main factors causing the Fronde

what did Omer Talon do in response to the introduction of the toise tax?

warned of riots and provincial parlement resistance unless appeals were heard by the Paris Parlement, forcing the tax's withdrawal

who did Anne and Mazarin alienate?

what should have been their natural, conservative royalist judicial allies

why did the population of France not like Anne and Mazarin?

they were both foreign and the population was xenophobic

what was the state of royal finances?

they were ruined and with the continuation of war and virtual royal bankruptcy, the situation was explosive

what happened with princes of the blood who had roles in the regency council?

they were ultimately denied any central political role by Anne and Mazarin

what did the Paris Parlement become increasingly willing to defend?

various vested interests and tax payers

what did Mazarin preoccupy himself with?

war

what happened to Beaufort after he led an aristocratic gang with aims to murder Mazarin?

he was imprisoned and others sought voluntary exile

what was Anne perceived to be?

heavily under the influence of Mazarin

how high were the debts due to the war?

exceeding 100 million livres

why was Mazarin hated, in regards to the war?

extending the war for personal gain

what did the magistrate Pierre Broussel investigate in August 1648?

financial methods

what did Mazarin do in reaction to the Chambre St. Louis demands?

- accepted - reduced taille by a third - backed down

why did rentiers unite with Parlement against the government and Mazarin?

- because of their loan and bond interest cut - whose expected investment returns were lost

what did the 27 demands of the Chambre St. Louis include?

- greater government role for Paris Parlement (office creation, taxation and royal finances) - the renewal of D'Hemery and intendants

why did Anne commit herself to continuing the war?

- improving French military fortunes - prospect of securing substantial territorial gains

who did the supporters of Parlement's increasing opposition to Mazarin include?

- rentiers - officiers

what were the five main factors in causing the Fronde?

- role of Anne and Mazarin - continuation of Thirty Years War - failure to control nobles' ambition - financial policies - officiers and parlement uniting against the government

what did Mazarin worsen?

- royal debt - opposition to royal policies

why did officiers unite with Parlement against the government and Mazarin?

- whose salaries were cut and tax exemptions lost - whose positions and status devalued through new office proliferation

how much were Parlement salaries in arrears by 1643?

1,200,000 livres

how much did Mazarin borrow, whilst giving high interest rates at the same time?

115 million livres

what had the expenditure reached in 1645?

136 million livres

when was Duc de Longueville admitted to the council?

1648

how much were sovereign court salaries cut by in 1645?

25%

what percentage of the 136 million livres expenditure went on secret expenses?

42%

what personal attacks ensued due to how hated Anne and Mazarin were?

5,000 - 7,000 scurrilous Mazarinade pamphlets swept across Paris during the Frondes

whose brother-in-law was Duc de Longueville?

Conde's

who led the aristocratic gang that conspired to murder Mazarin during 1643-44?

Duc de Beaufort

what did Anne state in sept 1644?

her intention to hold a lit de justice in order to enforce registration of a forced loan scheme on the richest Parisians

what did Mazarin prepare Louis XIV for?

his role as king

who was the secretary of state for war under Anne?

Michel Le Tellier

what did the government try to enforce in 1646-47?

Parisian goods' tariffs

who was the finance minister under Anne?

Patricelli d'Hemery

who was the royal expert on judicial matters under Anne?

Pierre Seguier

who was the war against?

Spain

what was the outcome of Anne's statement of intention to hold a lit de justice in order to enforce registration of a forced loan scheme on the richest Parisians?

a fierce backlash against the then 1645 lit de justice, which Anne made no formal attempt in overruling Paris Parlement until jan 1648

what came of Anne's reshuffle of the royal administration?

a perfect recipe for continuation of royal policies

what was the toise tax?

a tax on houses built near Paris' walls

what role did the Council of state have under Anne?

an advisory role, it ratified policies conjured up by Anne, Mazarin and their inner council

what in regards to the war was not in sight?

any conclusive military victory

what did Anne confront Parlements about in January 1648?

asserting rights to alter edicts (remonstrances)

why did an aristocratic gang, led by Duc de Beaufort, conspire to murder Mazarin during 1643-44?

because of the lack of promised central and provincial political power

what did Paris Parlement's unrest and opposition involve from 1643?

blocking and challenging finance raising measures, judicial reviews and lit de justices

how did the Paris Parlement react to the 1646-47 Parisian goods' tariffs?

by questioning its legality without Parlement's authorisation, and insisted upon registering all future indirect taxes and limited to the tax to 200,000 livres, below estimated 450,000

what had Duc de Beaufort wanted to be?

chief minister, because he was an illegitimate grandson of Henry IV

what were habitually referred to in Mazarinade pamphlets?

concerns about financial mismanagement and embezzlement

what decision did Anne make that was unpopular with the French?

continued fighting in the 30 years war, due to France's expected gain

what did the crown offer in April 1648?

controversial paulette renewal terms, for offices to be hereditary, exempted Paris Parlement and demanded four years' salary

what happened to royal control of taxation?

it deteriorated

what had happened to taxation by 1648?

it had soared to 3 times its 1630 figure

what did the lit de justice in January 1648 that Anne helped Louis hold order?

judges to register new financial edicts, they had to accept: - new office sales - parisian food and wine purchase taxes - tariffs and alienated royal domain tax - the franc-fief tax

who did the aristocratic gang who conspired to murder Mazarin during 1643-44 comprise?

men who wanted to improve their position or restore an old position

whose gabelle exemptions were removed in 1646?

minor officier's

whose salaries were slashed in 1647?

officier's

what was the franc-fief tax?

one on non-nobles who owned property previously owned by nobles

what did Anne have a negligence to?

public interest

what did Anne do in 1643, in regards to the war?

rebuffed Spanish overtures for peace

where were appeal cases for the toise tax referred to?

royal councils and not the Parisian sovereign courts

what was war continued at a great detriment to?

royal finances and popularity

what were sovereign court salaries in, in 1648?

serious arrears

what was rising, in regards to fiscal policies?

socio-economic hardship

what did Mazarin seek?

territorial gain

what implied that Anne and Mazarin had a very close relationship?

the luxurious gifts Mazarin gave to Anne

what did Conde's son inherit in 1646?

the royal household headship and royal council seat

what tax was introduced in March 1644?

the toise tax

what happened to riots and troop use to enforce collection?

they increased

what illegal act did 3 members of 3 sovereign courts commit in May 1648?

they met in the Chambre St.Louis and produced 27 demands