Management Ch. 12

Equity Theory - what are employees looking for? what are employees motivated to do?

-Focuses on employee perceptions as to how fairly they think they are being treated compared to others. -inputs, outputs, ratio comparison. A. Employee perceptions are what count B. Employee participation helps C. Having an appeal process helps

Job Enrichment

-job simplification, job enlargement, job enrichment??

Extrinsic rewards

Payoff a person receives from others for performing a particular task

Negative Reinforcement

process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative

Expectancy Theory - how does it influence a person's choices?

suggests that people are motivated by two things... 1. how much they want something and 2. how likely they think they are to get it.

Positive Reinforcement

use of positive consequences to encourage desirable behavior

Extinction

weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced

Content Perspective - what are its theories

Theories that emphasize the needs that motivate people -McClelland's Aquired Needs Theory -Self-Determination Theory -Herzberg's Two Factor Theory -Equity Theory -Expectancy Theory -Goal-Setting Theory

Self-Determination Theory - three needs

it determines that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influences by three innate needs: 1. Competence- people need to feel qualified, knowledgeable, and capable of completing a goal or task and to learn different skills 2. Autonomy- people need to feel they have freedom and the discretion to determine what they want to do and how they want to do it 3. Relatedness- people need to feel a sense of belonging of attachment to others

Punishment

process of weakening behavior by presenting something negative or withdrawing something positive

When using reinforcement to motive employees, managers should...

reward only for desirable behavior, give rewards as soon as possible, be clear about what behavior is desired, have different rewards and recognize individual differences

Intrinsic rewards

satisfaction a person receives from performing the particular task itself -Bethany giving a full effort on a paper to keep her A in class, even though she only needs a C on the paper to keep her grade

Goal-Setting Theory - good characteristics of goals

1. Goals should be specific 2. Goals should be challenging but achievable 3. Goals should be linked to action plans 4. Goals need not be jointly set to be effective 5. Feedback enhances goal attainment

4 Types of Reinforcement

1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Extinction 4. Punishment

The Job Characteristic Model -- 5 Characteristics - feeding into 3 psychological states.

Five core job characteristics- skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback. Three psychological states- experienced meaningfulness of work, experiences responsibility for work outcomes, knowledge of actual results of the work.

Herzberg's Two Factor Theory - What factors can decrease dissatisfaction? What are they called and Give a few examples.

-proposed that wok satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise form two different factors. 1. Motivating factors- factors that make up the job content or the rewards of work performance and have an affect on job satisfaction 2. Hygiene factors- factors that make up the job context, and have an affect on job dissatisfaction.

Herzberg's Two Factor Theory - What factors can increase satisfaction? What are they called and Give a few examples.

Achievement Recognition The work itself Responsibility Advancement & growth

What level in McClelland's Theory looks a lot like what level of Maslow's Theory

Achievement, Power, Affiliation

McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory - especially the need for achievement.

Need for achievement- desire to achieve excellence in challenging tasks Need for affiliation- desire for friendly and warm relations with other people need for power- Desire to be responsible for or control other people

Needs

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior

Incentive Compensation plans - good characteristics

Piece rate, sales commission, bonuses, profit-sharing, gainsharing, stock options, pay for knowledge.