?

Edward R. Murrow

early 20th century. same period where U.S. was undergoing serious shifts in immigration and industrialism. Anglo-Saxan elites that were used to controlling American society and culture were threatened by these uneducated people. In this context, what happens in a democracy when a majority rules, but what happens when that majority is uneducated and uninformed? If this is the majority, how will we take a path forward? You use PR.

Elitism

narrative scholars use this to refer to parts of the story that aren't included in the narrative. (EX: avengers end game opens with them reuniting and killing thanos, but then it goes to five years later).

Ellipsis

an underlying value held by many U.S. journalists and citizens, it involves judging other countries and cultures according to how they live up to or imitate American practices and ideals.

Ethnocentrism

The argument is that news is reverting to a partisan model like that of the 18th century because with the rise in technology there are more outlets for news are niche audiences are created, like Fox News

Explain the values shift in journalism today from a more detached or neutral model to a more partisan or assertion model.

when you edit a sequence together, the eyelines must match to have the audience not feel disoriented

Eye-line matching

the conditions under which you can use material that is copyrighted by someone else without paying royalties

Fair Use

repealed in 1987, this FCC rule required broadcast stations to both air and engage in controversial-issue programs that affected their communities and, when offering such programming, to provide competing points of view

Fairness Doctrine

In 1912, Adolph Zukor hired a number of popular actors and formed which movie company?

Famous Players Company

a federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices

Federal Trade Commission

Which statement about contemporary magazines is FALSE?

Fewer magazine voices circulate in the marketplace than do broadcast or cable television channels. Actually, more, not fewer, magazine voices circulate in the marketplace than do broadcast or cable television channels.

the "rules" for a film. meaning how the shots should be put together, or how long a film should be. the rule book emerged in the classical hollywood film era. these rules do evolve and change over time, but very slowly. Films in other countries (bollywood) have their own of this.

Film Grammar

discusses how different filmmakers have different styles to their films. have to find patterns in the four techniques of filmmaking

Film Style

Prohibited interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded food, drinks, and drugs. Government pre-approval of drugs is required.

Food and Drug Act of 1906

Akua wants to make it in journalism, but he is not willing to compromise his ethics. He believes he should treat potential sources as he would want to be treated by a reporter, with respect, honesty, and fairness. Akua believes in the:

Golden Rule.

which statement about Google is true?

Google is part of the film/TV, Internet, and retail book oligopolies.

to help with high risk, media industries had to format media products, such as films and TV shows into genres so they have a targeted audience.

Formatting

the notion that the press operates as an unofficial branch of government, monitoring the legislative, judicial, and executive branches for abuses of power

Fourth Estate

Which of the following captured sound on film for the first time?

Fox studio premiered sound-film newsreels.

a concept that critics have put forward to describe the ways in which culture actually functioned for a millenia. they would argue that since the beginning of civilization, cultures have been free, in the sense that they operated through the free circulation and flow of information and ideas (not free as in pay for it, but rather free-roaming chickens that aren't penned)

Free Culture

Newspaper published in Warsaw, Poland; It covers the gamut of political, international and general news from a liberal perspective.

Gazeta Wyborcza

a narrative category in which conventions regarding similar characters, scenes, structures, and themes recur in combination

Genre

What was the first publication to use the term magazine?

Gentleman's Magazine The first publication to use the term magazine was Gentleman's Magazine, which appeared in London in 1731 and consisted of reprinted articles from newspapers, books, and political pamphlets.

In 1884, _____________ (founder of Eastman Kodak) developed the first roll film—a huge improvement over the heavy metal and glass plates used to make individual photos. The first roll film had a paper backing that had to be stripped off during the film developing stage.

George Eastman

Some of the earliest narrative films were produced and directed by which French magician and inventor?

Georges Méliès

The options for ad formats have grown immensely with the move to tabletsAudio, video, tap and reveal, and panoramic viewsMigrate to digital distribution (which also promises savings over the printing and physical distribution of glossy paper magazines). The number of magazines with iPad aps had grown rapidly.

How do digital editions of magazines change the format of magazine advertising?

the ethical responsibilities of media corporations: 1.) they should compensate their workers with a fair and sustaining wage 2.) they should produce media content that is more than just profitable and contributes to society in some positive way

How do media companies distribute content, set prices, and generate profit while living up to society's expectations?

When journalists report on business issues today, they mainly try to answer which question?

How do these business changes affect consumers?

- association principle: associates a product with a positive cultural value or image even if it has little connection to the product. -makes it easier for consumers to relate with the products being advertised

How does the association principle or, and why is it an effective way to analyze advertising?

It involves dominating all levels of the movie business-production, distribution, and exhibition- and gave studios great power, eventually creating an oligopoly.

How does vertical integration work in the film business?

People prefer to view movies in their home, and so movies were formatted to be viewed in-home. The film industry also introduced technologies that films used in theatre but were not viewable in home.

How has home entertainment changed the film industry?

a format for film presentation that records at such high resolution that it allows presentation of films at far larger sizes than the conventional one

IMAX

-private -oligopoly -for profit -trans national forces

INDUSTRY of culture industry

Jin is an advocate of the communist model. With which statement would Jin most likely agree?

Ideas that challenge the authority of the state should not be tolerated.

a community that you feel you belong to and identify with. In which members will interact on a face-to-face basis with a small fraction of people. made up of people who interact socially (EX: national chapter org. of a sorority one may belong to. you identify with a nationwide community, but your community is really the chapter you interact with.)

Imagined Communities

With the internet, all forms of journalism is able to come together. Due to lack of constraints, reports are capable of putting images and video clips and full interviews online. Reporters can have email interviews instead of leaving their office. The internet encourages people to copy their own news stories from other papers.

In what ways has the Internet influenced traditional forms of journalism? Alternative Models: Public Journalism and "Fake" News

Which of the following is NOT a concern associated with advertising prescription drugs directly to consumers with television ads?

Increased ad spending by pharmaceutical companies has driven up TV ad rates across the board.

an issue related to appropriate broadcast content; the government may punish broadcasters for indecency or profanity after the fact, and over the years a handful of radio stations have had their licenses suspended or denied over indecent programming

Indecency

In broadcasting, the term _____ refers to profanity.

Indecency.

aspects of the film industry that emerged to help indie filmmakers. video stores are a huge infrastructure for indie films (or were. now its streaming).

Indie Infrastructure

studios like MiraMax or A24. both dominant studios in the world of indie filmmaking. wanted to convince theaters that indie films should play in multiplexes for a wider release.

Indie Studios

an underlying value held by most US journalists and citizens, it favors individual rights and responsibilities above group needs or institutional mandates

Individualism

Which of the following is NOT a criterion journalists are taught to rely on when selecting and developing news stories?

Individualism*

Friendly HUAC witnesses included all of the following members of the film industry EXCEPT

Ingmar Bergman (1918-2007)

The distributor of Roberto Rossellini's film Il Miracolo (The Miracle) sued the New York Film Licensing Board for banning the film, and the case made it all the way to the Supreme Court in 1952. What effect did the Supreme Court's decision in the Miracle case have on the film industry?

It rendered most activities of film review boards unconstitutional.

Who wrote the book Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, which was accompanied by the Depression-era photography of Walker Evans and confronted the horrors of that era?

James Agee

Marlowe is planning to write an exposé on illegal labor practices at a local manufacturing plant. If her newspaper takes an absolutist ethical position, what statement represents Marlowe's BEST choice of action?

Marlowe should interview company officials, employees, and former employees for information on the company's labor practices.

these two studios merge. with this, we see more mergers in Hollywood. usually a mergence of indie studios with big Hollywood studios (such as this merger)

MiraMax and Disney

Shakespeare In Love (1998) was the first MiraMax film to win best picture at the Academy Awards

MiraMax and the Academy Awards

All of the elements placed in front of the camera to be photographed: the settings and props, lighting, costumes and makeup, and figure behavior.

Mise-en-scene

emphasizes describing events and issues from a seemingly neutral point of view.

Modern Model

in media economics, an organizational structure that occurs when a single firm dominates production and the distribution in a particular industry, either nationally or locally.

Monopoly

In 1989, Oldsmobile began running its "This is not your father's Oldsmobile" campaign, a series of ads featuring celebrity endorsements and targeting younger consumers. In the end, the campaign backfired, alienating older loyal customers and failing to lure younger buyers. Sales of Oldsmobiles dropped, and GM eventually phased out the Oldsmobile division. What does this example tell us about advertising?

Most people are not easily persuaded by advertising.

shift in the film industry. extremely large and elaborate theatre's with red velvet plush seats and curtain. lighting design,. gold design in the ceiling. designed to reflect a Chinese palace or a middle east palace etc. to transport the audience. also designed to appeal to upper and middle class people to go to the movies. no longer just immigrants. some could seat up to 2000 people.

Movie Palaces (1915- )

Which statement about the silent film era is FALSE?

Movies were seen solely as novelty entertainment during the silent era.

For a women's studies class, Jody has to research feminist publications. Which magazine would be a good place to start?

Ms. Ms. magazine, founded in 1972 by Gloria Steinem, incorporated feminist content. It would be a good place for Jody to start.

reporters who used a style of early-twentieth-century investigative journalism that emphasized a willingness to crawl around in society's muck to uncover a story

Muckrakers

the action of searching out and publicizing scandalous information about famous people in an underhanded way.

Muckraking

theaters with multiple screens

Multiplex theaters

(1915) movies are a business so not given amendment rights of free speech (last 30 years), result from "The Birth of a Nation"

Mutual v. Ohio

The first full-service modern ad agency,_______________, worked primarily for advertisers and product companies rather than for newspapers. Opening in 1869 in Philadelphia, the agency helped create, write, produce, and place ads in selected newspapers and magazines.

N. W. Ayer & Son

Jordan likes to stream films from Europe via the Internet on his computer. What service might he use?

Netflix

weekly ten-minute magazine-style compilations of filmed news events from around the world organized in a sequence of short reports; prominent in movie theaters between the 1920s and the 1950s

Newsreels

the often unstated criteria that journalists use to determine which events and issues should become news reports, including timeliness, proximity, conflict, prominence, human interest, consequence, usefulness, novelty, and deviance

Newsworthiness

Journalists are taught to select and develop news stories relying on criteria for:

Newsworthiness.

the first small makeshift movie theaters, which were often converted cigar stores, pawnshops, or restaurants redecorated to mimic vaudeville theaters

Nickelodeons

Tara is running for the city council seat currently held by Winston, who is running for reelection. Yesterday, Winston held a press conference to announce that a new budget deal had been reached, and it was broadcast on a local TV station. Tara feels that the broadcast gave Winston an unfair advantage; she wants the TV station to give her free airtime to respond. Is the TV station required to give Tara free airtime? Why or why not?

No, the TV station does not have to give Tara free airtime because the press conference is considered news.

a non for profit magazine for the gay community to bring them together. Won supreme court case against CA post master general to send their magazine through USPS

ONE Magazine

- guiding principle v. goal - objectivity as a process - degrees of objectivity - no one and no set of practices is ever bias-free, but some practices, processes, and institutions work to limit biases more than others

Objectivity

expression that is not protected as speech if these three legal tests are all met: (1) the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the material as a whole appeals to prurient interest; (2) the material depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way; (3) the material, as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.

Obscenity

in media economics, an organizational structure in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources

Oligopoly

TV, music, and film have all undergone this

Oligopoly (of industry in culture of industry)

they brand their news station as the people you can trust. In today's climate, local news are under a lot of pressure to be profitable. Budget cuts lead to fewer journalists to produce the same amount of news. They are vulnerable to free, pre-packaged news that allow them to produce programming cheaply and efficiently. the PR industry has used this vulnerability to transform local news into a promotion opportunity for their clients. (grape seed extract story).

PR's effect on local news

promotes that public relations helps organizations and its publics adapt mutually to one another. They came up with this definition to distance itself from questionable roots by restating what its institution involves

PRSA (Public Relations Society of America)

the 1948 U.S. Supreme Court decision that ended vertical integration in the film industry by forcing the studios to divest themselves of their theaters

Paramount Decision

Coinciding with the Hollywood 10, the govt. increased scrutiny of the movie industry's business practices and attempted to break vertical oligopoly. Over time, the studios were forced to divest themselves of their theaters.

Paramount Decision of 1948

stresses analyzing occurrences and advocating remedies from an acknowledged point of view

Partisan or European model

Which of the following was NOT one of the four mega-agencies in existence in 2017?

Peterson Milla Hooks (PMH) PMH is an independent boutique agency in Minneapolis; it was not one of the four mega-agencies in existence in 2017.

blue=US public green= journalists

Pew State of News Media/Annenburg Poll (lecture)

the use of photos to document events and people's lives

Photojournalism

an orientation for assessing whether to use a global versus local marketing strategy concentrating on a high-tech to high-touch continuum

Product Standardization

refers to the work involved in making movies and the companies that make these movies

Production

the end of the copyright period for a work, at which point the public may begin to access it for free

Public Domain

exaggerated or false praise

Puffery

a legal right allowing journalists to report judicial or legislative proceedings even though the public statements being reported may be libelous

Qualified Privilege

Supreme Court upheld restrictions on radio and television broadcasting. These restrictions on broadcast media are much tighter than those on the print media because there are only a limited number of broadcasting frequencies available

Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969)

helped bring about the end of the studio system and the golden age of film. period in the late 40s to early 50s had a lot of people anxious about communists in post WWII America. congress held hearings where people would come in and have to testify to prove they were not a communist. Hollywood got caught up in this because movies were a dominant form of pop culture. Hollywood 10 were jailed for refusing to testify to congress. the hearings were bad press for the industry, and had a chilling effect on creative minds when they could be accused of communism with little evidence

Red Scare

The first political magazine, called the _________, appeared in London in 1704.

Review

in law, spoken language that defames a person's character

Slander

the process by which why we become who we become. process by now we think the way we do, have the value systems we have, and behave the way we do.

Socialization

a computer term referring to unsolicited e-mail

Spam

a model for journalism and speech that places control in the hands of an enlightened government, which speaks for ordinary citizens and workers in order to serve the common goals of the state

State Model

change in the structure of American cities. highest rates of suburbanization. baby-boom and economic boom. enormous problem for film industry, changing relationship between Hollywood and its consumers. theatre's were integrated into urban fabric of life organized around a downtown biz core. when out in the burbs, movie theatre's were not as easily accessible, so going to see a movie was less common

Suburbanization

Landmark libel case in which New York Times argued for unfettered reporting of public officials

Sullivan decision

Why were the FCC's net neutrality rules rejected by federal courts twice?

The FCC had not defined the Internet as a utility.

While Nelson was watching live news coverage of a demonstration in Washington, D.C., on a Saturday afternoon, he heard a protester in the background briefly shouting profanity. Upset by what he had heard, Nelson went online and filed a formal complaint with the FCC. How is the FCC most likely to respond?

The FCC will not take any action against the TV station.

Which statement about the introduction of sound in movies is true?

The Movietone method became film's standard sound system.

a multibillion dollar industry that manipulates public opinion, news, info, and public policy on behalf of its clients. $ spent in PR is usually spent by big corporations and gov.

The PR industry is...

The Star Wars movies follow a central character on a heroic quest and feature the classic conflict between good and evil. In this way, the Star Wars series is an example of which aspect of film?

The Star Wars movies speak to a central myth and bridge global boundaries. In this way, the series is an example of a consensus narrative.

Silent-film comedian Fatty Arbuckle was acquitted of rape and manslaughter in 1922, but the movie industry banned him from acting in Hollywood. Why?

The movie industry wanted to send a signal about the kinds of values and lifestyles it would tolerate.

Why did nickelodeons flourish at the turn of the twentieth century?

The silent films they showed transcended language barriers.

Kelly wants to become a reporter for an online magazine as an interpretive journalist. Which popular general-interest print magazine would be Kelly's BEST choice if she wants to find examples of this type of journalism?

Time Time developed a magazine brand of interpretive journalism, assigning reporter-researcher teams to cover stories, after which a rewrite editor would put the article in narrative form with an interpretive point of view. To find examples of this type of journalism, Time would be a good choice for Kelly.

First, they generate revenue when consumers buy a book, song, game, movie, newspaper, magazine, or subscription—whether directly through them or through a retailer. This monetary transaction used to rely on brick-and-mortar stores or the mail, and we used to be able to hold a media product—like a magazine or a music CD—in our hands. Now we buy much of our media online, often through the devices of media companies themselves (such as a Google Pixel phone), and most of our media purchases are digital. The other way media companies generate revenue is through advertisements that support the product, such as TV and radio shows, newspapers, most magazines, and many websites. These media products seem free to us, but actually advertisers are paying for our attention as we engage with the content. As consumers of advertising-based media, we have to work for the "free" content by giving our time and attention to commercial sponsors.

Two ways media companies make money:

Disney has also come to epitomize the synergistic possibilities of media consolidation. It can produce an animated feature for both theatrical release and DVD distribution, place a cartoon version of a movie on ABC's Saturday morning schedule, release a book version through its publishing arm, and characters can become attractions at its theme parks. Disney continues to find new revenue in both entertainment and distribution through a global reach. Throughout the history of Disney, it wasn't till they began to expand and synergize that they began to make large amounts of profits. Synergy allows markets to earn profits and advance technological innovations.

Using Disney as an example, what is the role of synergy in the current climate of media mergers?

a market-research strategy that divides consumers into types and measures psychological factors, including how consumers think and feel about products and how they achieve (or do not achieve) the lifestyles to which they aspire

Values and Lifestyles (VALS)

included short movies as their evening line up for entertainment

Vaudeville and Motion Pictures (1896-1905)

Ariel works for HuffPost and has to attend a meeting at the headquarters of the parent company. Which company is hosting this meeting?

Verizon

in media economics, the phenomenon of controlling a mass media industry at its three essential levels: production, distribution, and exhibition; the term is most frequently used in reference to the film industry

Vertical Integration

Under the watchful eye of the War Advertising Council, private companies joined in the campaign to promote wartime patriotism, while positioning themselves and their brand names for the postwar world.

War Advertising Council

The major magazine chains are Time Warner, Rodale Press, the Meredith Corporation, the Hearst Corporation, Conde Nast, Paris-based Hachette Filipacchi, and New York City-based PRIMEDIA. In general, their impact on the mass media industry is limited b/c most American magazines are local, regional, or specialized and therefore less exportable than this country's movies and tv.

What are the major magazine chains, and what is their impact on the mass media industry in general?

Box office revenue, video sales, cable/television outlets, distribution in foreign markets, independent theater film distribution(small studios hire large ones to get the large studios name on their film), and merchandising.

What are the various ways in which major movie studios make money from the film business?

Of pressing concern is the impact of mergers on news operations, particularly the influence of large corporations on their news subsidiaries. These companies have the capacity to use major news resources to promote their products and determine national coverage. The harshest critics say that this hampers the development of native cultures and negatively influences teenagers, who abandon their own rituals to adopt American tastes. Supporters argue that a universal popular culture creates a global village and fosters communication across national borders. Media managers fear political fallout: "the revolution of rising expectations."

What do critics and activists fear most about the concentration of media ownership? How do media managers and executives respond to these fears?

allows companies to disassociate with negative corporate images. large companies present products as if they were from smaller business

What is a disassociation corollary?

commercial speech: any print or broadcast expression for which a fee is charged to organizations and individuals buying time or space in the mass media

What is commercial speech?

when people discuss social and political issues before they together elect a new political official. This relates to journalism because public journalism allows for this conversation

What is deliberative democracy, and what does it have to do with journalism?

-product placement: strategically placing ads or buying space so producers appear as part of a story, set, or environment - MSNBC's show Morning Joe: "Brewed by Starbucks" in the label, Coca-Cola in American Idol, " Man of Steel: most product placements even in a film

What is product placement? Cite examples.

PUBLIC JOURNALISM:it moves beyond the limited mission of telling the news to a broader mission of helping public life go well, and acts out that imperative it moves from detachment to being a fair-minded participant in public life

What is public journalism? In what ways is it believed to make journalism better?

-puffer ads: ads featuring hyperbole and exaggeration -deception: ads that are likely to misled reasonable consumers based on statements in the ad or because they omit information When the FTC discovers these ads it usually requires advertisers to change them or remove them from circulation.

What is the difference between puffer and deception in advertising? How can the FTC regulate deceptive ads?

They lowered costs which attracted readers and the changed the content of the magazines as well. They began to engage in Yellow Journalism. And began to tackle down stories with Muckrackers whom crawled through society and uncovered stories to the public.

What role did magazines play in social reform at the turn of the 20th century?

news satires tell their audiences something that seems truthful about politicians and how they try to manipulate media and public opinion these shows use humor to critique the news media and our political system much greater range of emotion is presented -- a range that may match our own -- than we get from our detached "hard news" anchors: more amazement, irony, outrage, laughter, and skepticism while these shows mock the formulas that real TV programs have long used, he also presents an informative and insightful look at current events and the way "traditional" media cover them satirical news offer entertainment and a way to stay current with what's going on in the world

What role do satirical news programs like SNL's "Weekend Update," The Daily Show, and Last Week Tonight play in the world of journalism?

The general trend away from mass market publications and toward specialty magazines paralleled radio's move to specialized formats in the 1950s. with the rise of tv in the same decade, magazines reacted the same way radio did by adapting and trading the mass audience for a smaller and more discrete audience that could be guaranteed to advertisers. it led to regional editions and demographic editions as variations of specialty

What triggered the move toward magazine specialization?

They became popular after WWI and through the 1950's because they offered occasional investigative article but also covered a wide variety of topics aimed at broad national audience.

When and why did general-interest magazines become so popular?

even though the demise of popular periodicals at the peak of their circulations seems inexplicable, their fall illustrates a key economic shift in the media history as well as a crucial moment in the conversion TO AN ELECTRONICALLY ORIENTED CULTURE. changing consumer tastes, rising postal costs, and television also contributed.

Why did some of the major general-interest magazines fail in the 20th century?

They are dependent on experts because they rely on outside sources for every story. With their access to experts, reporters transform specialized and insider knowledge into the everyday commonsense language of news stories. Experts make articles believable and more credible.

Why have reporters become so dependent on experts?

Why is getting a story first important to reporters? competition -- news media competes to be the first to report important developments and because of the battle for newspaper circulation and broadcast ratings. Editors are often reluctant to back away from a story once it starts circulating. reporters often evade authority figures to secure a story ahead of the competition journalistic scoops and exclusive stories attempt to portray reporters in a heroic light: they have won a race for facts, which they have gathered and presented ahead of their rivals.more revenue/economic reasons more audience Cultural: we expect things quicker, look down on news organizations that don't get us this information quickly Although readers and viewers might value the aggressiveness of reporters, the earliest reports are not necessarily better, more accurate, or as complete as stories written later with more context and perspective

Why is getting a story first important to reporters?

Because of illegal downloading of movies which gives the studio no money

Why is the internet a potential threat to the movie industry, and how is the industry responding?

Which statement about U.S. film distribution is true?

World War I was beneficial for U.S. movie distribution.

Which rating did the MPAA stop issuing by 1989?

X rating

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Yellow Journalism

Self-published magazines are known as:

Zines

self-published magazines produced on personal computer programs or on the internet

Zines

Introduced in 1834 -was a cylinder that rapidly twirled, which made the images inside appear to move

Zoetrope

Which ethical position suggests that a moral society has laws and codes, including honesty, that everyone must live by?

absolutist ethics

Marshall works at an ad agency, and it is his job to combine the views of clients, the creative team, and consumers in developing effective advertising strategies. Which position does Marshall hold at the ad agency?

account planner Marshall is an account planner, whose role is to develop an effective advertising strategy by combining the views of the client, the creative team, and consumers.

point out a certain dynamic in advertising. every time advertisers come up w/ a new strategy to persuade consumers or change consumer behavior, eventually consumers get synical about ad techniques. impacts of certain ads can wear off, so advertisers always have to keep up. (EX: bench ads used to be innovative and now they are trashy).

ad creep

Publications like Harper's New Monthly Magazine helped transform magazines into a mass medium by:

adding visual language.

secures clients, arranges promotions, and places ads. Like radio stations, network television stations, and basic cable television stations, consumer magazines are heavily reliant on advertising revenue.

advertising and sales department of magazines

- "buy this product": point of the ad as a whole - "this is the way the world works": buy this iphone because this is the way the world is... everyone has an iphone - "happiness comes from buying things": you will be happier if you buy this product

advertisings multiple messages

To become a mass medium, early silent films had to do which of the following?

aid the suspension of disbelief

corporations are still trying to engineer public support. in that way, they are strategically communicating w/ us because they have an agenda. All communication, though, is strategic. for example, the parent situation used in lecture when they ask you what you did over the weekend.

all communication is strategic

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

altruism

Thandi is a new reporter at her paper and wants to be treated with dignity. She also wants to succeed, but not at the expense of others. She has just heard that a well-known actor is in town filming a movie. If she plans to follow the Golden Rule, which action should Thandi take?

ask her editor if she can request an interview with the actor

in advertising, a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product

association principle

The _____ is a persuasive technique used in most consumer ads that links a product with a positive cultural value or image.

association principle The association principle is a persuasive technique used in most consumer ads that associates a product with a positive cultural value or image, even if it has little connection to the product.

Why is it a good idea for a magazine to link subscriptions to organizational membership?

audience loyalty

a model for journalism and speech that tolerates little public dissent or criticism of government; it holds that the general public needs guidance from an elite and educated ruling class

authoritarian model

In 2010, Allstate Insurance Company began running a series of ads featuring a character called Mayhem, who personified the potential disasters that could cause people to incur financial loss, such as damage to a home from bad weather and auto accidents caused by careless drivers. These ads suggested that purchasing insurance from Allstate could help protect consumers from Mayhem. Which persuasive advertising technique do the Mayhem ads use?

hidden fear approach

PR practices are rooted in the assumption that it's easier to sway public opinion if the tools or tactics that you're using are invisible and unknown to the audience. powerful PR people manipulate the public which has raised concern on those hidden tactics.

hidden tactics

an advertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief

hidden-fear appeal

lots of people involved in making media products know it costs a lot to make them. but reproduction costs is "printing" costs, which are extremely low. consequences/responses

high production costs and low reproduction costs

media industry is a risky business due to the unpredictability of how a media product will sell well. rooted in audience's taste's. what TV shows will be a hit with audience's? very hard to predict.

high risk/unpredictable

Cinerama, CinemaScope, and VistaVision all arrived in movie theaters in the 1950s, bringing all EXCEPT which feature?

high-definition viewing

news accounts that focus on the trials and tribulations of the human condition, often featuring ordinary individuals facing extraordinary challenges

human interest stories