MAN 4240 Final
_________ is two or more people who interact in an organized manner to perform a task or activity to achieve a common goal.
A group
_____ has a high degree of interdependence geared towards the achievement of a goal or the completion of a task.
A team
_____are natural talents to do something mental or physical.
Abilities
Which of the following is not one of the needs in McClelland's needs theories?
Acceptance
Which is the best conflict management style to use when the issues are not important to you, when your knowledge is limited, and when there is a long-term give and take?
Accommodation
Which of the following is not one of the stages of the perception process?
Aftermath
____is a proactive influence tactic that convinces someone that what you want will actually benefit them.
Apprising
Which of the following is not a characteristic of nonprogrammed decisions?
Are repetitive and routine and have standard operating procedures.
____ leadership states that the leader remains true to their values, preferences, hopes and aspirations, and acts in a way that is consistent with those values and beliefs.
Authentic
_________ is a form of organization exhibiting hierarchy, division of labor, impersonal rules, and top-down authority.
Bureaucracy Modeling
Which component of structure is described by "the extent to which decisions are made at the top of the organization?
Centralization
"Allows you to put yourself in the reader's position, write in an active voice, and use the positive form of writing" is which of the rules of effective managerial writing?
Clarity
How we fill in missing information to understand a stimulus is referred to as:
Closure
Which is the best conflict management style to use when the issues are complex and require input and information from others, and when commitment is needed?
Collaboration
___ is a proactive influence tactic that offers to provide resources in exchange for agreement.
Collaboration
In ______________ leadership, the focus is not on either party to exchange, but on the "space" between leaders and followers, and how the shared meaning is constructed in that space.
Collaborative
The transmission of information from one party to the next is known as?
Communication
Individuals who consistently use this style are interested in their own positions, ignore the need of others, and view the world as a zero-sum game with winners and losers.
Competition
____ is the rivalry between individuals or groups over an outcome and always has a winner and a loser.
Competition
Which is the best conflict management style to use when the goals are clearly incompatible, when the parties have equal power, and when a quick solution is needed?
Compromise
___refers to the extent to which people adhere to group norms.
Conformity
"The degree to which a person is dependable, responsible, organized, and forward looking" is which of the Big Five dimensions of personality?
Conscientiousness
_____ is a proactive influence tactic that seeks others' participation in a decision.
Consultation
____________ refers to companies going beyond their bottom line and economic interests to engage in activities that promote social well-being and environmental sustainability.
Corporate social responsibility
"Use correct grammar and composition, the technical rules of writing include spelling and punctuation" is which of the rules of effective managerial writing?
Correctness
___ is a set of beliefs and values shared by members of a given group.
Culture
________ is a set of beliefs and values shared by members of a given group.
Culture
___occurs when a person feels or anticipates some sort of threat.
Defensiveness
Which component of structure is described by "the organization which is divided into sections, departments, groups, teams, and/or sections?"
Departmentation
Which phase of appreciative inquiry "articulates an organizational design that people feel is capable of drawing upon and magnifying the positive core to realize the newly expressed dream?"
Design
Which phase of appreciative inquiry "strengthens the affirmative capability of the whole system, enabling it to build and sustain momentum for ongoing positive change and high performance?"
Destiny
_______refers to the lag of time between our thinking and our speech.
Differential
Which phase of appreciative inquiry "entails identifying the best of what has been and what is?"
Discovery
Which phase of appreciative inquiry "mobilizes the whole system by engaging all stakeholders in the articulation of strengths and best practices?"
Discovery
_____refers to organizations making personnel decisions based on factors unrelated to the job or to a person's performance.
Discrimination
When making either internal or external attributions, we use three types of information. These are:
Distinctiveness, consensus and consistency
___refers to the differences between the meaning that the sender intends and the meaning that the receiver decodes.
Distortion
Which phase of appreciative inquiry "asks what is the world asking us to become?"
Dream
Which phase of appreciative inquiry "creates a clear results-oriented vision in relation to discovered potential and in relation to questions of higher purpose?"
Dream
_______ refers to any real or perceived threat to our security, self-image or sense of self-worth that stimulates our instinctive self-protective tendencies to either withdraw or become aggressive.
Emotional challenge
_____ is generally defined as the act of expressing organizationally desired emotions during service transactions.
Emotional labor
____________ is the rational and emotional attachment and commitment employees have to their work.
Employee engagement
____ is a proactive influence tactic that makes a reciprocal or quid pro quo agreement which benefits both.
Exchange tactics
Which motivation theory suggests that people will be motivated when they expect that their efforts will result in desirable outcomes?
Expectancy theory
"The degree to which a person is sociable, talkative, assertive, active, and ambitious" is which of the Big Five dimensions of personality?
Extraversion/introversion
A person who exhibits a proactive personality is one who is action oriented, seeks opportunities without taking advantage of them, and generally acquiesces in the face of obstacles and change.
False
A well-defined and broadly accepted mission is a guarantee of success.
False
Chaordic thinking is the form of thinking by which a problem is defined in a single way until the solution is reached.
False
Coalition building is a proactive influence tactic that establishes your authority to make a decision or request.
False
Complexity addresses the degree to which the environment is stable.
False
Conscientiousness is one of the rules of effective managerial writing.
False
Creative leadership states that leaders who are able to develop a strong reservoir of group energy will be better able to energize those with whom they work.
False
Creativity is the successful implementation of creative ideas.
False
De-forming is one of the stages of team development.
False
Distributive justice represents the fairness of the process used in making a decision.
False
Distributive negotiation offers a win-win scenario whereby parties try to reach an agreement that benefits them both by focusing on creating new options and solutions.
False
Emotions are indicators of our implicit or unconscious judgments of the significance of events.
False
Environmental uncertainty creates stress for managers and makes planning difficult while actually reducing risk and the chances for error,
False
Grassroots changes are often aimed at broad cultural change.
False
Incremental change is change that seeks a whole new strategy or configuration for the organization.
False
Innovation is the generation of new and useful ideas.
False
Judgment and configuring is an element of the focus group process.
False
Legitimate power arises from people's values and beliefs that no one has the right to exert influence over them and that they have no obligation to comply.
False
Linear thinking is the term used for joining together different and apparently unconnected or irrelevant elements.
False
Mechanistic structures emphasize horizontal rather than vertical relationships.
False
Mission is a comprehensive road map that states how a firm can reach its goals within a specified time frame.
False
Motivation is a pleasant outcome that follows a desired behavior and is aimed at encouraging the behavior.
False
Peripheral norms are key to the group's identity, goals, and survival.
False
Power is a form of control derived from personal magnetism.
False
Pressure is a proactive influence tactic that establishes your authority to make a decision or request.
False
Procedural justice represents the manner in which one is treated as it relates to the fairness of the outcome or decision.
False
Referent power arises from our ability to reward other people for behaving as we want then to behave.
False
Relational constructs are found primarily in the psychology and management literature and are based on the idea that power and control are used as motivational and/or expectancy belief states that are internal to individuals.
False
Self-management is defined as any real or perceived threat to our security, self-image, or sense of self-worth.
False
Synectics is a specific technique to aid visually and spatially thinking about issues and problems.
False
The attitudinal approach to managing conflict is aimed at simply stopping the behaviors that are causing the conflict.
False
The garbage can model assumes human purposeness both in individual behavior and in broader scope issues in organizations
False
The human relations movement of the 1960s and 1970s reinforced the belief that the job of management is to manipulate workers for the benefit of organizations.
False
The path goal theory proposes that a directive behavior will be most effective in situations where subordinates are engaged in work that is stressful, frustrating or unsatisfying.
False
The service sector accounts for 60% of the jobs in the U. S. Economy.
False
The strategic management process is the action the organization takes to execute the strategy it has formulated.
False
The tendency to accept credit for success and reject blame for failure is called primacy and recency.
False
Observable components of culture include all of the following, except:
Feelings
Manipulating the information that is being sent so that it will be received more favorably by the receiver is called?
Filtering
Which component of structure is characterized by "an organization that describes all activities in writing?"
Formalization
Which historical management theorist argued that you have to recognize the utter impossibility of winning, "Unless every man on the team obeys the signals or orders of the coach and obeys them at once when the coach gives orders."
Frederick Taylor
The tendency to underestimate situational factors and overestimate personal factors when making attributions about others' actions is called:
Fundamental attribution error
Judgment, bargaining, and analysis are used to evaluate alternatives in what model?
Garbage can model
____ is an invisible barrier that prevents women from moving to higher levels in an organization.
Glass ceiling
______ is the extent to which societies, and economies are interconnected and integrated.
Globalization
___is the extent to which cultures, societies, and economies are interconnected and integrated.
Globalization
A mode of thinking that occurs when people are deeply involved in a cohesive group and their desire for unanimity offsets their motivation to appraise alternative courses of action is known as:
Groupthink
________ is the finding that people change their behavior when they know they are being observed.
Hawthorne effect
Which organizational structure has many benefits such as flexibility, general ability to deal with an uncertain environment, and responsiveness to customers?
Hybrid
Which of the following is not one of the steps in the ethics of change?
Implement specific changes while at the same time encouraging a broader positive attitude toward change.
Workplace politics can result in all of the following, except:
Increase job involvement
To increase power, people will do all of the following, except:
Increase other people's alternative sources.
We are likely to accept increasingly major infractions as long as each violation is only incrementally more serious than the preceding one. This is called:
Incremental violations
This occurs when a manager in an organization delegates the unethical behavior to others, not necessarily consciously
Indirect blindness
____ is a proactive influence tactic that gets someone to feel favorable toward you before asking them something.
Ingratiation
__________ is a proactive influence tactics that uses request based on values and ideals.
Inspirational appeal
Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of mechanistic organizations?
Integration achieved by exchanging information as needed
The ______________ view suggests that heredity and the environment interact to influence the development of individual differences.
Interactionist
______ is defined as the extent to which employees depend on others to get their work done.
Interdependence
_____defines conflict between different groups, departments or divisions that disagree over task, processes, resources, or information.
Intergroup
______defines conflict between two or more people who interact and have incompatible goals, styles, or values.
Interpersonal
Which of the following is not one of the dimensions of political skill?
Interpersonal ingratiation
_employees are people directly involved in production or service delivery.
Line
Some have argued that the design of organizational arrangements should not be limited to questions of organizational structure, but should include all of the following, except:
Loosely designed sequence of steps.
________ strategies are based on designing, producing, marketing, and delivering a product or service more efficiently than competitors.
Low cost
"The extent to which assertiveness and independence from others is valued" is which of Hofstede's cultural dimensions?
Masculinity
Which organizational structure is appropriate for organizations that face a highly uncertain environment and are under pressure both to be efficient and to respond to their customers quickly
Matrix
Which organizational structure's goal is to provide a high level of integration between function and product and does so without extensive resources.
Matrix
Schemas are:
Mental or cognitive models or patterns that people apply to understand and explain certain situations and events. Frameworks that allow us to fill in information in social settings. Useful in that they allow us to process information quickly.
"Staying up-to-date on the status of activities, identifying problems, and taking corrective action" is which of the following management functions?
Monitoring
_______________ is a state of mind, desire, energy, or interest that translates into action.
Motivation
__________ is (are) a way of thinking where culture is taken into consideration during deliberations, decisions and behaviors.
Multicultural mindset
Which of the following is not one of the characteristic of groups?
Mutual accountability
Structural determinants of power in organizations include all of the following, except:
National representation
____ is/are based on personality and values and is/are related to things that are lacking and are desired.
Needs
_________ is a process whereby two or more parties reach a mutually agreeable arrangement.
Negotiation
_______are shared rules and expectations about group members' behaviors.
Norms
Which model has the following characteristics: dividing tasks among its members, establishing standard practices, transmitting objectives throughout the organization, providing channels of communication that run in all directions and training and indoctrinating members with the knowledge, skills, and values of the organization?
Organizational process model
The tendency to make external attributions about our own behavior when an external reward is given is called:
Overjustification
___ is a proactive influence tactic that asks for a favor based on friendship or loyalty.
Personal appeal
_________ refers to a set of psychological characteristics that make each person unique; it is stable and tends to stay the same over time.
Personality
_________________ is (are) a set of psychological characteristics that make a person unique..
Personality
_____ leadership is primarily concerned with facilitating extraordinary performance, with affirming human potential
Positive
______focuses on happiness, pleasure, and joy and how human beings could use their talents to create positive institutions that would in turn promote even more positive conditions.
Positive organizational development
A set of activities designed to analyze a situation systematically and generate, implement and evaluate solutions can be referred to as:
Problem solving
Which organizational structure can lose sight of overall organizational goals and the latest development in the environment?
Product/Divisional
Which organizational structure has decentralized leadership with a mission of customer satisfaction and flexibility?
Product/Divisional
Which decision-making model assumes human purposeness, both in individual behavior and in the broader scope issues found in organizations?
Rational model
____ is a proactive influence tactic that uses logical arguments and factual evidence.
Rational persuasion
Which theory recommends providing an organizational environment and response patterns that reward and encourage desirable behaviors while discouraging or punishing undesirable ones?
Reinforcement theory
___are specific formal or informal activities that each person performs in a group or team.
Roles
Which of the following is the correct order for Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory?
Self-actualization, esteem, love, safety, and physiological needs.
________ is (are) the ability to recognize and understand your moods, emotions, and drives as well as their effect on others.
Self-awareness
People's tendency to look for internal and external factors when asked to explain the cause of their own actions is known as:
Self-perception theory
The tendency to accept credit for success and reject blame for failure is called:
Self-serving bias
______is the study of meaning.
Semantics
_____ leadership is broadly distributed among members of the group, the organization, or the society.
Shared
Developing a liking for a person that we perceive is similar to us and disliking those who are different is called:
Similar-to-me-effect
_______ are acquired talents that a person develops related to specific tasks
Skills
________occurs when individuals work harder in the presence of others.
Social facilitation
_____ involves working less when your individual contributions cannot be measured.
Social loafing
____________ are generalizations about people based on valid and reliable research rather than opinion or personal experience.
Sophisticated stereotypes
Which component of structure is described by "the degree to which each individual, department, or team performs limited narrow tasks?"
Specialization
Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of organic organizations?
Specialized tasks
Which component of structure is described by "individuals performing similar tasks in the same way?"
Standardization
____________ is (are) generalization(s) about an individual based on the group to which the person belongs.
Stereotype
Decisions that take place at the top of the organization typically are labeled:
Strategic decisions
"Providing guidance and oversight while working to promote and recognize performance" is which of the following management functions?
Supervision
Which one of the following is not one of the conclusions of the Hawthorne effect?
The participation of the individual is necessary for cooperation but it is more important to build cooperation among organizational subunits as a crucial function of management.
Which generation has a dominant value system that has "hard work, frugality, patriotism and the Protestant work ethic?"
Traditionalists
___ leadership advances the interests of both leader and follower, but there is no deep or enduring link between them.
Transactional
A person with a proactive personality stays positive and keeps going.
True
A vision describes where a firm wants to be along with its purpose and values.
True
An espoused theory is one to which we give conscious allegiance.
True
Apparent sincerity is a dimension of political skill.
True
Changes in technology can have a negative impact on organizations.
True
Consensus is one factor that we use to make attributions.
True
Design thinking is an approach to creativity that incorporates graphic and industrial design methods which involves brainstorming and rapid prototyping to test ideas.
True
Effort and ability are used in internal attributions, while task difficulty and luck are used in external attributions.
True
Globalization, complexity, and connectedness are three intricately related phenomena that define our global society today.
True
Indirect blindness occurs in organizations when the manager delegates the unethical behavior to others not necessarily consciously.
True
Learning new goals is called double-loop learning.
True
Machiavelli believed that the strength of a leader's power is measured by the degree to which he or she is independent of others and maintains domination.
True
One criticism of the organizational process model includes the fact that decision makers are prevented from forecasting the future and acting on the basis of a predetermined vision.
True
One of the conditions for conflict to arise is that the disagreement must be ongoing rather than a singular occurrence.
True
Organizational culture represents a set of values, norms and beliefs shared by members of an organization,
True
Perception is the mental process we use to pay attention selectively to some stimuli and cues and not to others.
True
Political skill can be defined as the ability to effectively understand others at work and to use such knowledge to influence others to act in ways that enhance one's personal and/or organizational goals.
True
Politics generally refers to the use and abuse of power and authority to influence organizational outcomes.
True
Power and politics can help organizations adapt to and interact with their environments appropriately.
True
Power is latent.
True
Role conflict occurs when compliance with one role makes it impossible to comply with another role or when individual needs conflict with role demands.
True
Schemas are mental patterns that people apply to understand and explain certain situations and events.
True
Self-disclosure is one way in which you can contribute to an organizational culture where people are more willing to reveal their deep feelings and emotions.
True
Successfully implementing a team requires changes to how the organization runs.
True
Suspend judgment initially" is one of the basic elements of active listening.
True
Teams often have some degree of self-management and authority.
True
Technology includes the knowledge, tools, techniques, and processes that organizations use to create goods and services.
True
Terminal values are desired states or end goals.
True
The core capacity to create large systems change comes from within and is captured in term called "presence."
True
The law of effect reinforces the belief that people repeat behaviors that bring them satisfaction and pleasure, and stop those that bring them dissatisfaction or pain.
True
The law of effect states that people repeat behaviors that bring them satisfaction and pleasure and stop those that bring them dissatisfaction or pain.
True
The pressure influence tactic uses demands, threats, or warnings.
True
When goals are unclear and conflicting it is much easier for individuals to claim and convince others that their agenda is th eright one for the organization.
True
________ leadership states that the organizational "bottom line" is less important than the leader's capacity for honesty, integrity, character, or spirit.
Value-based
Which of the following is not one of the key questions we should ask ourselves in responding to mistakes?
Was there an effort to involve everyone in the organization?
Which of the following is not true about women in today's workplace?
Women make up 37% of the workforce.
A small business or a sole proprietorship should formulate a sound business strategy.
Yes
Employee Assistance Programs (EAP) _________________
are programs that offer employees help in managing challenges and problems in both work and non-work issues.