Management Exam 2

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

(Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-actualization) => as each need becomes substantially satisfied, the next one becomes dominant. Higher order needs (social, esteem, self-actualization) are satisfied internally and Lower order needs (physiological, safety) are predominantly satisfied externally

McClelland's theory of needs

- Need for achievement is the drive to excel, to achieve in relationship in a set of standards. - Need for power is the need to make others behave in a way they would not have otherwise - Need for affiliation is the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationship

Multi-team systems can basically be defined as

- they are a team of teams

The most effective teams have

5 to 9 members

Potential group effectiveness + process gains - process losses

= Actual group effectiveness

58) ________ involves a detailed consideration of evidence and information relying on facts, figures, and logic. A) Controlled processing B) Serial processing C) Parallel processing D) Selective processing E) Automatic processing

A) Controlled processing

56) Treesa Mayering recently began her first job at a PR firm called Pro as a copywriter. Her job involves creating scripts for press releases, advertisements, and other media events. She has been working under the guidance of Will Preston, the senior copywriter. Treesa, who has no prior experience in this job, had worked on scripts for advertisements and online brochures alone when she was asked to work on a press release for the first time. Will reviewed Treesa's script and sent her an e-mail full of detailed corrections, which she promptly implemented. However, when Will looked at the script later, he felt that it did not represent a significant improvement of her first draft. Which of the following, if true, would best explain this outcome? A) The feedback provided by Will was not elaborate and comprehensive enough. B) Treesa took a lot of time to implement Will's corrections and revise her script. C) Treesa was hired because she demonstrated considerable analytical and creative thinking skills in her pre-employment tests. D) Will routinely e-mailed feedback on scripts for advertisements, online brochures, and press releases to his team members. E) Will believed that Treesa's understanding of his e-mailed feedback would be accurate.

A) The feedback provided by Will was not elaborate and comprehensive enough.

76) The social identity theory proposes that people use groups to understand who they are and how they fit into the world.

A) True

77) A batch of trainees has been assigned a new project, and the team is unsure of the details of the project and how they will pursue its completion as a group with specific tasks and roles. This batch of trainees is in the forming stage of group development.

A) True

80) Role perception indicates our view of how we are supposed to act in a given situation.

A) True

81) Role expectations at work are often conveyed through the psychological contract.

A) True

84) An individual's personal characteristics, like good looks or friendly personality, represent one of the dimensions of the status characteristics theory.

A) True

88) Group decisions are generally less accurate than the judgments of the most accurate individual in the group.

A) True

90) Amy Jones has to come up with a strategy to regulate the excessive use of the Internet by her employees in such a way that they accept and commit to the solution themselves. It is advisable for her to use group decision making rather than individual decision making in this situation.

A) True

91) Groupthink is a phenomenon that relates to the consensus norms.

A) True

93) The chief advantage of the nominal group technique is that it permits the group to meet formally but does not restrict independent thinking, as does the interacting group.

A) True

57) When ________ is of importance in decision making, group decisions are preferred to individual decisions. A) acceptance of solution B) speed C) efficiency D) clear responsibility E) legitimacy

A) acceptance of solution

The job characteristics model describes five dimensions of a job. A job can be enriched by modifying one or more of these five dimensions. Which of the following methods of job enrichment involves modifying skill variety and task identity dimensions of a job? A) combining tasks B) forming natural work units C) establishing client relationships D) expanding jobs vertically E) opening feedback channels

A) combining tasks

Beyond redesigning the nature of the work itself and involving employees in decisions, another approach to making the work environment more motivating is to alter work arrangements to meet employee needs. Which of the following is designed to give an employee greater control of their schedule? A) flextime B) gainsharing C) job rotation D) job enlargement E) job enrichment

A) flextime

Managers at Flavors, a restaurant chain, train their employees such that in the absence of employees, someone trained in the same skills can step in and do the job equally well. Thus, many modules in training are extensive as they provide employees with details of the skill sets required for different jobs. In practice, this lengthy training program does help the company as a well-trained and flexible workforce is at their disposal at all times. The managers at Flavors use ________. A) job rotation B) vertical enhancement C) telecommuting D) job sharing E) flextime

A) job rotation

23) Reuben Williams, the marketing manager for F&B Industries, is frustrated. He feels that the production division repeatedly lets his division down. Although the latest marketing strategy announced that a new product would be available in the market by July, the production division was unable to complete the production of the first batch till August. The production manager claims that manpower is short and the targets placed on the production division are unreasonably high. To resolve this deadlock, they will be meeting soon. This meeting is an example of ________ communication. A) lateral B) grapevine C) diagonal D) upward E) downward

A) lateral

33) Michael is devout and very active in his church. He is also a very dedicated employee. His manager offers him a promotion, but the new role will require him to work Sundays. Michael would like the promotion but realizes that it would force him to miss some church activities. In this situation, Michael is most likely to experience ________. A) role conflict B) social loafing C) groupthink D) role fuzziness E) groupshift

A) role conflict

With reference to the job characteristics model, which of the following defines task identity? A) the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work B) the degree to which work activities generate direct and clear information about performance C) the degree to which a job provides the worker freedom in scheduling and procedure D) the degree to which a job has an impact on the lives or work of other people E) the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities

A) the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work

How should teams be staffed?

Abilities of members Personality Allocating roles Diversity Size of teams Member preferences

What factors determine whether teams are successful?

Adequate Resources Leadership and Structure Climate of Trust Performance Evaluations and Rewards

1) Which of the following statements is true with regard to communication? A) Communication cannot be used to motivate and control employees in an organization. B) Communication involves the transfer and understanding of meaning. C) Communication involves the mere imparting of meaning to another person or group. D) Perfect communication is not dependent on a channel and its richness. E) Perfect communication results in dissimilar mental models.

B) Communication involves the transfer and understanding of meaning.

55) ________ is defined as the extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from, one another. A) Homogeneity B) Diversity C) Conformity D) Civility E) Universality

B) Diversity

75) Ingroup favoritism does not adversely affect people of the out-group.

B) False

78) During the forming stage of group development, close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesiveness.

B) False

79) The development of temporary work groups is best understood in terms of the five-stage group development model.

B) False

82) A company's dress code policy comes under the performance norms.

B) False

83) Important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong are called nominal groups.

B) False

85) High-status members of groups are often given less freedom to deviate from norms than are other group members.

B) False

86) If a group is highly cohesive, then it will be highly productive even with low performance norms.

B) False

87) Surface-level diversity refers to attitudes, values, and opinions which are different in diverse groups.

B) False

89) Individual decisions are more time consuming than group decisions.

B) False

92) Research consistently shows that a group in a brainstorming session generates more ideas than individuals working alone.

B) False

6) Which of the following is true with regard to the social identity theory? A) It proposes that members take personal pride in accomplishments but dissociate from the group in the event of any offenses or failures. B) It proposes that people have emotional reactions to the failure or success of their group because their self-esteem is tied into the group's performance. C) It proposes that people develop only one social identity in childhood that becomes more defined and concrete in the course of their lives. D) It proposes that social identities can never be detrimental as they have no effect on how members of an ingroup view members of an out-group. E) It proposes that members of an ingroup are viewed as being homogeneous, while members of an out-group are seen as being heterogeneous.

B) It proposes that people have emotional reactions to the failure or success of their group because their self-esteem is tied into the group's performance.

67) Joe Sullivan and Mark Holland, members of the top management at EuAir, an European airlines, were preparing for a meeting to discuss strategies to combat the recent rise in fuel prices. Before the meeting began, Joe and Mark were discussing how oil prices significantly impact the health of the world economy. Joe spoke of how higher oil prices since 1999, partly the result of OPEC supply management policies, contributed to the global economic downturn in 2000-2001. Mark agreed but added that the right kind of strategy could help them overcome this challenge, and that they could even use the situation to hike fares and generate additional revenues. Which of the following statements, if true, would denote the occurrence of groupshift in Joe's opinions during the meeting? A) Joe proposed that the company should invite price quotes from new suppliers to reduce their dependence on their current fuel suppliers. B) Joe determined that the best strategy would be to slash prices and minimize all fringes that are used for customer service. C) Joe convinced the top management team to decrease the capacity of the flights. D) Joe recommended that the prices for business class fares be increased as they represent a less price-sensitive group of customers. E) Joe claimed that aviation fuel was their second largest expense and this was the time to contemplate obtaining a few futures contracts with suppliers.

B) Joe determined that the best strategy would be to slash prices and minimize all fringes that are used for customer service.

24) Which of the following is a unique advantage of lateral communication? A) Lateral communication helps in the transmission of ideas and information. B) Lateral communication occurring with management's knowledge and support can be beneficial even if it does not follow the formal vertical structure. C) Lateral communication facilitates emotional expression, enhances motivation, and helps the organization control its employees effectively. D) Lateral communication facilitates coordination at the intradepartmental level. E) Lateral communication works quickly as it does not follow the stages of the communication process.

B) Lateral communication occurring with management's knowledge and support can be beneficial even if it does not follow the formal vertical structures

49) Which of following is true regarding social networking? A) Individuals between ten and eighteen years of age are the fastest growing group of users of Facebook. B) Many organizations have developed their own in-house social networking applications. C) The use of social networking sites eliminates cyber loafing at work. D) Social networking sites are primarily for interpersonal communication and have no business-related uses. E) Social networking is a protected activity that cannot be intercepted

B) Many organizations have developed their own in-house social networking applications.

66) Joe Sullivan and Mark Holland, members of the top management at EuAir, a European airlines, were preparing for a meeting to discuss strategies to combat the recent rise in fuel prices. Before the meeting began, Joe and Mark were discussing how oil prices significantly impact the health of the world economy. Joe spoke of how higher oil prices since 1999, partly the result of OPEC supply management policies, contributed to the global economic downturn in 2000-2001. Mark agreed but added that the right kind of strategy could help them overcome this challenge, and that they could even use the situation to hike fares and generate additional revenues. Which of the following statements, if true, would weaken the argument that Mark experienced groupshift in the meeting? A) Mark argued that implementing a price rise was necessary to recover the costs in operating the flights. B) Mark stated that the company should increase operations but at lower fares so they can regain control over the market share. C) Mark believed that most of their clientele was not price sensitive. D) Mark stated that oil suppliers were going to pressure them even more in the future and the company had to resort to alternatives like bio fuels. E) Mark recommended that the company should establish a fuel hedging contract with its key suppliers to ensure protection from fuel price rises.

B) Mark stated that the company should increase operations but at lower fares so they can regain control over the market share.

45) Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of status on conformity pressure? A) High-status individuals are often given less freedom to deviate from norms than are other group members. B) People in high-status jobs have especially negative reactions to social pressure exerted by people in low-status jobs. C) Lower-status people are better able to resist conformity pressures than their high-status peers. D) Groups exert equal conformity pressure on all individuals regardless of their status. E) Compared to high-status members, low-status members are given a wider range of discretion as long as their activities aren't severely detrimental to group goal achievement.

B) People in high-status jobs have especially negative reactions to social pressure exerted by people in low-status jobs.

18) Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument in favor of adopting job rotation? A) The company is currently facing numerous budget constraints. B) The company can enhance productivity of existing employees in various areas for different projects. C) Two front-level managers have resigned in the last quarter as they were not promoted. D) The company has launched a new brand which is cannibalizing one of its existing products. E) The company has recently given employees new responsibilities by combining their routine tasks into natural work units.

B) The company can enhance productivity of existing employees in various areas for different projects.

48) Which of following is true regarding text messaging? A) They represent the best means to communicate long messages that must be archived. B) The guidelines for business use of texting are still evolving. C) They represent a secure mode of communication that cannot be intercepted. D) Instant messaging is not dependent on the availability of Internet or computers. E) Text messaging is transmitted primarily via computers

B) The guidelines for business use of texting are still evolving.

Which of the following statements is true of the job characteristics model? A) The operation of the model is universal and unaffected by cultural factors. B) The operation of the model is relatively individualistic in nature. C) The operation of the model requires employees to have similar skill sets. D) The operation of the model cannot be quantitatively measured. E) The operation of the model fulfils only extrinsic motivational needs.

B) The operation of the model is relatively individualistic in nature.

42) Which of the following is true with regard to deviant workplace behavior? A) It is involuntary in nature. B) Widespread deviant workplace behavior depends on the accepted norms of the group. C) It has a negligible adverse impact on organization as it is accepted by some employees. D) Research on deviance at the workplace has shown that employees operating individually engage in more deviant behaviors than those who function as a part of groups. E) Leaving work early is an example of a property-related deviant workplace behavior.

B) Widespread deviant workplace behavior depends on the accepted norms of the group.

38) Ideally, a chain network should be used when ________. A) high speed of information transfer is desired B) accuracy of information is most important C) the network is expected to facilitate emergence of a leader D) high member satisfaction is desired E) the teams using the chain network are self-managed teams

B) accuracy of information is most important

One of the methods of job enrichment is to expand jobs vertically. This method involves modifying the ________ dimension of the job. A) task significance B) autonomy C) feedback D) task identity E) skill variety

B) autonomy

32) The ________ network is a type of formal small-group network that rigidly follows the formal and hierarchical levels of command. A) matrix B) chain C) wheel D) all channel E) cross-functional

B) chain

41) Which of the following terms best represents voluntary actions that violate significant organizational norms and, in doing so, threaten the well-being of the organization or its members? A) undue hardship B) deviant workplace behavior C) antidiscrimination and retaliation D) progressive discipline E) wrongful termination

B) deviant workplace behavior

17) Communication that flows from one level of a group or organization to a lower level is called ________. A) intrapersonal communication B) downward communication C) upward communication D) lateral communication E) horizontal communication

B) downward communication

Job enrichment is the process of ________. A) periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another with similar skill requirements at the same organizational level B) expansion of jobs by increasing the degree to which the worker controls the planning, execution, and evaluation of the work C) redistribution of power within the organization through work councils and board representations D) distribution of a significant degree of power between subordinates and supervisors E) evaluation of an employee wherein subordinates, peers, and managers provide comprehensive feedback

B) expansion of jobs by increasing the degree to which the worker controls the planning, execution, and evaluation of the work

30) Role ________ is defined as the way others believe you should act in a given context. A) fuzziness B) expectation C) conflict D) perception E) enhancement

B) expectation

53) Which of the following communication channels provides the highest information richness? A) e-mail B) face-to-face conversations C) online group discussions D) voice mail E) memos and letters

B) face-to-face conversations

16) Which of the following is the final step in the communication process? A) silence B) feedback loop C) all-channel transmission D) decoding E) encoding

B) feedback loop

40) Which of the following represents the informal communication network in an organization? A) feedback loop B) grapevine C) chain network D) all-channel network E) wheel network

B) grapevine

63) Groupshift is seen when ________. A) group members view themselves in better light when compared to members of the out-group B) group members tend to exaggerate the initial positions they hold when discussing a given set of alternatives and arriving at a solution C) group members notice and emphasize identities that reflect how different they are from other groups D) group members tend to prefer and endorse the products, ideas, and aspects of someone else's culture over their own E) group members fail to express alternative opinions and deviant views under the influence of the norm for consensus

B) group members tend to exaggerate the initial positions they hold when discussing a given set of alternatives and arriving at a solution

62) In discussing a given set of alternatives and arriving at a solution, group members tend to exaggerate the initial positions they hold. This phenomenon is called ________. A) social desirability bias B) groupshift C) halo effect D) social loafing E) ingroup favoritism

B) groupshift

64) The HR department at Bailey Services is considering offering telecommuting as an option to some experienced employees. At a meeting to formalize the move, the heads of the different departments met with Laura Watson, the HR manager. Laura, who thought this meeting would be a short one, was proven wrong when all the members, who had previously agreed that telecommuting would work in their company, began coming up with divergent views. By the end, two divisions claimed they had major concerns about allowing employees to telecommute, and those in favor of it were equally vocal. This scenario depicts the operation of ________. A) conformity B) groupshift C) role conflict D) groupthink E) social loafing

B) groupshift

4) Synergy Inc. has recently assigned some of its best employees to form a cross-functional team and complete a project from a new client. Many of the employees on this team are apprehensive about the structure and dynamics of how they will function as a group and accomplish this goal. To energize the employees, their immediate manager is holding a meeting with them next week where he will provide them some additional training in strategies and methods that may work well for the team. The manager's initiative to hold this meeting fulfills the ________ function of communication. A) filtering B) information C) emotional expression D) control E) informal

B) information

8) At Milton farms, where a large part of the management comes from the same sociocultural background, many employees of diverse ethical or cultural origins are hired only to ensure legal compliance with laws relating to diversity at the workplace. The company's day-to-day functioning leaves much to be desired in terms of promoting diversity. Recently, the owner's cousin was promoted to the post of a branch manager while three suitable candidates hailing from different cultures were blatantly overlooked. This is an example of ________. A) social loafing B) ingroup favoritism C) groupthink D) contrast bias E) social exchange

B) ingroup favoritism

9) Aaron Dias was working on the last shift for the day at All Needs, a retail store owned by an Asian man, when he opened the cash register and stole some money thinking that nobody would witness him stealing. However, one of the customers watched him steal the money and reported it to the manager the next day, and Aaron was terminated. Subsequently, the manager became extremely strict with all his Caucasian employees and was often heard abusing them by saying, "You guys are all the same." This scenario depicts ________. A) social loafing B) ingroup favoritism C) groupthink D) contrast bias E) social exchange

B) ingroup favoritism

An arrangement that allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hour-a-week job is called ________. A) flextime B) job sharing C) gainsharing D) telecommuting E) job rotation

B) job sharing

69) What can managers do to make sure that important information is not withheld from them through silence? A) engage in selective perception B) listen to and support diverse opinions C) deal with information overload D) hire employees with high emotional intelligence E) tell employees what they want to hear

B) listen to and support diverse opinions

72) A group decision-making method in which individual members meet face-to-face to pool their judgments in a systematic but independent fashion is the ________ technique. A) reference groups B) nominal groups C) brainstorming D) interacting groups E) ingroup

B) nominal groups

34) Which of the following represents the acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group's members? A) status B) norms C) dyads D) goals E) cliques

B) norms

28) Role perception is defined as ________. A) the way others believe we should act in a given context B) our view of how we are supposed to act in a given situation C) the existence of roles that are at variance with one another D) the socially defined position or rank given to group members by others E) the degree to which members are motivated to stay in the group.

B) our view of how we are supposed to act in a given situation

30) Which of the following modes of communication does not come under the purview of nonverbal communication? A) physical distance B) personal e-mails C) intonations D) facial expressions E) body movement

B) personal e-mails

39) The important groups to which an individual belongs or hopes to belong are known as ________ groups. A) interacting B) reference C) organizational D) control E) nominal

B) reference

37) The all-channel network is practiced most commonly in ________. A) traditional teams B) self-managed teams C) cross-functional teams D) problem-solving groups E) work groups

B) self-managed teams

73) Rhonda May was transferred to London three months back to oversee the opening of a new branch of the retail chain she worked for. Rhonda, who had never been to London, adjusted well with her British colleagues but received quizzical looks from many of her British colleagues every morning in the initial weeks in London. After asking one of her subordinates to explain what caused her colleagues to look at her in that strange way, she discovered the reason. When her British colleagues greeted her by saying, "How are you today?" every morning, she typically replied by saying "I'm good," while Britishers typically say, "I'm well" in response to this greeting. This is because "I'm good" can have multiple meanings like "I'm not a bad person" or "I'm suitable," while "I'm well" only gives a sense of mental and physical well-being. Rhonda then realized how subtly cultural barriers can operate. From the information provided in the scenario, this is an example of barriers caused by ________. A) tone differences B) semantics and connotations C) intolerance toward other cultures D) situational and physical cues E) power distance

B) semantics and connotations

36) The ________ norms dictate behavior such as with whom group members eat lunch and friendships on and off the job. A) appearance B) social arrangement C) performance D) reference E) organizational

B) social arrangement

74) Low-context cultures primarily rely on ________ in communicating with others. A) formal titles B) spoken and written words C) situational cues D) status differences E) nonverbal cues

B) spoken and written words

17) By the end of the stage of ________, a relatively clear hierarchy of leadership within the group is established. A) norming B) storming C) forming D) adjourning E) performing

B) storming

13) Uncertainty reduction is a dimension of the social identity theory that manifests itself in the ________. A) tendency of people who have greater uniformity in values and characteristics to have greater identification as well B) tendency of people to use the group as a means of understanding who they are and how they fit into the world C) tendency of people to link themselves to groups of higher social standing in an attempt to define themselves favorably D) tendency of ingroup members to prefer and endorse the products, ideas, and aspects of someone else's culture over their own

B) tendency of people to use the group as a means of understanding who they are and how they fit into the world

10) Similarity is a characteristic under the social identity theory that manifests itself in the ________. A) tendency of ingroup members to notice and emphasize identities that reflect how different they are from other groups B) tendency of people who have greater uniformity in values and characteristics to have greater group identification as well C) tendency of people to link themselves to high-status groups in an attempt to define themselves favorably D) tendency of people to use the group as a means of understanding who they are and how they fit into the world E) tendency of ingroup members to prefer and endorse the products, ideas, and aspects of someone else's culture over their own

B) tendency of people who have greater uniformity in values and characteristics to have greater group identification as well

25) The first phase of group development for temporary groups involves ________. A) the phase of inertia before transition B) the determination of the group's direction C) the transition to plan the major changes D) a period of accelerated activity E) the adoption of new perspectives

B) the determination of the group's direction

18) During the third stage of group development, ________. A) conflicts over leadership are common B) the group demonstrates cohesiveness C) intragroup conflicts occur D) members resist the constraints the group places on them E) groups disband

B) the group demonstrates cohesiveness

61) Whether people use automatic or controlled processing for reacting to a persuasive message is often a function of ________. A) time B) their level of interest in it C) heuristics D) effort E) availability of research

B) their level of interest in it

After the training and development manager at Add Worth, Nicole Hayes, resigned, the CEO has made it a priority that the position be filled soon by someone of equal expertise and experience as Nicole. To locate the right candidate, Jennifer Ray, the HR manager, has been contacting recruitment firms, checking job sites, and pushing for referrals from the employees. However, she has only found candidates with little or no experience in the field who were willing to work full time for the position. At the next meeting with the CEO, Jennifer proposes an alternative strategy; she suggests hiring two experienced candidates who are open to the idea of handling the training needs on a part-time basis as a team. The CEO listens to her proposal but is not too convinced by it. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen Jennifer's proposal to use work sharing for the vacant position? A) Trainers are exempted from the requirement of being at the office throughout the common core period of the workday. B) The employees of the company on the work council have planned to demand the flextime option. C) A good proportion of the company's prized workforce comprises employees from the baby boomer generation who are set to retire in the impending future. D) The headhunting firms that Jennifer contacted are usually helpful in generating a good pool of potential candidates. E) A rival firm recently adopted telecommuting to reduce administrative costs cutting into its bottom line.

C) A good proportion of the company's prized workforce comprises employees from the baby boomer generation who are set to retire in the impending future.

1) Which of the following is true with regard to groups? A) A group is characterized by the independence of its members. B) A group typically lacks definite roles and structures. C) A group influences our emotional reactions. D) An informal gathering cannot be considered a group. E) The membership of a group does not affect how its members treat outsiders.

C) A group influences our emotional reactions.

71) Which of the following statements is true regarding brainstorming? A) Brainstorming encourages criticizing an idea as early as possible. B) Brainstorming overcomes the problem of "production blocking." C) Brainstorming can overcome the pressures for conformity. D) Research consistently shows that a group in a brainstorming session generates more ideas than an individual working alone. E) Brainstorming fails to develop group cohesiveness.

C) Brainstorming can overcome the pressures for conformity.

46) Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect that size of the group has on the performance of the group? A) The size of the group does not affect the group's overall behavior. B) Evidence indicates that larger groups are faster at completing tasks than smaller ones. C) Compared to smaller groups, larger groups are better at problem solving. D) If the goal of the group is fact-finding, then smaller groups are more effective than larger groups. E) Evidence indicates that individuals perform better in larger groups than in smaller ones.

C) Compared to smaller groups, larger groups are better at problem solving.

7) ________ is defined as the tendency to see members of the group of which we are a part of as better than other people. A) Ingroup homogeneity B) Xenocentrism C) Ingroup favoritism D) Black sheep effect E) Hindsight bias

C) Ingroup favoritism

Which of the following statements is true regarding job sharing? A) It expands jobs by increasing the degree to which the worker controls the planning, execution, and evaluation of the work. B) It is also called cross-training. C) It allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hour-a-week job. D) It involves periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another with similar skill requirements at the same organizational level. E) Job sharing is a method of job enrichment.

C) It allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hour-a-week job.

Which of the following statements is true regarding job rotation? A) It decreases the flexibility with which an organization can adapt to a change. B) It decreases employee motivation. C) It decreases productivity in the short-run. D) It decreases supervisory workload. E) It decreases the flexibility in scheduling work.

C) It decreases productivity in the short-run.

11) Stacey was at work when Ann, her sister, called to confirm their dinner plan the following weekend at their Aunt Hilda's farmhouse. Stacey said she would call Joe, her husband, and get back to her. However, when Stacey called her back, Ann could not hear most of what she said because Jennifer, Ann's daughter, was crying loudly in the background. Who represents the noise in the communication process depicted in this scenario? A) Hilda B) Joe C) Jennifer D) Ann E) Stacey

C) Jennifer

21) Which of the following is an example of upward communication? A) Jennifer has just received an outstanding performance rating as a part of the yearly appraisals. B) Sherry is holding a project initiation meeting with her team to familiarize them with the guidelines and requirements. C) The assembly line workers have conducted a signature campaign asking for the revision of the old pay scales. D) The management has recently given a copy of the new safety policies that the employees must abide by in their daily work. E) The heads of the different departments of Carver Inc. have met to discuss their plans for the coming year.

C) The assembly line workers have conducted a signature campaign asking for the revision of the old pay scales.

25) Gehring Services is a company organized around a strong management which values experience, knowledge, and structure. The company has a detailed framework of rules, procedures, and guidelines in place to help employees respond to problems in an orderly manner. Mails, memos, and notifications are used to communicate between managers, employees, and the management. Despite such provisions to help in structuring and executing work, the company incurs losses for delays and quality issues. One of their key clients had asked for two similar projects to be delivered by the teams headed by Briony and Benedict. While Benedict's team completed the project successfully on time, Briony's team had to implement numerous last-minute changes to meet client specifications, and she ended up delivering the project over a week late. Which of the following, if true, would explain this delay in Briony's submission? A) Briony's team was comprised of members who generated a lot of positive synergy while working together. B) Briony and Benedict had teams comprising equal members and were allocated company resources in equitable manner. C) The company stipulated that all communication be in the upward or downward mode only to ensure clarity and control. D) Briony had a good track record with clients who trusted her to do a good job. E) The management allowed Briony's team an extension to complete the project.

C) The company stipulated that all communication be in the upward or downward mode only to ensure clarity and control.

55) When the middle-level manager of the production department at Wilson Works was laid off, many employees who worked under him became apprehensive about their job security. They were aware of the current trend toward laying off employees in the economy. The termination of their manager combined with the fact that their division had performed only moderately well in the last two quarters led the employees to believe that they were at a high risk of losing their jobs as well. Which of the following, if true, would weaken the argument that the production manager should hold face-to-face meetings to assure the employees in the production division? A) The employees have serious concerns over job security. B) Rumors had spread about impending layoffs at Wilson Works. C) The middle-level manager supervised over five hundred employees. D) Wilson Works has a strong formal communication network in place. E) The company has no fixed policy with regard to rightsizing employees.

C) The middle-level manager supervised over five hundred employees.

50) E-Way is an electronics company that is developing a new cellphone that will be released in the market soon. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that the company should use social media to promote the new cellphone? A) E-Way's last two releases received a lot of criticism from consumers. B) One of E-Way's rival companies had used social media unsuccessfully to advertise its new product. C) The production team overshot the budget and the marketing team has low funds. D) The target consumers for the cellphone are not restricted to any demographic category. E) The company has a tightly integrated production and distribution mechanism.

C) The production team overshot the budget and the marketing team has low funds. D) The ta

26) Which of the following statements is true regarding oral communication? A) It is tangible and verifiable. B) It can be stored for an indefinite period. C) The sender can quickly obtain feedback from the receiver. D) As compared to written communication, it is more likely to be well thought out, logical, and clear. E) In the case of oral communication, the possibility of distortion of the message decreases

C) The sender can quickly obtain feedback from the receiver.

52) ICE is a non-profit organization that runs awareness campaigns and research programs that provide data to initiate the process of legislative changes on various aspects of the environment like forest cover, nuclear fuel, endangered species and others. The ICE operates through networks of grass-root level researchers who are grouped into flexible project teams whose roles and duties change with each new project. The ICE believes its employees to be like family, and an informal environment pervades its functioning without any compromises being made in the efficiency. Recently, the project manager of the rainwater harvesting pilot project in the suburbs has been informed of two delays in the project. When the third extension request came to him, he looked into the matter by speaking individually with the five team members. Which of the following complaints by the team members, if true, would indicate the presence of social loafing in the team? A) A team member complained that the residents of the suburb in which they were working were uncooperative and did not accept their most cordial requests for helping in data collection. B) Nancy, one of the new team members, reported that she felt the team was not cohesive enough. C) Two of the most experienced employees on the team reported having to shoulder a disproportionate amount of the current workload and asked for an internal transfer. D) The scarcity of funds was one of the major concerns that all the team members mentioned. E) The team members were dissatisfied with the compensation package as they felt they were putting in a lot of work and being paid relatively less.

C) Two of the most experienced employees on the team reported having to shoulder a disproportionate amount of the current workload and asked for an internal transfer.

44) Communicating through e-mail provides ________. A) a host of nonverbal cues to understand the message better B) the best means to convey negative information C) a cheaper alternative to the conventional communication through letters D) a secure communication link that nobody else can access E) an option to hold real-time meetings with people in different locations

C) a cheaper alternative to the conventional communication through letters

According to the job characteristics model, autonomy is defined as the degree to which ________. A) a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work B) a job generates direct and clear information about performance C) a job provides the worker freedom, independence, and discretion D) a job has an impact on the lives or work of other people E) a job requires a variety of different activities

C) a job provides the worker freedom, independence, and discretion

63) Filtering is a barrier to effective communication that takes place when ________. A) the interpretation of the message is affected by the receiver's emotion B) the information we have to work with exceeds our processing capacity C) a sender purposely manipulates information so the receiver will see it more favorably D) the receivers in the communication process selectively see and hear based on their motivations, experience, and other personal characteristics E) receivers also project their interests and expectations into communications as they decode them

C) a sender purposely manipulates information so the receiver will see it more favorably

44) According to status characteristics theory, which of the following factors does not determine status? A) control over the resources needed by the group B) contribution to goals C) ability to conform to group norms D) personality E) talent

C) ability to conform to group norms

Telecommuting is an option that suits professionals like ________. A) trainers B) nurses C) analysts D) receptionists E) sales representatives

C) analysts

51) A(n) ________ is a website about a single person or company. A) e-mail account B) social networking site C) blog D) instant messaging portal E) file transfer protocol

C) blog

70) Like many other marketing strategy specialists, Mark Fritz relies heavily on creativity and originality. Members of his team are selected on the basis of their ability to think divergently, and Mark often conducts activities to ensure that this ability is developed. For instance, before any new project, Mark invites his team to sit together and churn out possible ideas about the new product, its theme, and ways in which it can be projected best in the market. These sessions usually provide him with a bank of potential ideas from which the team selects some strong concepts and develops them into a campaign. To encourage freedom in these sessions, Mark has a no-evaluation policy. This is an example of ________. A) ingroup favoritism B) groupshift C) brainstorming D) groupthink E) social loafing

C) brainstorming

33) Peter is working on a project. He feels that the parameters need to be changed to meet client specifications. First, he must talk to his immediate supervisor, who will then discuss the issue with her department director before any change can be implemented. Peter is most likely to be a part of the ________ type of small-group communication networks. A) star network B) mesh network C) chain network D) all-channel network E) ring net

C) chain network

45) Which of the following is a recommendation to effectively manage e-mail? A) check e-mail every morning B) do not declare e-mail bankruptcy C) check e-mails in batches D) reserve e-mail for communicating negative messages E) merge the use of the company and personal e-mail accounts

C) check e-mails in batches

59) Before buying her new phone, Gina listed the various requirements her new phone must meet. As a wedding planner, much of her work revolves around using e-mail to forward pictures of locations, designs, and food arrangements that she could categorize by themes and prices. She requires a phone with high storage capacity, speedy Internet, and easy-to-use methods to organize and save content. After listing these requirements, she fixed a budget and began surveying phones online. She also obtained information from friends. In a week's time, Gina had shortlisted three models that suited her needs and was ready to make the final choice. Gina used ________ to arrive at this decision. A) superficial processing B) heuristic processing C) controlled processing D) selective processing E) automatic processing

C) controlled processing

Which of the following is the major drawback of job sharing from management's perspective? A) increase in supervisory workload B) increased costs for providing supporting infrastructure (such as desk and computer) to two employees instead of one C) difficulty in finding compatible partners D) difficulty in designing the reward structure E) difficulty in coordinating schedules

C) difficulty in finding compatible partners

50) Which of the following is an effective means of countering social loafing? A) increasing the rewards the group is given if it succeeds B) increasing the amount by which the group's progress is monitored C) ensuring that individual contributions to the group's outcome are identified D) increasing the size of the group E) increasing the group's workload 四个increase 一个ensuring

C) ensuring that individual contributions to the group's outcome are identified

15) In a communication process, ________ is the check on how successful we have been in transferring our messages as originally intended. A) filtering B) signal C) feedback D) encoding E) noise

C) feedback

According to the job characteristics model, ________ indicates the degree to which carrying out work activities generates direct and clear information about your own performance. A) task significance B) autonomy C) feedback D) task identity E) skill variety

C) feedback

15) Which of the following stages of the five-stage group development model is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the group's purpose, structure, and leadership? A) introduction B) storming C) forming D) evolution E) norming

C) forming

56) Which of the following is an advantage of group decision making when compared to individual decision making? A) increased ambiguous responsibility B) increased conformity pressures C) increased diversity of views D) increased dispersion of accountability E) increased pace of decision making

C) increased diversity of views

47) Which of the following types of electronic communications is preferable for one- or two-line messages? A) blogs B) video conferencing C) instant messaging D) grapevine E) e-mails

C) instant messaging

The periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another with similar skill requirements at the same organizational level is defined as ________. A) job enlargement B) job analysis C) job rotation D) job sharing E) job enrichment

C) job rotation

7) The ________ is the actual physical product of the sender's encoding. A) channel B) filter C) message D) noise E) medium

C) message

29) Which of the following forms of communication is characterized by the use of only body movements, intonations, facial expressions, and physical distance to communicate? A) written communication B) downward communication C) nonverbal communication D) lateral communication E) upward communication

C) nonverbal communication

A prerequisite condition for job rotation is the ________. A) presence of high level of autonomy among workers B) presence of high need for affiliation among workers C) presence of employees with similar skill sets and requirements D) presence of alternative work arrangements for employees to avail E) presence of employee involvement programs

C) presence of employees with similar skill sets and requirements

37) A local government work crew cleans up parks and other public spaces. In this crew, the dirtiest jobs are generally given to the newest members, while the more senior members of the crew tend to do little except draw their pay. Which of the following classes of norms encompasses arrangements like this? A) performance norms B) appearance norms C) resource allocation norms D) reference norms E) leisure norms

C) resource allocation norms

31) Most people assume that police officers should behave in a lawful manner, refrain from demonstrating favoritism to any particular group, and do their best to uphold the law. Which of the following terms best represents these beliefs? A) diversity B) similarity C) role expectation D) uncertainty reduction E) dispersion of responsibility

C) role expectation

65) When receivers of communication process the information based on their needs, motivations, experience, background, and other personal characteristics, they are engaging in ________. A) communication apprehension B) deliberative processing C) selective perception D) controlled processing E) filtering

C) selective perception

5) Our tendency to take personal pride or offense for the accomplishments of a group we are a part of is the territory of the ________ theory. A) social exchange B) expectancy C) social identity D) reinforcement E) equity

C) social identity

47) Which of the following terms indicates the tendency of individuals to spend less effort when working collectively? A) groupthink B) collective efficacy C) social loafing D) groupshift E) social facilitation

C) social loafing

48) When faced with a number of tight deadlines, Mandy Moore often delegates work collectively. Recently she chose some fairly experienced employees to work on a high-priority project. She was heartened to see that the selected group of employees was having numerous meetings and working hard. However, when she went to check on their progress at the halfway mark in the project schedule, she was shocked to see how little the team had done in the past three weeks. This scenario reflects ________. A) groupthink B) collective efficacy C) social loafing D) groupshift E) ingroup favoritism

C) social loafing

The job characteristic model fails to consider the role ________ plays in employee motivation. A) job design B) meaningfulness C) social support D) growth need E) responsibility

C) social support

43) Status refers to the ________. A) impact that support of group norms has on workplace civility B) adjustment of one's behavior to align with the norms of the group C) socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others D) existence of roles that are at variance with one another E) acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group's members

C) socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others

14) Which of the following represents the second stage in the five-stage group development model? A) adjourning B) performing C) storming D) forming E) norming

C) storming

12) Status is a characteristic under the social identity theory that reflects the ________. A) tendency of people to use the group as a means of understanding who they are and how they fit into the world B) tendency of people who have greater uniformity in values and characteristics to have greater identification as well C) tendency of people to link themselves to groups of higher social standing in an attempt to define themselves favorably D) tendency of ingroup members to prefer and endorse the products, ideas, and aspects of someone else's culture over their own E) tendency of ingroup members to notice and emphasize identities that reflect how different they are from other groups

C) tendency of people to link themselves to groups of higher social standing in an attempt to define themselves favorably

60) People are likely to use automatic processing when ________. A) their subject knowledge of the issue is high B) their interest level in the issue is high C) their usage of heuristics related to the issue is high D) their need for cognition is high E) their reliance on logics and facts to make a decision is high

C) their usage of heuristics related to the issue is high

75) Communication in high-context cultures is characterized by an emphasis on ________. A) directness B) explicit and precise documentation C) trust D) legalized contracts over oral ones E) direct modes of conflict resolution

C) trust

20) Communication that flows to a higher level in the group or organization is called ________. A) intrapersonal communication B) downward communication C) upward communication D) lateral communication E) horizontal communication

C) upward communication

34) The ________ network is a type of formal small-group network that relies on a central figure to act as the conduit for all the group's communication. A) matrix B) chain C) wheel D) all channel E) cross-functional

C) wheel

28) Genepa Corporation manufactures home appliances and other electronic products. Genepa is planning to introduce a new refrigerator model. The marketing manager at Genepa has developed a marketing plan for this new product and wants to communicate this plan to all the employees in the marketing department. Which of the following is most likely to be the best form of communication for communicating this plan? A) nonverbal communication B) oral communication C) written communication D) grapevine communication E) lateral communication

C) written communication

Do you need to use a team?

Can the work be done better by one person? Does the work create a common goal or purpose? Are the members of the group interdependent?

22) Which of the following is true with regard to the five-stage group development model? A) All permanent groups pass through the five stages of this model of group development successively. B) For temporary work teams, the performing stage is the last stage of group development. C) The model assumes that employees are functioning at their most effective level beginning in the first stage. D) A positive social focus may aid a group in reaching the performing stage more rapidly. E) Groups proceed through the stages of group development in similar speed and timelines.

D) A positive social focus may aid a group in reaching the performing stage more rapidly.

Adam Sears is an assembly line employee with Swenson Motors. Though Adam is popular among his supervisors and colleagues, Adam experiences low morale and lack of motivation. He feels frustrated that his job is restricted to fixing nuts and bolts on the car parts. He fears that he has no chances of advancing in his career as he cannot completely assemble a car. Which of the following is true with regard to Adam? A) Adam's job has high task complexity. B) Adam's job has a high span of control. C) Adam's job has low role definition. D) Adam's job has low task identity. E) Adam's job has high task significance.

D) Adam's job has low task identity.

10) Stacey was at work when Ann, her sister, called to confirm their dinner plan the following weekend at their Aunt Hilda's farmhouse. Stacey said she would call Joe, her husband, and get back to her. However, when Stacey called her back, Ann could not hear most of what she said because Jennifer, Ann's daughter, was crying loudly in the background. Who is the first sender in this scenario? A) Joe B) Stacey C) Jennifer D) Ann E) Hilda

D) Ann

53) ________ refers to the degree to which members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group. A) Assertiveness B) Social dominance C) Authoritativeness D) Cohesiveness E) Diversity

D) Cohesiveness

38) ________ refers to the adjustment of one's behavior to align with the norms of the group. A) Deviance B) Conflict C) Divergence D) Conformity E) Appearance

D) Conformity

19) Which of the following statements is true regarding the norming stage of group development? A) According to the five-stage group development model, this is the second stage in the group development model. B) This stage is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the group's purpose, structure, and leadership. C) During this stage, members accept the existence of the group but resist the constraints it imposes on individuality. D) During this stage, the group develops a common set of expectations of what defines correct member behavior. E) During this stage the group completes the task at hand.

D) During this stage, the group develops a common set of expectations of what defines correct member behavior.

21) Which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding the performing stage? A) The performing stage is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the group's purpose, structure, and leadership. B) During the performing stage, there is conflict over who will control the group. C) The performing stage involves members trying out different behaviors in order to understand which behaviors the group considers acceptable. D) For permanent work groups, performing is the last stage in development. E) During the performing stage, members accept the existence of the group but resist the constraints it imposes on individuality.

D) For permanent work groups, performing is the last stage in development.

13) Which of the following statements is true regarding an informal communication channel? A) It traditionally follows the authority chain within the organization. B) It generally transmits messages related to the professional activities of members. C) It is established by the organization. D) It is generally used for communicating personal or social messages. E) Information regarding change in the policies of the organization is transmitted through it.

D) It is generally used for communicating personal or social messages.

68) Joe Sullivan and Mark Holland, members of the top management at EuAir, a European airline, were preparing for a meeting to discuss strategies to combat the recent rise in fuel prices. Before the meeting began, Joe and Mark were discussing how oil prices significantly impact the health of the world economy. Joe spoke of how higher oil prices since 1999, partly the result of OPEC supply management policies, contributed to the global economic downturn in 2000-2001. Mark agreed but added that the right kind of strategy could help them overcome this challenge, and that they could even use the situation to hike fares and generate additional revenues. Which of the following statements, if true, would weaken the argument that Joe experienced groupshift during the meeting? A) Joe stated that the company should cut expenditures on other areas like marketing and advertising instead of hiking fares to retain their current profit margins. B) Joe stated that hiking prices would lead to losing market share to the low-cost airlines which already controlled half the market. C) Joe stated that precise methods of fuel filling and consumption must be implemented to efficiently use their current supply of fuel. D) Joe suggested adding a fuel surcharge to all tickets for commercial flights with immediate effect. E) Joe proposed the usage of direct and higher altitude routes that would curtail fuel consumption.

D) Joe suggested adding a fuel surcharge to all tickets for commercial flights with immediate effect.

31) Which of the following statements is true with regard to nonverbal communication? A) Nonverbal communication has a high degree of potential distortion. B) E-mails and memos are examples of nonverbal communication. C) The importance of nonverbal cues is low as they have no fixed meanings. D) Level of interest and the perceived status between a sender and a receiver can be studied through body language. E) Messages received through oral and nonverbal communication cannot be contradictory to each other.

D) Level of interest and the perceived status between a sender and a receiver can be studied through body language.

65) Joe Sullivan and Mark Holland, members of the top management at EuAir, a European airlines, were preparing for a meeting to discuss strategies to combat the recent rise in fuel prices. Before the meeting began, Joe and Mark were discussing how oil prices significantly impact the health of the world economy. Joe spoke of how higher oil prices since 1999, partly the result of OPEC supply management policies, contributed to the global economic downturn in 2000-2001. Mark agreed but added that the right kind of strategy could help them overcome this challenge, and that they could even use the situation to hike fares and generate additional revenues. Which of the following statements, if true, would denote the occurrence of groupshift in Mark's opinions during the meeting? A) Mark thought that EuAir should suspend some of its less profitable flights in the short run in favor of the routes that have greater demand among consumers. B) Mark proposed that this was an opportunity for EuAir to use its brand name effectively and diversify into other products and services. C) Mark agreed with Joe's opinion that providing the best service possible, even if it meant incurring a loss in the short run, would be the best strategy. D) Mark proposed that the prices be hiked and additional customer service measures be included so costumers have the best experience flying with EuAir. E) Mark encouraged the top-management team to consider laying off surplus employees and rightsizing EuAir to enhance its efficiency and lower costs.

D) Mark proposed that the prices be hiked and additional customer service measures be included so costumers have the best experience flying with EuAir.

71) Shirley Shands is a hard worker, but Debra, her manager, is irritated with her. While Debra concedes that Shirley's work gives her no cause for complaint, Debra is tired of the interruptions in her work because of Shirley asking for repeated clarifications over what exactly she has to say in e-mails or phone calls. She often requests Debra to proofread her e-mails before sending them, and Debra feels she sends too many e-mails instead of just speaking to the person concerned. From the scenario, we can conclude that ________. A) Shirley processes her e-mails in an automatic and superficial manner B) Shirley and Debra come from a high-context culture C) Debra is engaging in social loafing D) Shirley suffers from communication apprehension E) Shirley uses filtering when communicating with Debra

D) Shirley suffers from communication apprehension

27) Written communication is characterized by ________. A) a high degree of potential distortion B) the speed of transmission and feedback C) the availability of nonverbal cues D) a high degree of tangibility and verifiability E) minimal time required for transmission and feedback

D) a high degree of tangibility and verifiability

According to the job characteristics model, task significance is the degree to which ________. A) a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work B) a job generates direct and clear information about performance C) a job provides the worker freedom in scheduling work and determining its procedure D) a job bears an impact on the lives or work of other people E) a job requires a variety of different activities

D) a job bears an impact on the lives or work of other people

8) With reference to the communication process, the ________ is the medium through which the message travels. A) feedback B) noise C) encoder D) channel E) decoder

D) channel

41) The informal communication network in an organization is ________. A) determined by organization B) based on clear and factual information C) rooted in issues of minimal importance to employees D) characterized by ambiguity E) controlled by the management

D) characterized by ambiguity

70) Undue tension and anxiety about oral communication, written communication, or both is called ________. A) information overload B) communication misrepresentation C) selective perception D) communication apprehension E) filtering

D) communication apprehension

32) When ________, the result is role conflict. A) compliance with one role aids our performance in another role B) compliance with the group is an attempt to understand who we are and how we fit into the world C) compliance with the group is marked by a tendency to notice and emphasize those aspects of the group that are distinctive D) compliance with one role requirement may make it difficult to comply with another E) compliance with the group is strengthened by members who have similar values and characteristics

D) compliance with one role requirement may make it difficult to comply with another

2) Norah Baines is one of the most devoted teachers at Oakwood Academy. She has been working with the institution for seven years and is expecting a promotion soon. However, Norah's candidacy for this promotion is passed over in favor of another less experienced male employee as Norah plans to start a family soon. Consequently, Norah writes a formal letter voicing her concerns. Norah's letter fulfills the ________ function of communication. A) motivation B) accommodation C) facilitation D) control E) informal

D) control

27) Which of the following represents the major determinants of group development and functioning as depicted by the punctuated-equilibrium model? A) better perspectives and patterns B) group solidarity and collectivist goals C) promotion of diversity D) deadlines and time constraints E) role perception and expectation

D) deadlines and time constraints

49) Which of the following is a contributing factor with regard to social loafing? A) difficult task assignments B) high collective efficacy C) severe time constraints D) dispersion of responsibility E) heavy workload

D) dispersion of responsibility

43) Which of the following is a desirable strategy for managers aiming to reduce the negative consequences of rumors? A) initiating disciplinary action against the employee who started the rumor B) refusing to comment on issues that appear to be controversial and unfair C) creating a more informal communication environment at the workplace D) encouraging employees to communicate their concerns and suggestions E) ignoring the rumor as rumors grow because of the attention given to them

D) encouraging employees to communicate their concerns and suggestions

3) An informal group is characterized by the ________. A) stipulation of expected behaviors by the organization B) predetermined designation of tasks of members C) pursuit of particular organizational goals D) fulfillment of the need for social contact E) creation of timelines and rationale

D) fulfillment of the need for social contact

60) Sonia Soans is corporate trainer. One of her favorite ways to start a training program is to present a case study and encourage members to think of the case in depth and discuss it amongst each other. Using the results of the activity, she understands the baseline measures of the group's functioning. During one of her recent sessions, she observed that the group came to a consensus very quickly. However, when asked to present their views, the team members were not too confident and appeared to be under an illusion of unanimity. From this scenario, we can say that this group experienced ________. A) diversity B) groupshift C) role conflict D) groupthink E) social loafing

D) groupthink

69) Groupthink is most commonly seen in the group decision-making approach using ________. A) reference groups B) nominal groups C) brainstorming D) interacting groups E) electronic meeting groups

D) interacting groups

16) The second stage of the five-stage group development model is characterized by ________. A) uncertainty about the purpose, structure, and leadership of the group B) cohesiveness and close relationships among members of the group C) strong feelings of group identity among members of the group D) intragroup conflict within the group E) pride in the accomplishments of the group

D) intragroup conflict within the group

Janice and Shane are both senior software analysts. They have worked together on projects for six years and get along very well. Janice is anticipating the arrival of her first child and will not be able to work on a full-time basis in the future. Shane is also contemplating opening his own business as a home media installation consultant and does not want to continue to work full time. They both need some income. Which of the following alternative job structures would be best for Janice and Shane? A) job enlargement B) telecommuting C) job rotation D) job sharing E) job enrichment

D) job sharing

22) Communication that takes place among members of work groups at the same level is known as ________ communication. A) diagonal B) grapevine C) upward D) lateral E) downward

D) lateral

The core dimensions of the job characteristics model can be combined into a single predictive index called ________. A) extrinsic motivation score B) personal outcome score C) job diagnostic score D) motivating potential score E) potential development score

D) motivating potential score

73) For seven years, Bonnie Patterson has been a manager at Wayne and Watson, a legal consultancy firm. A good part of her workday involves holding meetings, and she likes to follow a well-defined schedule. For this reason, members of her team receive the agenda at the beginning of the meeting, followed by some time to contemplate the issue at hand individually. Subsequently, the team members present their ideas one after the other, the group discusses them together, and lastly, a ranking is done to choose the most favored idea. This represents the ________ approach of group decision making. A) interacting B) reference group C) brainstorming D) nominal group E) groupthink

D) nominal group

19) Which of the following is a disadvantage of downward communication? A) communication apprehension B) inferiority complex C) inability to convey feedback D) one-way nature E) fear of authority chain

D) one-way nature

5) Before communication can take place, a ________ is required. A) filter B) channel C) receiver D) purpose E) decoder

D) purpose

29) Janice Cooper has recently joined a hospital as a part of the internship program prescribed by the nursing school she attends. Janice, who was inspired to take up this profession by the story of Florence Nightingale, has very strong ideals about how she should behave as a nurse. She feels that as a nurse she must be gentle, pleasant, and caring at all times so she can serve her patients well, and she often goes to great lengths as an intern by putting in extra hours at the hospital and so on. The scenario reflects Janice's ________. A) role fuzziness B) role ambiguity C) role conflict D) role perception E) role status

D) role perception

6) In a communication process, the ________ initiates a message by encoding a thought. A) receiver B) decoder C) transmitter D) sender E) receptor

D) sender

58) When compared to individual decision making, group decision making has a disadvantage in the area of ________. A) diversity B) creativity C) acceptance of final solutions D) speed E) accuracy

D) speed

Samantha Barnes is an emergency medical technician. Recently, during an emergency call, she was able to resuscitate a man who had a cardiac arrest. Subsequently, she spent some time calming the 12-year-old daughter of the patient and looked after her till the rest of the patient's family arrived at the hospital. Based on this description, it can be concluded that Samantha's job is high in ________. A) task identity B) feedback C) extrinsic rewards D) task significance E) job rotation

D) task significance

67) Which of the following is desirable to eliminate language functioning as a barrier to communication? A) use of phrases and corporate lingo B) use of acronyms and abbreviations C) use of technical language or jargon D) use of uniform language E) use of silence

D) use of uniform language

Employees who use the flextime option have to ________. A) work from the office for three days of the week B) work from home on a relatively permanent basis C) work from the office based on a schedule fixed with the compatible partner they function with D) work from the office during the common core period and put in the extra hours as per their convenience E) work from home only two days a week

D) work from the office during the common core period and put in the extra hours as per their convenience

4) Which of the following differentiates between formal and informal groups? A) The timeline of reference for formal groups is greater than that for informal groups. B) The impact of formal groups on organizational performance is less than that of informal groups. C) Formal groups pursue the goal of social contact, while informal groups have definite organizational goals to attain. D) Formal groups are typically smaller in size when compared to informal groups. E) Formal groups involve clearly defined tasks and roles, while informal groups are neither formally structured nor organizationally determined.

E) Formal groups involve clearly defined tasks and roles, while informal groups are neither formally structured nor organizationally determined.

59) ________ is defined as a phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action. A) Groupshift B) Social loafing C) Ingroup favoritism D) Cyber loafing E) Groupthink

E) Groupthink

52) ________ is a condition in which information inflow exceeds an individual's processing capacity. A) Information scarcity B) Information richness C) Information architecture D) Information inequity E) Information overload

E) Information overload

23) Which of the following statements is true with regard to the punctuated-equilibrium model of group development? A) It applies to all permanent work groups. B) It follows the five stages of forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. C) It does not consider the changes in patterns of group activities in response to deadlines and time constraints. D) It involves the two strategies of groupthink and groupshift to break out of the phases of inertia. E) It characterizes groups as exhibiting long periods of inertia interspersed with brief revolutionary changes.

E) It characterizes groups as exhibiting long periods of inertia interspersed with brief revolutionary changes.

18) Which of the following is an example of downward communication? A) Harry is reporting the work he has done for the day to his supervisor. B) Ben, an assembly line worker, is communicating some safety concerns he has to his manager. C) Silas has just sent a request for leave to his supervisor and is hoping that it will be accepted. D) John and Jack, the production and the marketing managers, have met to discuss the budget constraints they are facing. E) Ray is holding his monthly meeting with his team in which he informs them of their monthly targets.

E) Ray is holding his monthly meeting with his team in which he informs them of their monthly targets.

68) ________ is defined as the absence of information. A) Apprehension B) Selective perception C) Cognition D) Misrepresentation E) Silence

E) Silence

51) Which of the following is true with regard to social loafing? A) Social loafing decreases when rewards are added for collective performance of the group. B) Social loafing reflects the drastic rise in employee performance when employees work collectively. C) Social loafing involves the cumulative rise in productivity when teams increase in size. D) Social loafing is a result of the emphasis on individual outcomes over shared outcomes. E) Social loafing is witnessed less in collectivist cultures where people take pride in group performance.

E) Social loafing is witnessed less in collectivist cultures where people take pride in group performance.

35) Carol Zelner, the manager of a small event management company, is known for her efficiency. She provides the team with clearly defined tasks, guidelines, and directives. Further, she is always available to provide feedback or resolve troubles. Recently, with Carol on leave for about three weeks, the team had a lot of problems. The team members lacked the requisite information on client details, locations, and budgets and had to repeatedly cross-check with each other or the clients. Which of the following, if true, would best explain the problems faced by Carol's team currently? A) Members of Carol's team have a high degree of satisfaction with their role in the team's communication. B) Carol selects employees for her company by evaluating their personality traits to ensure that they fit well into the team-based environment of the company. C) Carol encourages all group members to actively communicate with each other. D) Carol's team primarily consists of individuals from low-context cultures. E) The communication in Carol's team follows the approach represented by a wheel network.

E) The communication in Carol's team follows the approach represented by a wheel network.

CalTrack Services has been facing employee-related issues like decreased productivity, low morale, and poor organizational commitment in recent times. At a meeting to discuss strategies to address these issues of immediate concern, Joe McEnroe, the production manager, proposed that the roles of employees working on key projects be enhanced to increase autonomy. He felt that this would enhance productivity, motivation, and accountability. Taking a cue from McEnroe, Paul Wilbur suggested job rotation as a solution to the problem they were facing. Paul felt that a change of job roles would make the employees keener to learn and perform. He emphasized that job rotation would help management create a larger skill base to choose from, depending on the needs of specific projects. 17) Which of the following, if true, would weaken the argument of adopting job rotation? A) The employees of the company have similar skill sets which are suited to transfer of learning. B) The company has been conducting professional training programs to keep all employees up-to-date with the developments in the field. C) AmWeb, one of the major rival firms, witnessed a substantial rise in profits following its cross-training program for employees. D) The research evidence favoring job rotation has rarely used samples from the service industry. E) The company is now entering its busiest business season with multiple project deadlines.

E) The company is now entering its busiest business season with multiple project deadlines.

2) Which of the following is true regarding formal groups? A) They are natural formations that arise in response to the need for social contact. B) They lack clearly defined structures and roles for their members. C) They have negligible impact on employee performance and behavior. D) A group of people who come together to protest against a new law make up a formal group. E) They are marked by stipulated behaviors in pursuit of organizational goals.

E) They are marked by stipulated behaviors in pursuit of organizational goals.

54) Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of group cohesiveness and performance norms on group productivity? A) When cohesiveness is low and performance norms are also low, productivity will be high. B) The productivity of the group is affected by the performance norms but not by the cohesiveness of the group. C) If cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low, productivity will be high. D) If cohesiveness is low and performance norms are high, productivity will be low. E) When both cohesiveness and performance norms are high, productivity will be high.

E) When both cohesiveness and performance norms are high, productivity will be high.

36) The ________ network is a type of formal small-group network that permits the entire group to actively communicate with each other. A) matrix B) virtual C) wheel D) chain E) all-channel

E) all-channel

39) The criteria of member satisfaction is best met by the ________ type of formal small-group network. A) hierarchical B) wheel C) chain D) traditional E) all-channel

E) all-channel

57) A relatively superficial consideration of evidence and information making use of heuristics is defined as ________. A) serial processing B) depth processing C) parallel processing D) controlled processing E) automatic processing

E) automatic processing

14) When the receiver of a communication translates the message, it is known as ________. A) encoding B) conveying C) transmitting D) filtering E) decoding

E) decoding

64) Jordan is a sales officer who has been underperforming over the last three months. At the last monthly operations cycle meeting, he was given a warning. As the time for the next meeting draws close, Jordan fears his boss reprimanding him. Two days before the meeting, Jordan informs his manager that he has confirmed six deals in the last few days, one of which involves multiple orders for their machines. He, however, skips the detail that these are the only six orders he has been able to obtain in the whole month. Which one of the barriers to effective communication is depicted here? A) silence B) language C) information overload D) grapevine E) filtering

E) filtering

26) The determination of the behavioral patterns and assumptions through which the group approaches the project is a function of the ________ phase in the punctuated-equilibrium model. A) performing B) inertia C) equilibrium D) transition E) first meeting

E) first meeting

42) As a consequence of the information circulated by the grapevine in an organization, employees experience ________. A) increased clarity B) increased power C) increased member satisfaction D) increased certainty E) increased anxiety

E) increased anxiety

74) Hubert Gray needs an instruction manual developed for his new product. This is the last step of the project and he has severe budget constraints. He needs a small team of technical writers to work together closely to write the manual on fairly short notice. He needs them to communicate ideas quickly, creatively, and affordably. Which of the following group techniques should Hubert consider? A) nominal and electronic B) brainstorming C) brainstorming and electronic D) electronic and interacting E) interacting and brainstorming

E) interacting and brainstorming

Which of the following alternative work arrangements enables the organization to draw on the talents of more than one individual in a given job? A) telecommuting B) flextime C) gainsharing D) profit-sharing E) job sharing

E) job sharing

For management, the major downside of telecommuting is ________. A) decreased productivity B) increased turnover C) reduced morale D) difficulty in scheduling work E) less direct supervision of employees

E) less direct supervision of employees

72) The time attendance system in the production division at MM, an automobile manufacturing company, was malfunctioning. Consequently, Greg Hill, one of the front-level managers, sent it for repair. In the meantime, he placed a register where all workers of the production division had to provide their time of entry and exit from office. At the end of the week, when looking through the time logs, he had certain concerns about a group of employees. In the next week, he personally tracked the time this group of employees spent working and realized that they were reporting a greater number of working hours than they actually worked. This group engaged in a barrier to communication called ________. A) selective perception B) filtering C) silence D) communication apprehension E) lying

E) lying

62) Which of the following is desirable with regard to persuasive communication? A) increasing the degree of noise in the communication process B) manipulating information so the receiver will see it more favorably C) engaging in selective perception D) processing a lot of information even if it exceeds our capacity E) matching the type of message with the type of audience

E) matching the type of message with the type of audience

3) The emotional expression function of communication involves ________. A) managers motivating employees by setting specific goals B) management communicating company policies to employees C) managers training employees in decision-making strategies D) members of the organization following their job descriptions E) members of the organization showing their satisfaction and frustrations

E) members of the organization showing their satisfaction and frustrations

46) When you need to gauge the receptivity of a recipient, which type of communication is best? A) Twitter B) e-mail C) traditional letters D) social media E) oral communication

E) oral communication

20) When the group energy is focused on the task at hand and the group is fully functional, it is said to be in the stage of ________. A) storming B) norming C) inertia D) forming E) performing

E) performing

40) Jonas Wilkes has struggled for many years with tight finances at home. Throughout school and college, he worked really hard, earned the best grades, and prepared himself for a better life. By a better life, he meant a house in the uptown Wellington Road and a membership in the Diamond District Club where he envisions himself playing golf on weekends. The residents of Wellington Road and the members of Diamond District Club serve as a ________ for him. A) nominal group B) organizational group C) control group D) intervention group E) reference group

E) reference group

54) Which of the following communication channels provides the lowest information richness? A) online group discussions B) face-to-face conversations C) telephone conversations D) voice mail E) reports and bulletins

E) reports and bulletins

61) Which of the following steps can be taken by a manager to minimize groupthink? A) increase the group size B) encourage group leaders to develop a stronger sense of group identity C) prevent all team members from engaging in a critical evaluation of ideas at the beginning D) ask the group members to first focus on the positives of an alternative rather than the negatives E) seek input from employees before the group leader presents his or her opinions

E) seek input from employees before the group leader presents his or her opinions

Which of the following series of dimensions of the job characteristics model (JCM) combine to create meaningful work? A) autonomy, task identity, and feedback B) skill variety, autonomy, and task significance C) skill variety, autonomy, and feedback D) feedback, task identity, and task significance E) skill variety, task identity, and task significance

E) skill variety, task identity, and task significance

11) In the context of the social identity theory, distinctiveness refers to the ________. A) tendency of people who have greater uniformity in values and characteristics to have greater identification as well B) tendency of people to link themselves to high-status groups in an attempt to define themselves favorably C) tendency of people to use the group as a means of understanding who they are and how they fit into the world D) tendency of ingroup members to prefer and endorse the products, ideas, and aspects of someone else's culture over their own E) tendency of ingroup members to notice and emphasize identities that reflect how different they are from other groups

E) tendency of ingroup members to notice and emphasize identities that reflect how different they are from other groups

12) Formal information channels are characterized by ________. A) the transmission of spontaneous messages B) the emergence in response to individual choices C) the absence of noise in the communication cycle D) the personal and social nature of usage E) the compliance with the organizational authority chain

E) the compliance with the organizational authority chain

With reference to the job characteristics model, which of the following defines skill variety? A) the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work B) the degree to which work activities generate direct and clear information about performance C) the degree to which a job provides the worker freedom in scheduling and procedure D) the degree to which a job has an impact on the lives or work of other people E) the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities tapping different abilities

E) the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities tapping different abilities

35) Which of the following is an example of performance norms? A) dress codes B) rules in informal groups C) assignment of difficult jobs, pay, and equipment D) distribution of pay E) the manner in which a job must be done

E) the manner in which a job must be done

66) When attempting to communicate a written message persuasively, it is desirable that ________. A) the receiver has an information overload B) the sender has a high need for cognition C) the sender has used phrases and jargon to clarify the meaning of the message D) the receiver and the sender can view each other's nonverbal cues E) the receiver is in a positive mood

E) the receiver is in a positive mood

24) Tabby Tolman is a project coordinator at Tristar Solutions. Whenever a new project comes her way, she holds a project meeting and follows it up with repeated meetings to address any concerns the team members may have and to monitor their progress. However, with the peak of the business season arriving, she has been holding just one project initiation meeting for every project to save on time. She has become increasingly worried about the team's progress with no inputs coming from the members, and she has had no time to check with them. With two weeks left to go for a high priority project of a month's duration, she has now begun to see some work coming through and is relieved. This development reflects that the group is at the stage of ________. A) forming B) inertia following the first meeting C) second phase of inertia before the group's last meeting D) storming E) transition following the halfway mark in the timeline

E) transition following the halfway mark in the timeline

Team efficacy

Effective teams have confidence in themselves and believe they can succeed

Equity theory/Organizational Justice

Equity theory : Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities. Organizational justice : Overall perception of what is fair in the workplace, composed of distributive (perceived fairness of outcome), procedural (perceived fairness of process used to determine outcome), and interactional justice (perceived degree to which one is treated with dignity and respect).

Job engagement

Investment of an employee's physical cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance.

Nine roles of potential members

Linker Creator Promoter Assessor Organizer Producer Controller Maintainer Adviser

The 4 common types of teams

Problem-solving Self-managed Cross-functional Virtual

Self efficacy theory

Refers to an individual belief that he is capable of performing task. The higher yourself efficacy is, the more confidence you have in your ability to succeed. Increase performance, creative performance

Two factor theory or motivation-hygiene theory (Frederick Herzberg)

Relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. The opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction. Factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction =>managers trying to eliminate factors that can create job dissatisfaction may not necessarily bring motivation. If we want to motivate people on their jobs, we should emphasize factors associated with the work itself or with outcomes directly derived from it.

Creating Team Players

Selecting: hire team players Training: create team players Rewarding: incentives to be a good team player

Goal-setting theory

Specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance

Motivation

The processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. 3 key elements : - Intensity : how hard a person tries - Direction : the intensity has to be channeled in a direction that benefits the organization - Persistence : how long a person can maintain effort

Expectancy theory

The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual. - Effort-performance relationship - Performance-Reward relationship - Rewards-Personal goals relationship Explanation of performance variables

Theory X and Theory Y (Douglas McGregor)

Theory X = Managers believe employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it. Theory Y = Managers assume employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore the average person can learn to accept, seek responsibility. (propose ideas as participative decision making, responsible and challenging jobs, good group relations to maximize an employee's job motivation)

Self determination theory

Theory concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation. People prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation.

Self-managed teams

are groups of employees who perform highly related or interdependent jobs and take on many of the responsibilities of supervisors

Cross-functional teams

are made up of employees from about the same hierarchical level but different work areas, who come together to accomplish a task

9) With reference to the communication process, the ________ is the one to whom the message is directed, who must first translate the symbols into understandable form. A) creator B) receiver C) encoder D) sender E) transmitter

b) receiver

Multi-team systems

collections of two or more interdependent teams that share a superordinate goal - they are a team of teams

The team process begin with a

common plan and purpose

Specific goals

energize the team, facilitate clear communication, and help teams maintain their focus on results

A work team

generates positive synergy through coordinated effort

Keeping teams small is a key to improving

group effectiveness

Management can increase team efficacy by

helping the team to achieve small successes and skill training

A work group

interacts primarily to share information and make decisions to help members perform within his or her area of responsibility

Reflexivity

means teams reflect on and adjust their master plan when necessary

Leadership is especially important in

multi-team systems

Mental models

organized mental representations of the key elements within a team's environment that team members share

Effective teams show

reflexivity

successful teams translate their common purpose into

specific, measurable, and realistic performance goals

Effective teams begin by analyzing the

team's mission, developing goals to achieve that mission, and creating strategies for achieving the goals

A scarcity of resources directly reduces

the ability of the team to perform its job effectively

Problem-solving teams rarely had

the authority to implement their suggested actions

Groups and teams are not

the same thing

When members trust each other

they are more willing to take risks and are more willing to commit to their leader's goals and decisions

Problem-solving teams

typically composed of 5-12 hourly employees from the same department who met for a few hours each week to discuss ways of improving quality, efficiency, and the work environment

Virtual teams

use computer technology to tie together physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal

High performing teams are likely to be composed of people who prefer

working as part of a group