Malaria, a disease caused by a Plasmodium parasite

Plasmodium life cycle in the mosquito: 6 stages: (times)

1. Blood meal 2. 15-50 minutes 3. 24-40 hours 4. 25-50 hours 5. 9-11 days 6. 10-12 days

Where are these species found? 1. Plasmodium hylobati: 2. Plasmodium fieldi 3. Plasmodium cynomolgi 4. Plasmodium simiovale 5. Plasmodium inui 6. Plasmodium knowlesi 7. Plasmodium coatneyi 8. Plasmodium fragile 9. Plasmodium gonderi 10. Plasmodium reichenowi

1. Indonesia, Malaysia (Borneo) 2. Malaysia 3. Southeast Asia 4. Sri Lanka 5. South and East Asia 6. Southeast Asia 7. Malaysia, Filipina 8. Southern India, Sri Lanka 9. Central Africa 10. Africa

What is the cycle of the characteristic fever symptom? What are the 3 stages?

2-3 day cycle Cold stage, Hot stage, Sweating stage

How many days later does an infected person typically develop malaria symptoms?

8 to 30

Plasmodium life cycle in the mosquito: 9-11 days:

9-11 days: sporozoites exit oocyst in hemolymph

P. falciparum carriers (4)

Anopheles balabacensis, A. gambiae, A. freeborni, A. stephensi

Symptoms of infection: (5)

Characteristic fever, Anemia, Renal failure, Seizures and Coma

The parasite form Merozoite invades?

Erythrocytes

Apicoplasts provide the environment for 3 reactions:

Fatty acid synthesis Non-mevalonate isopentenyl diphosphate synthesis Some of the reactions in the heme biosynthesis

Infection appears to stimulate mosquito to?

Feed more frequently

Plasmodium life cycle in the mosquito: 2 steps:

Gametocytes develop into gametes: Macrogametocyte to macrogamete. Microgametocyte displays exflagellation to form microgametes

Mosquitos forms: (4)

Gametocytes, Oocyst, Ookinete and Sporozoite

The parasite form Ookinete invades a mosquitos?

Gut epithelial cells

Malaria is transmitted to humans by the mosquito vector 9 to 17 days after a female Anopheles mosquito does what?

Ingests blood from an infected person

Plasmodium life cycle in the mosquito: 15-60 min after blood meal: 2 steps:

Male and female gametes form zygote Zygote develops into ookinete

Parasite forms: (3)

Merozoite Sporozoite Ookinete

Blood forms: (4)

Merozoites, Rings, Trophozoite and Schizonts

Plasmodium life cycle in the mosquito: 24-40 hours:

Ookinete penetrates and crosses blood meal sac

Plasmodium life cycle in the mosquito: 25-50 hours:

Ookinete transforms into oocyst in midgut epithelium

Which species of Plasmodium causes the most fatalities, is drug resistant, and predominant in the tropics?

P. falciparum

Four main species of Plasmodium infect humans:

P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae

Which species of Plasmodium is uncommon, temperate or subtropics and recrudescence?

P. malariae

Which species of Plasmodium is relapsing and found in West Africa?

P. ovale

Which species of Plasmodium is relapsing and common in the subtropics and is also temperate?

P. vivax

the nuclear encoded genes and apicoplast genes are VERY DIFFERENT to their mammal counterparts and this is important because:

Potential targets for the development of effective drugs to inhibit malaria development

The parasite form Sporozoite invades a mosquitos? (2)

Salivary glands and Liver cells

Plasmodium life cycle in the mosquito: 10-12 days:

Sporozoites enter salivary glands

The main reason that the apicoplast is so interesting is because many of the nuclear encoded genes and apicoplast genes are:

VERY DIFFERENT to their mammal counterparts