Management - Chapter 15

Which type of executive compensation is determined by the performance of the organization with the board of directors sometimes determining distribution? Salary Low-interest loans Stock options Bonuses

Bonuses

In which way does avoidance act as a reinforcement? By eliminating consequences By allowing escape from undesirable consequences By providing a desirable consequence By providing undesirable consequences

By allowing escape from undesirable consequences

Recently, Lupita has not been performing as well at work as she used to. She has been showing up to work late and claims the work simply is boring and unfulfilling. What should Lupita's manager do to strengthen Lupita's performance? He should uncover the source of Lupita's discomfort in the workplace. He should try to determine the nature of Lupita's problem. He should provide Lupita with more information about the job. He should determine Lupita's skill deficiencies.

He should try to determine the nature of Lupita's problem.

During a staff meeting, L'Meese told her staff about impending budget cuts and asked her staff for their suggestions. By including her employees in the decision-making process, what did L'Meese likely achieve? Lower levels of self-esteem Less sense of responsibility for outcomes Higher levels of commitment to the decision Less linkage between performance and rewards

Higher levels of commitment to the decision

Louisa works in a warehouse where all promotions are on a schedule based on length of employment. Every six months she can expect a modest raise in salary, with promotions to the next level every 18 months. There is nothing Louisa can do to increase the raise amount or secure a promotion any sooner. In this situation, which type of expectancy is very weak? Outcome-to-valence expectancy Effort-to-performance expectancy Outcome-to-effort expectancy Performance-to-outcome expectancy

Performance-to-outcome expectancy

Marah, who works in accounts receivable, is a full-time employee. Her husband has recently had some health issues, and Marah is struggling to maintain a full-time work schedule while caring for her husband. How would job sharing help Marah? She would work the same hours but in fewer days per week. She could work part time while another employee works the rest of her shift. She would have greater flexibility over her start and end times. She could work from home.

She could work part time while another employee works the rest of her shift.

When are individual incentive pay plans most effective? When sophisticated methodologies are required When rewards occur on a real-time basis When performance can be subjectively assessed When quality is more important than quantity

When rewards occur on a real-time basis

According to the Porter-Lawler extension, when would a person most likely be satisfied with rewards? When they are greater than the perceived input When they are perceived as equitable When goals were particularly challenging and effort is required When they result in social equity

When they are perceived as equitable

Based on the motivation framework, what is the first step in motivation? Desire to satisfy a need A need or deficiency Identifying types of training Lack of ability

A need or deficiency

Geert has worked on Junhua's construction crew for five years. The job site and expectations are consistent with those in previous years. Yet this year Geert has been both unreliable and unproductive. What is most likely the cause of Geert's poor performance? A poor work environment A lack of motivation Poor communication A lack of ability

A lack of motivation

According to expectancy theory, in order for motivated behavior to occur, which condition must be met? Performance must be based on areas of personal satisfaction. The sum of the valence must be below zero. A person must believe that if effort is expended, high performance will result. All effort will result in a certain, desired outcome.

A person must believe that if effort is expended, high performance will result.

Bhavik loves working with numbers and wants to do work in accounting, but he does not have the necessary skills. In this situation, his individual performance will be negatively impacted by _____. work environment motivation resources Ability

Ability

According to the basic expectancy model, what should effort be combined with to result in performance? Perception of probability that effort will lead to performance Social equity in rewards Ability and environmental factors Behavior and consequences

Ability and environmental factors

As a new employee, Yui likes to meet with her manager regularly to see what she did well and how she can improve. She sets difficult goals and likes specific and immediate feedback. Which type of need does Yui have? Power Achievement Belongingness Affiliation

Achievement

Which need, similar to Maslow's belongingness, is a desire for human companionship and acceptance? Power Achievement Self-actualization Affiliation

Affiliation

Dorina has an internship at a firm she has always wanted to work for. She knows this firm hires entry-level employees only if they do well in their internships, so Dorina is working hard to achieve her goals during the internship. In this case, which type of outcome will have the highest valence for Dorina? An entry-level job offer A graduation celebration in her honor College credit for hours worked Recognition at a management meeting

An entry-level job offer

Kaia's company has just started a safety program for the plant floor in order to improve safety. For every month that the plant has no on-the-job injuries, all employees receive a bonus. What is Kaia's company using to motivate employees? Participation Behavior modification Merit pay Empowerment

Behavior modification

Aviva is trying to save money for college this fall, and her current job does not offer any overtime. After speaking with her manager, Aviva took on some of the harder, less desirable jobs, with the idea that this type of work would result in a higher hourly wage. At this point, Aviva is at what step in the motivation framework? Search for ways to satisfy the need Need deficiency Choice of behavior to satisfy need Evaluation of need satisfaction

Choice of behavior to satisfy need

Amina uses work teams in her department, and she allows them to plan and direct their own work. What is Amina's role for her work teams? Boss Providing valence Setting goal difficulty Coach

Coach

Willa's employer has announced a goal of increasing production by 12 more units each day, a challenging but reasonable number. Because Willa will not be paid any extra for reaching this goal, she is not willing to work harder to produce the extra units. Which attribute of the expanded goal-setting theory is not being met in this example? Acceptance Difficulty Commitment Specificity

Commitment

As a nurse, Raj works four ten-hour days per week. This allows him to have better control over patient care. Which type of scheduling does Raj's hospital use? Compressed Job sharing Flextime Telecommuting

Compressed

Which of the following must be present in any reinforcement method in order for it to be effective? Undesirable or dysfunctional behavior Desirable behavior Consistency Incentive

Consistency

Julius is looking at various motivational tools for his department. Before he decides on one, he decides to try and determine which factor or factors really motivate people. Which view of motivation is Julius using? ERG theory Content perspective Two-factor Human resource approach

Content perspective

Which of the following refer(s) to an approach to motivation that tries to answer the question, "What factors motivate people?" Content perspectives Maslow's hierarchy of needs Need for power Two-factor theory of motivation

Content perspectives

Mikel runs the marketing department, and he assigns accounts to groups of employees instead of just one employee. He allows the group to control the work, including who does the work and when it is done. Which type of method does Mikel use to empower his employees? Decentralized teams Flexible work schedules Job sharing Behavior modification

Decentralized teams

Which of the following suggests that people's needs are grouped into three possible overlapping categories and that more than one level of need can cause motivation at the same time? Expectancy theory Two-factor theory Content perspective ERG theory

ERG theory

According to Frederick Taylor and his traditional approach to motivation, what is the primary thing that motivated everyone? The nature of the work Feeling useful Economic gain The need for social opportunities

Economic gain

According to Herzberg, what do managers try to achieve by providing hygiene factors at appropriate levels? Opportunity for recognition Employees who are highly motivated Employees who no longer need motivation Employees who are not dissatisfied

Employees who are not dissatisfied

Rabeya gives her employees a lot of freedom as to how they get their work done and the goals they set for themselves. She also allows them to make decisions that will allow them to resolve issues that arise. What does Rabeya use to motivate her employees? Empowerment Behavior modification Participation Positive reinforcement

Empowerment

Which of the following contends that people are motivated to seek rewards that reflect their level of effort and performance? Equity theory Expectancy theory Porter-Lawler extension of expectancy theory Goal-setting theory

Equity theory

Although she makes a good salary, Arayla does not think she gets the recognition she deserves from her supervisor or her colleagues. According to Maslow's hierarchy, which need is not being met? Self-actualization Physiological Esteem Belongingness

Esteem

After taking night classes and receiving his degree, Raphael agreed to stay in his current job, but has found he is bored and unchallenged. He is evaluating his current job and his desire to stay longer. Which step in the motivation framework is Raphael in? Search for ways to satisfy the need Need deficiency Choice of behavior to satisfy need Evaluation of need satisfaction

Evaluation of need satisfaction

As a sales rep, Polani is paid a low base salary and makes commissions on every sale. However, she does not feel she makes enough and has asked her manager for a raise. Her manager told Polani that if she wants to make more money, she will have to work harder. Which motivation theory does this manager subscribe to? Porter-Lawler extension Goal-setting Expectancy Equity

Expectancy

As an intern, Dezmon believes that if he does a good job, he will be offered a full-time position after college. Therefore, he looks for opportunities to demonstrate his skills and to develop creative solutions. Which process perspective is the basis for Dezmon's behavior? Equity theory Two-factor theory of motivation Goal-setting theory Expectancy theory

Expectancy theory

During a staff meeting, Eloisa made a rude comment about a coworker who missed a deadline. Eloisa's manager ignored the comment and moved on to the next topic. Which type of reinforcement did Eloisa's manager use to discourage this type of behavior? Punishment Positive Extinction Avoidance

Extinction

Which type of reinforcement weakens previously rewarded behavior? Punishment Positive Extinction

Extinction

Employees at LevelTech are paid every Friday. This is an example of reinforcement that is provided on which type of schedule? Fixed-ratio Fixed-interval Variable-ratio Variable-interval

Fixed-interval

Which type of reinforcement provides the least incentive for good work? Fixed-ratio Variable-interval Variable-ratio Fixed-interval

Fixed-interval

For every fifth new hire, Kumar, a staffing specialist, receives a bonus. Which type of reinforcement schedule is Kumar's company using? Variable-interval Fixed-ratio Fixed-interval Variable-ratio

Fixed-ratio

Because of the nature of the work done in Ozlem's department, work must be done on site. However, Ozlem has found that many of her employees want to get out earlier to be home when their children get home from school. An almost equal number of employees find it difficult to be at their desks by 8:30 in the morning. What type of work schedule should Ozlem try? Compressed Job sharing Flextime Telecommuting

Flextime

Stitches, Inc. is a specialty clothing manufacturer. Clothing is produced in bulk quantities and then customized with monograms and other unique embellishments before final shipment. Employees on the custom stitching line are compensated for each individual item completed. What type of reward system is used in the custom stitching department? Merit pay plan Gainsharing program Piece-rate incentive plan Scanlon plan

Gainsharing program

As a highly organized person, Eli writes a list of things he wants to achieve each day. Each of those things will help him accomplish longer-term goals that he has. Which of the following describes the extent to which Eli is personally interested in reaching his goals? Reinforcement theory Positive organizational support Equity theory Goal commitment

Goal commitment

During his performance review, Ramon was given objectives that included dates and levels of expectation. Which of the following was his manager using to help Ramon achieve these goals? Goal commitment Goal difficulty Goal specificity Goal acceptance

Goal specificity

According to the ERG theory, which need corresponds to the physiological and security needs? Growth Relatedness Existence Frustration-regression

Growth

Ugar wants to reward positive behaviors, but he wants to do so in a way that is most effective. What should Ugar do to reward his employees for those behaviors he wants to encourage? He should provide reinforcements after a fixed number of observed behaviors. He should provide reinforcements at fixed intervals. He should provide reinforcements after a variable number of observed behaviors. He should provide reinforcements at variable intervals.

He should provide reinforcements after a variable number of observed behaviors.

Which of the following is not part of a typical compensation plan for senior executives? Base pay Stock option plan Hourly wages Bonus

Hourly wages

As a manager, Zereth provides her team with broad goals, then allows them to be self-directed in carrying out routine activities that support those goals. Which of the following does Zereth use to motivate her employees? Needs hierarchy approach ERG theory of motivation Human resource approach Human relations approach

Human relations approach

Apoorva believes her employees value the contributions they make to the organization, and as a manager, she wants to create a work environment that makes full use of the human resources available. Which type of approach to motivation does Apoorva follow? Human relations Traditional Human resources Content perspective

Human resources

Which approach to motivation claims that contributions to the work environment have value to both the worker and the organization? Human resources Content Human relations Traditional

Human resources

In addition to various theories, research has focused on other needs that are important to organizations, including achievement, affiliation, and power. Which type of needs are these? Motivational Individual Physiological Content

Individual

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation, which of the following is a hygiene factor on the job? Responsibility Achievement Interpersonal relations The work itself

Interpersonal relations

Which of the following compensation plans formally base at least some meaningful portion of compensation on the relative value of the contributions of employees? Piece-rate incentive plans Merit pay plans Individual incentive plans Stock option plans

Merit pay plans

Nila finds her work very fulfilling. While salary is important to her, Nila is most satisfied with the recognition she receives for her efforts on a cross-departmental work team. Her supervisor and team leader have both expressed the company's gratitude for her contributions and praise for her performance. Based on the two-factor theory of motivation, Nila's satisfaction derives from which type of factors? Security Motivation Belongingness Hygiene

Motivation

Which of the following is the set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways? Esteem Ability Self-actualization Motivation

Motivation

Renee works for a landscaping company in an entry-level position. She would like to make more money so she can buy a car. At this point, Renee is at what step in the motivation framework? Determination of future needs Need deficiency Choice of behavior to satisfy need Evaluation of need satisfaction

Need deficiency

A number of employees at Sweetie Pies bakery have been coming in to work late, which disrupts scheduling and overall productivity. The managers introduced a reward schedule based upon punctuality, providing rewards for individuals and to the staff each month without tardiness. What technique is Sweetie Pies bakery using? Extinction Organizational behavior modification Equity theory Two-factor theory

Organizational behavior modification

Eva reviews daily reports to identify errors. Then she meets with representatives from the purchasing and inventory departments to discuss ways to eliminate or prevent recurring problems. Which type of motivational strategy is Eva's organization using by allowing her to make decisions about her work? Participation Job-sharing Compression Extinction

Participation

Maxwell struggles to cover daily and monthly living expenses, and both he and his wife work full-time jobs to support their family of four. Maxwell works a second job on weekends in hope of being able to purchase their first home next year. He and his wife constantly worry about what might happen if either of them loses their job. Based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of Maxwell's needs are being met? Security Esteem Physiological Belongingness

Physiological

Ahmed performs management by engaging in a wandering around leadership style. He stops by each of his departments at least once a day, interacting with employees throughout the office. When he sees behavior that impresses him, he praises the individual who is demonstrating the type of behavior he wants to reinforce at his company. Which type of reinforcement method is Ahmed exercising? Punishment Positive Extinction Avoidance

Positive

Lou received a nice bonus for bringing in a project ahead of schedule and under budget. This motivates Lou and others to achieve these goals on future projects. What did Lou's manager use to strengthen behavior? Punishment Avoidance Positive reinforcement Extinction

Positive reinforcement

Kamiya has a strong desire to be influential in her group and to control what goes on in her environment. Which type of needs would Kamiya be considered high in? Achievement Affiliation Self-actualization Power

Power

Woojin likes to be in control of his environment, and he is a very good manager. He rarely misses time from work and is considered to be a superior performer by his managers. Which of the following needs likely accounts for Woojin's behavior? Power Achievement Belongingness Affiliation

Power

Which of the following are approaches to motivation focusing on why people choose certain behavioral options to satisfy their needs and how they evaluate their satisfaction after they have attained those goals? Content perspectives Outcomes Process perspectives Goal characteristics

Process perspectives

Which type of reinforcement is designed to weaken or decrease a behavior? Punishment Positive Behavior modification Avoidance

Punishment

Which type of reinforcement would a speeding ticket be? Avoidance Extinction Empowerment Punishment

Punishment

Olesia has worked for the same company for five years and knows she does a good job. Recently, a new employee was hired in her department, and Olesia heard the new person is being paid more than she is. According to equity theory, what might Olesia do because she feels underrewarded? Look for other areas of intrinsic value Increase inputs Increase valence Reduce the inequity

Reduce the inequity

Which approach to motivation argues that when behavior is rewarded, it is more likely to be repeated, and behavior that results in punishment is less likely to be repeated? Equity theory Reinforcement theory Porter-Lawler extension Goal-setting theory

Reinforcement theory

Nour enjoys her job and meeting new people. She is also very good with new clients because she makes them feel at ease. According to the ERG theory of motivation, what does Nour rate highly in? Achievement Growth Existence Relatedness

Relatedness

Teresita feels unchallenged at work and is bored. She wants projects that have more challenge, so she began talking to other managers who may need help. Which process in the motivation framework is Teresita experiencing? Search for ways to satisfy the need Need deficiency Choice of behavior to satisfy need Evaluation of need satisfaction

Search for ways to satisfy the need

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, the need for housing and clothing is a part of which type of need? Self-actualization Physiological Belongingness Security

Security

Even though he is only 25 years old, Manoj saves 10 percent of his pay in the company-sponsored pension plan so that he can enjoy a worry-free retirement. Which of the following levels on Maslow's hierarchy is Manoj striving for in retirement? Security Esteem Physiological Belongingness

Security

As a manager, Dajhia has created a culture in which her employees participate in making decisions about their work, and she gives them an opportunity to learn new things. Which type of need is Dajhia hoping to help her employees fulfill? Esteem Belongingness Security Self-actualization

Self-actualization

Ella is a high school student with a high need for achievement. Which of the following is most likely to be true of Ella? She has a desire to be influential in a group. She has a desire to assume personal responsibility. She has a need to control her environment. She has a desire for companionship.

She has a desire to assume personal responsibility.

Which of the following has led to the increased popularity and success of telecommuting? Sophistication and power of communication technology Increased levels of participation on the part of employees Manager's role of "coach" instead of "boss" The ability to specify which behaviors need to be increased

Sophistication and power of communication technology

For many executives, which type of incentive makes up the largest share of their salary mix? Bonuses Private membership to clubs Low- or no-interest loans Stock options

Stock options

Pallavi has found that she does not need all her employees in the office every day, and she has invested in software that will allow employees to work from home. Which type of work schedule is Pallavi moving employees to? Compressed Job sharing Flextime Telecommuting

Telecommuting

What is the basic assumption of the human relations approach to motivation? Work is valuable to both people and to organizations. The need to feel useful and important is more important than money. Management should make the work environment as pleasant as possible to encourage participation. Work is inherently unpleasant; therefore, people are most motivated by money.

The need to feel useful and important is more important than money.

Which of the following encompasses the resources needed to do the job? Motivation Work environment Technology Ability

Work environment

During her performance review, Sushil was asked to identify a goal that she would like to achieve. This goal was then incorporated into her review, and her ability to achieve this goal would affect her performance rating and potential for a pay increase. Why did Sushil's manager ask her to develop her own goals? To limit effort to spread power and autonomy To limit spending on training and development To better understand expectancies and the link between performance and reward To determine which reward system to use

To better understand expectancies and the link between performance and reward

According to Taylor, why are people willing to perform difficult and unpleasant work? To earn money that is more important than the unpleasant work To fill the need of belongingness To achieve self-actualization To make contributions that are valuable to both the individual and the organization.

To earn money that is more important than the unpleasant work

In terms of employee motivation, what is the manager's goal? To provide an economic reward to keep motivation high To encourage employees to consider options when needs are not met To advocate for more social time to create a sense of belonging To encourage employees to work as hard as possible

To encourage employees to work as hard as possible

When Aisha met with her team last week, she asked them to offer suggestions on how to streamline a process in the department, even though Aisha already had a good idea of what she wanted to do about the issue. What was Aisha's goal in seeking the input from her team, even though she had already made a decision? To enhance motivation To address physiology needs To provide social connection To identify what motivates her staff

To enhance motivation

Which approach to motivation is based on the premise that managers know more about the job than workers and therefore should be paid more? Traditional approach Content perspective Human relations approach Human resources approach

Traditional approach

Jolanta told her manager she will be late for work today because of an appointment. Her manager knew Jolanta would make up the hours, either by staying late or working on the weekend. Which type of work arrangement does Jolanta have? Job sharing Compressed Flexible Variable

Variable

If employees at LevelTech are "caught in the act" of doing good work, they receive a $100 prepaid debit card. The managers all have a number of these cards, and they can hand them out whenever they want to. Employees never know when one of the managers may drop by and "catch" them. Which type of reinforcement schedule is being used in this company? Fixed-ratio Fixed-interval Variable-ratio Variable-interval

Variable-interval

When an employee is careful to return on time from a lunch break to keep from being reprimanded, this behavior is known as _____. avoidance positive reinforcement punishment negative reinforcement

avoidance

According to the goal-setting theory, when developing goals for employees, they should be _____. clear and precise easy to accomplish unattainable broad and generic in nature

clear and precise

In goal-setting theory, the extent to which a goal is challenging and requires effort is called goal _____. acceptance difficulty commitment Specificity

difficulty

Jay is an estimator for Madlo Tree Service. He receives a bonus for every fifth customer who accepts his estimate and signs a contract with Madlo. This is an example of reinforcement that is provided on a _____. fixed-ratio schedule fixed-interval schedule variable-ratio schedule variable-interval schedule

fixed-ratio schedule

The Porter-Lawler extension of expectancy theory states that _____. high performance leads to high satisfaction high motivation leads to high performance high performance leads to high motivation high satisfaction leads to high performance

high performance leads to high satisfaction

TruTech wants to reward employees for outstanding performance, however the reward needs to be a one-time reward based on the specific level of performance. TruTech should consider using ____. incentives a merit system a piece-rate system a Scanlon plan

incentives

New approaches to performance-based rewards include _____. offering stock options only to top executives allocating salary increases to individuals in work groups individualizing the reward system allowing top managers to determine how rewards are distributed

individualizing the reward system

The variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement _____. is most powerful in maintaining desired behaviors uses time as the basis for reinforcement gives reinforcement after a predetermined number of behaviors provides the least incentive for good work

is most powerful in maintaining desired behaviors

To have the best chance of encouraging employees to work harder or better, rewards need to be tied specifically to _____. motivation ability performance experience

performance

Jewel knows that if she can get a new client to sign the deal, she will receive a nice bonus. Because of this, she is putting in long days to ensure everything is perfect before her client meeting. Jewel's perception that her efforts will result in a signed contract is an example of _____. valence-to-outcome expectancy performance-to-outcome expectancy outcome-to-performance expectancy effort-to-performance expectancy

performance-to-outcome expectancy

Destani's company just instituted an organization-wide incentive in which a certain amount of money, based on the company's earnings, is placed into a pool. At the end of the year, that money is evenly divided and distributed to all employees. This type of reward system is an example of _____. profit sharing stock options merit pay stock ownership

profit sharing

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, belongingness needs _____. include of the need for self-respect are the most difficult to address relate to social processes include the need for recognition

relate to social processes

Equity theory suggests that people view their outcomes and inputs in the form of a ratio and then compare it to _____. its valence their effort-to-performance expectancy someone else's ratio of inputs to outcomes their performance-to-outcome expectancy

someone else's ratio of inputs to outcomes

Ahmed is trying to determine the best way to motivate his staff. Some of the options include pay raises, bonuses, promotions, nicer offices, and more responsibility. To determine the desirability of each of these outcomes, Ahmed should measure its _____. valence effort-to-performance expectancy equity performance-to-outcome expectancy

valence

Renee loves working outdoors and enjoys her job for a yard maintenance and landscaping company. This week, her mower broke down three times, and she was not able to finish two of the yards she was supposed to cut. In this situation, her individual performance was negatively impacted by _____. work environment motivation desire Ability

work environment