Marine Bio Semester 1 Final

Phytoplankton

"Plant drifter." Autotrophs who take in carbon dioxide and water. Their nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorous.

Nucleic Acids

(ex. DNA and RNA). Main use: Directions to make proteins (DNA).

Top layer of the ocean

0-100m, warmed by solar radiation and well mixed.

Steps of the scientific method

1. Making observations 2. Using inductive reasoning to form a hypothesis 3. Using deductive reasoning to design experiments 4. Gathering results 5. Drawing conclusions

Biodiversity and Distribution of Marine Viruses

10 times more abundant than marine prokaryotes--estimated 100 to 10,000 genotypes. Most planktonic viruses are icosahedral or binal bacteriophages with lytic life cycles. Sediment viruses are typically helical and lysogenic.

Average salinity of seawater

35 ppt

Theory

A body of observations that have stood the test of time

Budding

A clone grows on the side of the adult (ex. sea anemones, corals, sponges).

Proteins

A combination of 20 amino acids (ex. muscle, enzymes, and antibodies). Main use: structural (muscle, tendons, ligaments).

Abyssal plain

A flat expanse at the bottom of an ocean basin. Formed by sediments falling from above. Doesn't receive any sunlight.

Wave

A flow of energy or motion.

Pseudocoelom

A fluid-filled space between the mesoderm and internal organs.

Restoring force

A force that causes water to return to the undisturbed level.

Generating force

A force that disturbs the water's surface (most common=wind, but it could also be geological events, falling objects, ships)

Continental rise

A gentle slope at the base of a steep continental slope, produced by processes such as landslides that carry sediments to the bottom of the continental slope.

Rift zones

A region where the lithosphere splits, separates, and moves apart as new crust is formed (ex. midocean ridge and rise systems)

Velarium

A ring of tissue that extends around the bottom inside of the bell. When the medusa contracts during swimming, increased thrust is created because it narrows the opening at the bottom of the bell. It increases the efficiency of the jet propulsion. It is at least partly responsible for the great speeds with which cubozoans are able to swim.

Capillary wave

A small wave where the restoring force is the surface tension of water.

Seamount

A steep-sided formation that rises sharply from the ocean bottom. Formed from underwater volcanoes and are most prevalent in the Pacific Ocean. Some show evidence of coral reefs and soil erosion, suggesting that they were above the surface at one time.

Amoebocytes

Amoeba-like cells that crawl around the jellylike inner layer (using pseudopodia) and deliver food and oxygen to other cells. Absorb nutrients and remove wastes. They make spicules that create the sponge's skeleton. They make thin, spiny spicules (form the delicate skeleton of the sponge) from either chalklike calcium carbonate or glasslike silica.

Observational science

An approach to doing science when controlled experiments are not feasible

Subduction zones

An area (like deep recesses of ocean trenches) where old crust sinks and eventually reaches the mantle. It is then liquefied and recycled by convection currents into the earth's core.

Rift valley

An area of high volcanic activity that runs along the length of a midocean ridge.

Most abundant fungi in the ocean

Ascomycota (sac fungi).

Diatom reproduction

Asexual reproduction--Daughter cells are genetic copies (clones). Each daughter cell gets 1/2 of the original silica cell wall. When a daughter cells gets too small it switches to sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction--Daughter cells are genetically different from parent cells. Occurs when cells are too small to divide asexually.

Porifera Reproductive system

Asexual--budding (in polyps). Sexual--medusas produce either eggs or sperm. Use the broadcast method where eggs and sperm are released into water where fertilization occurs; zygote develops into free swimming larva.

Scolex

At the anterior end of a tapeworm and has hooks and suckers to attach to the inside of the host.

Inner core

At the center of the planet. Solid, very dense, very hot, and rich in iron and nickel.

Posterior End

Back end of an organism with bilateral symmetry.

Uses of sponges

Bath sponges, loofahs, and antiviral and antibacterial chemicals.

Single Sexed

Born either male or female. Do not change gender during lifetime (ex. mammals, birds, lobster).

Competition

Both organisms want a limited resource. Indicated as "+ -" (one gains) or "- -" (neither gains). ex. Anemones compete for the same space.

Spillers

Breakers that dissipate energy gradually as the wave moves over shallow bottom.

Plungers

Breakers with crests that curl, curve over, and outrun the rest of the wave.

Mixing

Breaks down the thermocline. Wind is a type of physical mixing and seasonal temperature change is a type of density mixing.

Class Polychaeta

Bristly marine worms. Have paired appendages on each segment (ex. sea mouse).

Cellular Respiration

Burning sugar to make energy. Done by all living creatures (including autotrophs).

Organism

Can have any level of organization and may have more than one organizational level.

Submarine canyons

Canyons in the ocean bottom

Icosahedral Viruses

Capsid with 20 triangular faces composed of protein subunits.

Island arcs

Chains of volcanic islands. Usually associated with deepwater trenches.

Annelid circulatory system

Closed circulatory system in which blood is always contained inside vessels. Have hearts (5 in earthworms) to pump blood.

Phytoplankton pigments

Collect light throughout (phytoplankton and algae).

Hapophyta

Common in central oceans and the polar regions. (ex. coccolithophores). Coccoliths are small calcareous plates on the outside of the cell. Part of what makes up the White Cliffs of Dover in England.

Seafloor

Composed of basaltic rock that is covered by a coating of sediment.

Cubozoa

Deadly box jellies. Medusa form dominates.

Ways to decrease density

Decrease mass, keep volume constant or increase volume, keep mass constant.

Ectoderm

Develops into epidermis (skin).

Sporophyte stage

Diploid--two copies of chromosomes (2N). Formed from joining of two gametes. Produces spores that are 1N. Reproduces asexually.

To the right

Direction the current is deflected of the prevailing wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere

To the left

Direction the current is deflected of the prevailing wind direction in the Southern Hemisphere

Asexual Reproduction

Does not combine DNA of two different individuals. Requires only 1 individual. Offspring are an exact genetic copy of the parent.

Aphotic zone

Doesn't have enough light for photosynthesis

Surface currents

Driven mainly by trade winds (easterlies and westerlies) in each hemisphere.

Ecology of annelids

Earthworms are very important on land--they condition the soil by adding nitrogen to the soil (in their castings) and they aerate the soil so oxygen gets in. In ocean, they are often the bottom of the food web and help recycle detritus.

Class Oligochaeta

Earthworms. Terrestrial; fertilize and aerate soul (produce "castings").

Decomposers

Eat waste products and decaying organisms and breaks down their remains. ex. Bacteria.

Asexual sponge reproduction

Either budding (small growth falls off sponge and grows a new sponge) or gemmules (sphere-shaped collections of amoebocytes surrounded by spicules leaves the sponge, settles, and waits for improved conditions).

Roundworm excretory system

Excretory canals with two excretory pores (openings) neat the anterior end.

Hypotheses

Explanations that can be tested by experiments

Annelid nervous system

Fairly well-developed. Have a small brain, eyes or eyespots, statocysts, sensory tentacles, chemical receptors.

Western boundary currents

Fastest, deepest currents that move warm water toward the poles in each gyre (e.g. Gulf Stream). Carry little nutrients but increase oxygen in water (not productive).

Sponge feeding and body systems

Filter feeders (sift microscopic food particles from the water that passes through them). All digestion is intracellular (inside cells). The water flowing through a sponge serves as its respiratory system. Body size limited by ability to pump water and folding (internal surface area).

Alfred Wegener

German meteorologist who proposed in 1916 that at one then there was only one supercontinent. He suggested that the forces associated with earth's rotation were responsible for braking the super continent into a northern and southern portion.

Seaweed (Algae)

Get nutrients from water directly (no root system). All parts do photosynthesis. Live in denser fluid; don't need support structures. Commonly attached to rocks (hard sediment).

Arthropod excretory system

Gills or green gland in aquatic arthropods.

Arthropod respiratory system

Gills--feathery structures to breathe.

Types of marsh plants

Grasses found in the low marsh (closest to shoreline), rushes found in the middle marsh (farther), shrubs and herbs in the high marsh/upland (farthest).

Photic zone

Has enough light for photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

How most autotrophs make their sugar. Converts inorganic carbon to organic carbon using energy from sunlight. Organisms with chlorophyll can perform it (green plants and some bacteria).

Reason water has a high freezing point

Hydrogen bonds; molecules have a natural attraction to each other, so less energy is required to fix them into position so that they'll form a solid.

Reason water has a high boiling point

Hydrogen bonds; substantial amount of potential energy required to overcome these bonds so that individual water molecules can separate from each other and attain a gaseous state

Seagrasses role in the environment

Important in the environment as deposition and stabilization--the leaves slow water flow (decrease energy) and sediment sinks to the bottom and the roots anchor sediment and reduces erosion. Also important as habitat--epiphytes (plants and animals that grow on plants) and juveniles hide among stems and leaves.

Eukarya

Includes all organisms with eukaryotic cells (ex. plants, animals, fungi, algae, single-celled animal-like protozoa).

Ways to increase density

Increase mass, keep volume constant or reduce volume, keep mass constant.

Why a mule isn't a species

It can't produce viable offspring.

Symbiotic

Long term relationship where at least one individual benefits. Includes mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

Roundworm musculoskeletal system

Longitudinal (horizontal) muscles only.

Ventral Side

Lower side of an organism with bilateral symmetry.

Ophiuroidea

Means "serpent tailed." Class members include brittle stars and basket stars. They have a defined central disc and 5 long, thin arms. They easily drop arms to distract predators. They are either suspension or deposit feeders.

Population

Members of the same species living in a specific area.

Phytoplankton nutrients

Needed for growth (fertilizer like nitrogen and phosphorous), photosynthesis (iron), and cell walls (silica, calcium).

Annelid excretory system

Nephridia (primitive kidneys) in each segment remove metabolic waste (nitrogen-containing wastes like NH3).

Ekman transport

Net movement of water to the 100 m depth.

Oceanic basaltic crust

New crust that forms when magma oozing out of a ridge system cools

Mangrove reproduction

New plant begins to develop while STILL on the parent plant, drops off parent plant, floats and drifts with the currents, eventually anchors in mud and begins developing roots.

Echinoderm Nervous System

No head or brain. Nerve ring surrounds the mouth and radial nerves are in the arms. They have eyespots at the tip of each arm. Have statocysts and pedicellaria.

Porifera Musculoskeletal system

No muscles, but epidermal cells can contract.

Porifera Respiratory, circulatory, and excretory systems in cnidarians

No organized systems for any of these because cnidarians are only a few layers thick.

Flatworm respiratory and circulatory systems

No organized systems for these; O2 and CO2 diffuse through the ectoderm because they're so thin.

Echinoderm Circulatory System

No separate system; tube feet and gills take care of O2/CO2 exchange. No blood; digestive glands distribute nutrients. They have a water vascular system.

Surface winds patterns

Northeast trade winds, southeast trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlies.

Porifera Nervous system

Not centralized; simple nerve net and sensory cells to detect food/touch things.

Active Margin

Occurs at a subduction zone. Characterized by little to no continental shelf. Very steep slope and no rise, has a trench at the bottom (ex. California).

Passive Margin

Occurs at edges of continents where Pangaea broke apart. Characterized by a wide shelf, gentle slope, and well developed rise (ex. Florida).

Mixed semidiurnal tide

Occurs when high and low tides are at different levels.

Phytoplankton growth

Occurs when limiting resources are abundant (ex. light, nutrients)

Ecology of Sponges

Often live in dark places. Provide food and shelter for other organisms. Some are involved in symbiotic relationships with bacteria that provide food and oxygen to the sponge and remove wastes. Some clean up the ocean floor. Many produce nasty-tasting/toxic chemicals to discourage munching by other animals.

Predation

One organism eats another. Indicated as "+ -" and one gains, one is harmed. ex. Killer whale eats sea lion.

Seagrasses

Only flowering plant that does not need its roots to be exposed to air. Found worldwide and can be fully submerged all the time. Found in shallow waters; must remain in the photic zone. They are consumed by herbivores and their main contribution is as detritus--they aren't easy to digest. Key part of the benthic food chain.

Chlorophyta (green algae)

Only pigment is chlorophyll. Grow and reproduce quickly. Grow where herbivores cannot reach. They make toxins or deposit calcium carbonate in cell walls to make themselves taste bad. (ex. Ulva)

Mollusk circulatory system

Open circulatory system--the heart pumps blood through open spaces called sinuses instead of blood vessels.

Arthropod circulatory system

Open system with a well-developed heart that pumps blood through arteries which branch into smaller vessels which lead to open spaces called sinuses.

Multicellular Fission

Organism splits in two (ex. anemones).

Class Trematoda (flukes)

Parasitic (internal parasites) that often infect blood and organs. They usually have more than one host and reduced digestive and nervous systems. (ex. blood flukes like Schistosoma that have have humans as the primary host and snails as the intermediate host). They have an anterior sucker for host attachment.

Factors that affect light

Particulate matter (dirt, phyoplankton) absorbs light, seasonal strength of sunlight (depper in summer than winter), and weather (deeper on sunny days than rainy or cloudy days),

Tides

Periodic changes in water level that occur along coastlines, caused by gravity from the moon and the sun, centrifugal force, and the rotation of the earth.

Pedicellaria

Pincher-like spines. Clean dorsal side, defend by pinching,a and use for food capture.

Nitrification

Process of bacterial conversion of ammonium to nitrite and nitrate ions. The bacterial form of this converts ammonium into a form of nitrogen usable by other primary producers.

Nitrogen Fixation

Process that converts molecular nitrogen dissolved in seawater to ammonium ion. It adds new usable nitrogen to the sea and is carried out by some cyanobacteria and a few archaeons with nitrogenase (an enzyme). Anaerobic and often occurs in heterocysts (thick-walled cell in which photosynthesis is altered to prevent oxygen release.

Cohesion

Property that causes water molecules to stick together (bc of their hydrogen bonds)

Cuticle

Protective outer covering on nematodes and parasitic flatworms.

Helical Viruses

Protein subunits of the capsid spiral around the central core of nucleic acid.

Pycnocline

Rapid change in density with depth.

Proglottids

Reproductive sections of a tapeworm that have an external genital pore. The sperm duct leads from the genital pore. The testes are here.

Phylum Mollusca

Share similar developmental patterns and a common body plan that includes a foot/head foot, radula, mantle, shell, and visceral mass. Have bilateral symmetry and 3 cell layers. Have a coelom and trocophore (free swimming) larvae. The classes include Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda.

Molt

Shed exoskeleton to grow. A new, soft exoskeleton forms underneath the old one. Old exoskeleton splits and animal exits. New exoskeleton is inflated with water (2-3x size of the old one). They hide until new exoskeleton hardens.

Food Chain

Shows feeding relationships between a limited group of organisms.

Chromatophores

Special skin cells containing pigment granules which are concentrated or dispersed to change color.

Specific heat

The amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree C.

Surf zone

The area along a coast where waves slow down, become deeper, break, and disappear.

Intertidal Zone

The area that is exposed during low tide and covered during high tide.

Wave refraction

The bending of a wave as it approaches the shore.

Matter

The biological building material needed for growth and reproduction.

Fetch

The distance along the water over which the wind blows.

Experimental set

The experiment that contains the experimental variable

Control set

The experiment that does not contain the experimental variable

Experimental variable

The factor that is altered in an experiment

Aristotle

The first marine biologist

Ocean basin

The floor of the ocean that covers more of the earth's surface than the continents. Composed of basaltic rock that is covered by a thick blanket of sediments that have either washed down from the continental shelves of settled there from the surface waters.

When, where, weather, what

The four "W"s of experiments

Cephalization

The gathering of sense organs and nerve cells into the head region; more pronounced in more complex organisms with bilateral symmetry.

Spring tides

The highest and lowest tides in a tidal cycle that occur when the moon and sun line up and the gravity of each work together, during full and new moons.

Symmetry in cnidarians

The individual is radial but the colony is asymmetric. They have an oral side (with mouth and tentacles) and an aboral side (away from the mouth).

Animal Features

The levels of organization become higher as animals become more complex in form (ex. less complex animals carry out life functions on the cell or tissue level, while more complex animals form specialized organs and organ systems).

Phytoplankton's importance

The majority of food chains begin with phytoplankton. they produce over 70% of the oxygen in the atmosphere.

Shrimp Reproduction

The male deposits sperm into a gelatinous mass produced by the female that is located between her fourth pair of walking legs. The female then lays eggs in batches of up to 15,000 at a time. They typically care for the fertilized eggs in a brood chamber found on the underside of her tail. The eggs are scattered in the water and left to develop on their own. The larvae change shape as they grow and develop an adult body after molting their skin several times. After the change in shape is complete (30-160 days), the young shrimp are sexually mature and able to breed. Their life spans vary in species--some die right after they breed, while others live for 6-7 years.

Crayfish Reproduction

The male inserts sperm into a receptacle in the female's thorax in the fall. The eggs are laid in the spring and then fertilized and hatch in eight weeks or less. The young remain with the mother for a short while; after several molts, they reach adult size. They can live for 3 years or longer.

Cnidarian Reproduction

The males passes packets of sperm. Fertilization takes place inside the females. In some species the fertilized eggs are released into the water column where they develop into planulae, while others develop into planulae inside the female. Planulae swim in the water column for a few days and then settle on to the substrate. They grow into polyps. The polyps can move around, and they frequently bud off additional polyps. After a few month of feeding, they are mature. Polyps metamorphose into a single juvenile medusa. With a couple of contractions, the entire individual becomes detached and swims away as a juvenile medusa.

Density

The mass of a substance in a given volume, usually in g/cm^3.

Seafloor spreading

The movement of the earth's crust produced by magma's moving horizontally beneath the lithosphere.

Crustacean Reproduction

The sexes are separate. Eggs are attached to the swimmerets of the female. The first pair is enlarged in the male (it is used to pass sperm to the female). Some parasites and most barnacles, which have difficulty obtaining mates, are simultaneous hermaphrodites. This increases the number of possible partners and may allow self-fertilization as a last resort. Some switch sex as they get older. Many exhibit elaborate courtship behavior. Males may fight for the chance to mate.

Continental shelves

The shallow, submerged extensions of continents. Composed of continental crust (mainly granite) and have physical features similar to the edge of the nearby continent. Slope gently toward the bottom of the ocean basin.

Disadvantages to having a hydrostatic skeleton

The skeleton depends on hydration and to move the whole body there must be a lot of muscle. The large surface area is impeded by friction. It is much harder for nerves to control and impossible to control precisely.

Ekman spiral

The spiral flow of water from the surface of the ocean to deeper water.

Biology

The study of living organisms

Marine biology

The study of marine organisms and their interactions

Oceanography

The study of the physical characteristics of the ocean (ex. waves, currents, tides)

Virology

The study of viruses.

Theory of plate tectonics

The theory that the movement of continents is the movement of the rigid plates on which they rest.

Period of a wave

The time required for one wavelength to pass a fixed point.

Continental slope

The transition between the continental shelf (continental crust) and the deep floor of the ocean (oceanic crust)

Cause of winds

The uneven heating of the earth by the sun.

Crustacean Development

The young typically pass through one or more larval stages that are very different from the adult form. Marine larvae swim in open water to find a place to live. After they are fertilized, crustacean eggs are typically taken care of by the mother until they've reached the larval or postlarval condition. Little parental care exists among crustaceans. They do not form well-organized societies. They can live for a few days or decades.

Ecology of cubozoans

They are known to eat fish, worms, and crustacean arthropods.

Viral Characteristics

They are more abundant than any other organism in the sea, are diverse, and participate in food webs. They consist of bits of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat (nucleocapsid). Have no metabolism and rely entirely on host organisms for energy, material, and organelles to reproduce. They infect all groups of living organisms. They may have an envelope (a nuclear membrane).

Advantages to having a hydrostatic skeleton

They are resistant to impact damage, do not readily burst, and can change in shape.

Cnidarian Feeding

They are suspension feeders--they extend their body parts into the water to grab food.

Forms and Function in Sponges

They don't have true systems but have 4 types of cells (epidermal cells, pore cells, collar cells, and amoebocytes).

Crustacean Anatomy

They have a hard exoskeleton made of calcium. The head has two compound eyes, two pairs of antennae, and three pairs of mouthparts. A pair of green glands excretes wastes near the base of antennae. The abdominal segments have swimmerets (swimming legs). The tail is fan-shaped, and ends in uropods and a telson. The circulatory system is open; there is no heart and the "blood" is pumped by vessels into sinuses, and does not flow in a closed loop. The nervous system consists of a ventral nerve cord and ganglia system.

Adaptations to stay in the photic zone

They have a large surface area to volume ratio and reduce density by converting sugar to oil instead of starch. They swim just strong enough to fight currents.

Continental crust

Thicker and slightly less dense than the other type. Mainly composed of granite which contains mostly lightweight silicate-rich minerals.

Mantle in the earth

Thickest layer with the greatest mass of material. Mainly composed of magnesium-iron silicates. Its inner region is able to flow slowly, while the outer region is rigid.

Oceanic crust

Thinner and more dense than the other type. Primarily composed of basalt-type rock which has a lower silicate content and is higher in iron and magnesium than granite.

Shrimp/Prawns

This refers to any of about 2,000 species of small, aquatic animals related to crabs, lobsters, and crayfish. They range in size from not much bigger than a fingernail to over 8 in long. Larger species are typically known as prawns. They have a long, thin, semi-transparent body with five pairs of jointed legs on the abdomen that are used like paddles to swim. Rapid flicks of a fan-like tail to move quickly and avoid predators.

Neap tides

Tides with the smallest change between high and low tide that occur when the moon and the sun are at right angles and gravity competes, during quarter moons.

Mantle in a Mollusc

Tissue that lines the shell and surround organs.

Pore cells

Water and other substances enter through these cylindrical cells.

Pelagic

Water column. Includes photic zone (enough light for photosynthesis) and aphotic zone (not enough light for photosynthesis).

Osculum

Where water exits in a sponge

Equatorial upwelling

Wind induced movement of deeper water to the surface to replace water that is being moved away from either side of the equator.

Polar easterlies

Winds that blow from the east between 60 degrees north or south and the poles.

Circulatory System

Some aquatic animals can function without an internal transport system. Most animals must transport oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to and from the cells within its body. Many have a pumping organ that forces blood through blood vessels. This system can be simple or complex.

Annelid respiratory system

Some aquatic ones have gills. Many exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through skin.

Faults

Regions where plates move past each other.

Body Systems

Respiratory, digestive, circulatory, nervous, movement, and reproductive.

Chromatic adaptation

Response of pigment composition to the quality of light in the sea.

Where the salts in the ocean come from

Rocks from seafloor/land, volcanic gasses, or the atmosphere.

Mangrove Roots

Roots prevent salt from entering the plants. Three types of roots--buttress/prop roots, pneumatophore roots, anchor roots.

Isomorphic

Same features; gametophyte and sporophyte look the same. (ex. Ulva and most green algae)

Dorsal Side

Upper side of an organism with bilateral symmetry.

Crust

Outermost and most accessible layer of the earth. Thinnest and coolest of the layers.

Heterotroph

Outside sugar source (can't make it). Animals.

Hypotonic

Less water inside cells than outside cells.

Seaweed phyla

Determined by which photosynthetic accessory pigments are present. Includes Chlorophyta (green algae), Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta .

Why trace the pattern of matter and energy?

Determines the role of organisms within their habitat, determines ecological "value" of habitat and organisms, determines if enough matter is available to support all animals within a habitat.

Mesoderm

Develops into muscle tissue and mesentary tissue (supports organs).

Endoderm

Develops into the tissue of the digestive tract (the gut).

Accessory pigments

Different colors that collect different colored light than chlorophyll. Reduces competition for light. The color used for photosynthesis is absorbed--chlorophylls use violet, blue, and red; cartenoids use blue. The color we see is the color reflected (not used)--chlorophylls reflect green; cartenoids reflect yellow, orange, and red. Colors are absorbed at different depths (red at shallow, blue at deep). Helps determine the compensation depth (the depth where there's just enough light for maintenance but not for growth.

Heteromorphic

Different features; gametophyte and sporophyte look different. (ex. Macrocystis and most brown algae--in brown algae, the sporophyte is typically very large)

Seasonal Phytoplankton Blooms

A large increase in population size, only when light and nutrients are both abundant. Begin as new production. Typically end when the thermocline forms.

Gravity wave

A large wave whose restoring force is gravity.

Midocean Ridge (Ridge System)

A long mountain range that forms along the crack produced by erupting magma.

Swell

A long period, uniform wave.

Polar molecule

A molecule in which different parts of the molecule have different electrical charges; unequal sharing.

Ion

A particle that carries an electrical charge.

Fragmentation

A piece of an adult becomes a new individual (ex. corals, some worms, some sea anemones).

Lytic Cycle

A rapid cycle of infection, replication of viral nucleic acids and proteins, assembly of virions, and release of virions by rupture (lysis) of the cell.

Fracture zone

A steep-sided, linear region of unusually irregular ocean bottom that runs perpendicular to a ridge system.

Amount of energy transferred to the next trophic level

About 10%.

Zooplankton

Animal drifter that move matter and energy from phytoplankton to higher trophic levels. Their dispersal phase allows organisms to colonize other location. Includes holoplankton and meroplankton. Need phytoplankton for food.

Radial Symmetry

Body parts repeat around an imaginary line drawn through the center of their body. Have no true "head" and most are sessile.

Bilateral Symmetry

Body parts repeat on either side of an imaginary line drawn down the middle of their body; one side is the mirror image of the other. Have anterior and posterior ends and dorsal and ventral sides.

Visceral mass

Body region containing the other organ systems, including the circulatory, digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive systems.

Eastern boundary currents

Carry cold water toward the equator. Nutrient rich and productive.

Biotic factors

Characteristics and interactions of organisms.

Symbiotic Bacteria

Chemosynthetic and chloroplasts of members of the domain Eukarya. Chemosynthetic bacteria live within tube worms and clams. Some deep-sea or nocturnal animals host helpful bioluminescent bacteria (photophores embedded in the ink sacs of squid).

Two most common ions in seawater

Chloride (Cl-) and Sodium (Na+)

Phylum Annelida

Segmented worms (ex. earthworms) with bilateral symmetry. They have 3 cell layers--ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. They have a coelom.

Arthropod reproductive system

Separate sexes. Usually internal fertilization. Metamorphosis can be complete or incomplete.

Roundworm reproductive system

Sexual reproduction only. Separate sexes (males and females), unlike flatworms. The females are usually larger because they contain fertilized eggs.

Food Web

Shows feeding relationships between multiple organisms (links several food chains).

Krill

Shrimplike crustaceans that swarm in dense shoals. There are approximately 90 species that range in length from 8 to 70 mm. They use their feathery legs to strain out the tiny diatoms. Many emit a strong blue-green light that probably helps them congregate and spawn. They inhabit the open sea (where there aren't a lot of nutrients) and are an important link in the food web. They are eaten by fish, birds, and baleen whales who can consume up to 4400 lb in one feeding.

Water vascular system

Sieve plate (madreporite) is where water enters. Water is distributed through canals. The tube feet help with movement and feeding.

Blade

Similar to leaf of land plants. Where most of photosynthesis and nutrient absorption occurs. Many different shapes and sizes.

Characteristics of Marine Bacteria

Simple, prokaryotic organization--no nuclei or membrane-bound organelles, few genes, nonliving cell wall. Reproduce asexually by binary fission. Come in many shapes in sizes, like bacillus (rod shape) and coccus (spherical shape).

pH of Saltwater

Slightly basic (average of 8) because it has a large amount of ions, mainly bicarbonate and carbonate, that can bind hydrogen ions and remove them from solution.

Ganglia

Small clusters of nerve cells that gather together to form brains in the most complex animals.

Archaea

Small; 0.1 to 15 micrometers, prokaryotic, adapted to high and low temperatures, high salinities, low pH, and high pressure. Cell walls lack special sugar-amino acid compounds that are in bacterial cell walls. Cell membranes contain different lipids (than in bacteria) that help stabilize them under extreme conditions.

Habitat

Where an organism lives. Made up of biotic and abiotic factors. Organisms may use multiple during a lifetime.

Fungi

Eukaryotes with cell walls of chitin. Many are unicellular yeasts. Heterotrophic decomposers that recycle organic material. Can digest lignin, a major component in wood. They store energy as glycogen.

Epidermal cells

Flat cells that form the outer covering (respiration and excretion).

Mollusk excretory system

Have nephridia (kidneys) that remove metabolic waste (nitrogen-containing wastes like ammonia). Digestive wastes go out of the anus.

Seagrass Anatomy

Have roots that anchor in sediment and absorb nutrients from the sediment. Their stems support the leaves. The horizontal (rhizome) stems are important in vegetative reproduction and stores starch. The leaves' main purpose is photosynthesis and they control salt balance. They break off before they're uprooted.

Echinoderm Respiratory System

Have tube feet for O2/CO2 exchange. Some have "skin gills."

Ecology of flatworms and roundworms

Help the food chain move up by eating detritus in the dirt.

Air bladder (pneumatocyst)

Helps keep blades in the photic zone. Number and size may vary. Most common in brown algae (kelp).

Annelid reproductive system

Hermaphrodites (earthworms and leeches). Some have separate sexes with internal fertilization. Store received sperm in clitellum (structure which secretes a mucus ring into which fertilized eggs are released). Clittelum slips off and forms a cocoon.

Mutualism

Indicated as "+ +" and both benefit. ex. Cleaner fish and the fish getting cleaned.

Parasitism

Indicated as "+ -" and one benefits and the other is harmed. ex. Marine leech.

Commensalism

Indicated as "+ 0" and one benefits and the other is neutral. ex. Remora fish and whale shark.

Reasons for energy loss between trophic levels

Inedible material (bone, shell), cellular function/growth (energy used by individual), reproductive losses (egg and sperm released.

Class Hirudinea

Leeches. Mostly freshwater. Have suckers at both ends; anti-coagulants and anesthetics help them suck blood.

Class Cestoda (tapeworms)

Long and flat hermaphroditic parasites. The head is called the scolex and the narrow neck region divides to form proglottids that have large numbers of sperm and eggs. They don't have a digestive (feed on food in host) or nervous system but have a highly developed reproductive system. They have an anterior sucker for host attachment. They fertilize their own eggs.

New Production

Occurs when the thermocline is absent. Relies on new nutrients. Plankton populations are large.

Regenerated Production

Occurs when the thermocline is present. Relies on recycling nutrients present above the thermocline. Plankton populations are small.

Abiotic factors

Physical and cultural characteristics (sunlight, temperature, salinity, pressure, nutrients, currents)

Herbivores

Primary consumers that eat primary producers. ex. Manatee, sea urchin, copepod.

Omnivores

Primary or secondary consume that eats plants and animals. ex. Mussels, anchovies, clams.

Binal Viruses

Have icosahedral heads and helical tails.

Asthenosphere

The region of mantle below the crust

Buttress roots/prop roots

Located above ground and keeps plant stable.

Trophic level

Step in the food chain.

Progressive wave

A wave that is generated by wind, restored by gravity, and progresses in a particular direction.

How marine Phytoplankton Phyla are determined

Accessory pigments and how they store sugar.

Arthropod nervous system

All have a brain that consists of a pair of ganglia and a ventral nerve cord. There are ganglia along the nerve cord. Many sense organs may be present (ex. eyes, antennae, statocysts, tympanic membrane, chemoreceptors).

Crab Reproduction and Life Cycle

All have separate sexes. In many, mating only occurs when the female has just molted and her new shell is not yet hard. The eggs are held in a brood pouch and pass through two larval stages before they hatch into tiny larvae that swim in the water. In some species, the larvae appears as a zoea, which doesn't look like the adult, and then in a more crablike stage called a megalops, in which the abdomen is still prominent. They are exposed to danger each time they molt while they're in their unprotected, soft state. Lost legs and chelae can be replaced when molting takes place. Crabs may live from 3 to 12 years.

Ecosystem

All of the organisms living in a particular place. Together with the physical (non-living) environment.

Life cycle of an algae

Alternation of generation occurs. There are two or more separate multicellular stages that occur one after the other BUT the stages may contain different amounts of DNA.

Dead zone

An area of ocean that has become oxygen depleted

Science

An endeavor or study

Antarctic Circumpolar Current

An ocean current that flows continuously eastward around the continent of Antarctica.

Scientific method

An orderly pattern of gathering and analyzing information

Photosynthetic bacteria

Anaerobic green and purple sulfur and non-sulfur bacteria do not produce oxygen. The primary photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophylls.

Holdfast

Anchors algae to surface. NOT for nutrient uptake. Size influenced by wave strength.

Nervous System

Animals must survey their surrounding to find food, spot predators, and identify other members of their species. They use specialized nerve cells which make up this system. Their sense organs gather information from the environment by responding to light, sound, temperature, and other stimuli. The brain processes this info and regulates how the animal responds.

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Animals with bilateral symmetry. Bodies have 3 cell layers, ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle), and endoderm (inner). Have cephalization and can be free-living or parasitic. 3 classes--Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda.

Limiting resource

Anything when in short supply results in little or no growth.

Mollusk respiratory system

Aquatic mollusks have gills. Terrestrial mollusks have a highly folded mantle for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange (must stay moist). A clam has incurrent and excurrent siphons that sea water passes through and are the locations of gas exchange.

Doldrums

Area of vertical air movement between wind belts at the equator where air is rising.

Horse Latitudes

Areas of vertical air movement between wind belts at 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south where air is sinking.

Average temperature of the ocean

Between 5 and 30 degrees Celsius.

Sequential Hermaphrodite

Begin life as one gender then switch to the other. Can mate as both genders. Switching is due to increased reproductive success and/or external cues (ex. California sheephead, anemone fish like clownfish).

Mollusk nervous system

Bivalves have a reduced nervous system; no head. Gastropods have a fairly basic nervous system. Cephalopods are very well develope. They have good vision, small ganglia near mouth, statocysts (for balance), simple chemical and touch receptors. Good dexterity and memory.

Ecology of mollusks

Bivalves used to check pollution levels. Slugs and snails on land cause crop damage. Shipworms cause ship damage. They are a food source for humans.

Parts of an Alga

Blade, air bladder (pneumatocyst), stipe, holdfast.

Chrysophyta (golden-brown algae)

Cell walls make of silica called frustules. Common in coastal areas with lots of nutrients (ex. diatoms). Their main toxin is domoic acid. In humans, that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning. In marine organisms, that harms birds, seals, and sea lions.

Diatom shapes

Centric (circular/triangular/squarish), chain (several cells joined together), pennate (long and skinny).

Lobster

Common name for a marine decapod (five pairs of appendages on the thorax) that are closely related to freshwater crayfishes.

Crayfish/Crawfish

Common name for any crustacean resembling but smaller than their relatives the lobsters, ranging in length from 2 to 40 cm in length. The first of their five pairs of walking legs is equipped with strong claws. They live in freshwater rivers and streams in temperate climates. They usually burrow into the banks of streams or ponds and feed upon live or decaying animal or vegetable matter.

Crab

Common name for any group of crustaceans with a reduced abdomen and an enlarged and broadened anterior portion of the body. Most common as bottom dwellers in the sea, but they also occur in fresh water, and some venture onto land. They are divided into true (4500 species) and hermit (1400 species).

Rift communities (deep-sea vent communities)

Communities of marine organisms that depend on the specialized environments found at divergence zones. They represent food webs that exist in the absence of sunlight.

Arthropod digestive system

Complete digestive tract (mouth to anus). Many have specialized feeding parts. Every mode of feeding is seen (predators, filter feeders, parasites, scavengers, herbivores).

Annelid digestive system

Complete digestive tract (mouth to anus). Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop (for storage), gizzard (for grinding), intestine, anus.

Mollusk digestive system

Complete digestive tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, anus). They have a radula (scraping/drilling organ) or a beak (cephalopods). Bivalves trap food in their gills (no radula).

Roundworm digestive system

Complete digestive tract with an opening at each end. Have intestines, not a gastrovascular cavity.

Sediment

Composed of loose particles of inorganic and organic material. Size (smallest to largest): Clay, silt, sand, granule, pebble, cobble, boulder.

Biomagnification

Concentration of toxins increases as it moves up the food chain. Individuals in each trophic level contain 10 times more toxins than the individuals in the previous level.

Transverse currents

Connect eastern and western boundary currents in each gyre.

Stipe

Connects blades to the holdfast. Does NOT transport material (opposite of land plants). Very flexible. Length varies and may be absent in some cases.

Softer sponges

Consist of fibers of a protein called spongin.

Stromatolites

Coral-like mounds of microbes that trap sediment and precipitate minerals in shallow tropical seas. Formed by cyanobacteria.

Tidal currents

Currents associated with tidal movements.

Heterotrophic bacteria

Decomposers that obtain energy and materials from organic matter. Return many chemicals to the marine environment through respiration and fermentation. Populate the surface of organic particles suspended in the water. Their association with particles in the water column helps with consolidation (adjacent particles adhere), lithification (formation of mineral cement between particles), and sedimentation (settling of particles).

Deep-water currents

Deflected by the Coriolis effect down to about 100 m. Friction causes loss of energy, so each layer moves at an angle to and more slowly than the layer above, creating an Ekman spiral.

Ecological benefits of marsh plants

Filter--removes pollutants and excess nutrients, food source--feeds detritivores, migrating birds, terrestrial insects, nursery--hosts many commercial species, sponge--reduces coastal flooding.

Anthophyta

Flowering plants that have adapted to salt water. Includes seagrasses, marsh plants, and mangroves.

Coelom

Fluid-filled cavity lined by mesoderm cells. It has comparative cross sections. Separates the intestine from the muscles of the body wall by allowing for independent movement. Provides a space for a true circulatory system to develop. Coelomic fluid circulates oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste.

Cnidarian digestive system

Food is broken down in the gastrovascular cavity. Food is absorbed and further digested by the cells that line the gastrovascular cavity (gastroderm/endoderm cells).

Flatworm digestive system

Food is broken down in the gastrovascular cavity. They have a two-way digestive system, meaning that food and wastes enter/exit the pharynx.

Arthropod ecological importance

Food source for many organisms. Mutualistic relationships (ex. cleaner shrimp). Fouling community--organisms grow in places we wish they wouldn't which causes increased drag on ships and it is expensive to remove them.

Porifera Excretory system

For metabolic waste. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and wastes get in and out of cells by diffusion through gastrovascular cavity and epidermis (ectoderm). Direct exchange with surrounding water.

Flatworm reproductive system

Free-living forms are hermaphrodites. Asexual reproduction--fission/regeneration. Sexual reproduction--exchanging sperm between 2 words. Parasitic worms produce sexually only. Each worm produces huge numbers of sperm and eggs.

Class Turbellaria

Free-living, usually small, freshwater. Predators or scavengers. (ex. Planaria). Do not fertilize their own eggs. They have a well-developed nervous system. If they are cut in half, they will regrow.

Anterior End

Front end of an organism with bilateral symmetry.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment that is the main light collector. Found in plants that do photosynthesis.

Tissue

Group of cells that perform a specific function (ex. muscle tissue).

Community

Group of different populations living in a specific area.

Biome

Group of ecosystems with a similar climate and similar dominant communities.

Organ System

Group of organs interacting with one another to perform a function (ex. digestive system).

Organ

Group of tissue performing a specialized function as one unit (ex. stomach).

Filamentous Fungi

Grow into long, multi-cellular filaments called hyphae that can branch to produce a tangled mass called mycelium.

Gametophyte stage

Haploid--single copy of chromosomes (1N). Formed from 1 spore. Produces 1N gametes. Reproduces sexually (DNA from 2 sources).

Cellular Fission

Happens in all single celled plants and animal and in the non-reproductive cells of multicellular organisms (mitosis).

Red tide

Harmful algal bloom that occurs when there is an explosive growth of population. Called that because of a red accessory pigment. Many produce toxins. They create bioluminescence.

Water

Has a high boiling and freezing point compared to other chemical compounds. Denser in its liquid form than as a solid. Many of its physical properties are related to the structure of the water molecule itself. Its molecules are composed of two atoms of hydrogen bonded to one atom of oxygen and they are polar (form hydrogen bonds). It can't dissolve nonpolar molecules (ex. oil, petroleum)

Flatworm nervous system

Has brain and 2 ventral nerve cords. Have ocelli (eyespots) to detect light/dark. Have two auricles (ear-looking part) that are sensitive to touch and chemicals.

Roundworm nervous system

Have a head and dorsal and ventral nerves.

Water in living cells

Have about 2/3 of water by mass and a concentration of salts similar to that of seawater.

Flatworm excretory System

Have flame cells--excretory structures that get rid of excess water. Metabolic wastes diffuse through the skin.

Simultaneous Hermaphrodite

Have functioning male and female reproductive organs. Work at the same times in the same individual (ex. barnacles, sea hares, sponges).

Horizontal mixing

High density causes water at 30 degrees north to form a curved layer that sinks below less-dense equatorial surface water and then rises to rejoin the surface at 30 degrees south. Even denser water curves from 60 degrees north to 60 degrees south below other surface waters.

Abyssal hills

Hills found on an abyssal plain. Cover about 50% of the Atlantic seafloor and 80% of the Indian and Pacific ocean's seafloor. Formed by volcanic action and the seafloor movements.

Downwelling

Horizontal movement of water into areas where surface water is sinking.

Wind-induced vertical circulation

Horizontal movement of water produced by winds that cause surface water to move vertically.

Nacreous layer

Innermost layer, composed of calcium carbonate in thin sheets, with a different crystal structure. It is secreted continuously. It is known as the mother of pearl which can become layered over irritating particles (such as sand grains) to form pearls.

Statocyst

Inside each is a hard nodule composed of calcium sulfate, the statolith. They appear to have a daily growth ring. They are sensitive to orientation, and thus allow cubozoans to sense whether they are upside-down, sideways, or right side-up.

Interspecific interaction

Interaction between members of different species

Intraspecific interaction

Interaction between members of the same species.

Cosmogenous sediments

Iron-rich sediments formed from dust and other debris from outer space.

Significance of ice floating

It forms an insulating layer and the water below stays liquid. This keeps the oceans from freezing solid and allows living organisms go survive, even when the ocean surface is frozen.

Salinity at the equator

It is lower the closer you are to it because there is more precipitation.

Why was the voyage of the HMS Challenger significant?

It was the first voyage with a purely scientific purpose.

Class Scyphozoa

Jellyfish! Medusa is dominant stage; very short polyp stage.

Phylum Cnidaria

Jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. They are soft-bodied animals with radial symmetry. The body has 2 cell layers, ectoderm and endoderm, separated by a layer of jellylike substance (mesoglea). Having stinging tentacles arranged in a circle around mouth. Most have life cycles with a polyp and medusa stage. Their bodies are organized in tissues. Both forms have a gastrovascular cavity with only one opening (two-way digestive system).

Order of groupings

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

Mollusk foot

Large muscle used for locomotion (escape, burrowing, movement), anchoring (stay in place), and predation (captures prey).

Tsunamis (seismic sea waves)

Large waves that have long wavelengths, long periods, and low height that are produced by earthquakes in the sea. Compression of the wave's energy into a smaller volume upon approaching a coast or island causes a dramatic increase in height.

Marine Snow

Large, cobweb-like drifting structures formed by mucus secreted by many types of plankton, where particles may accumulate.

Density of ice

Less than liquid water so it floats; the molecules move away from each other because of repulsive electrical forces between neighboring atoms.

Poles

Light available late spring to early fall. Nutrients available the majority of the time. Bloom occurs in the summer.

Temperate

Light available mid-spring to mid-fall. Nutrients available mid-fall to mid-spring. Bloom occurs in the spring and sometimes fall because the thermocline forms in the summer. Upwelling can result in a continuing bloom.

Tropics

Light is always available. Nutrients are always limiting because there is a permanent thermocline. No seasonal blooms.

Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria)

Live in areas with few nutrients such as the open ocean or equator (ex. blue green algae). Nitrogen fixers that take dissolved nitrogen gas and convert it into nutrients. Provides a nutrient source to other phytoplankton.

Respiratory System

Living cells consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide in the process of cellular respiration--animals must breathe to take in and release these gases. Small animals in water or moist soil respire through their skin (ex. frogs). Large active animals have many different adaptations.

Pneumatophore roots

Located above and below ground. and brings oxygen to root system.

Anchor roots

Located below ground and keeps plant stable.

Salt Marsh Plants

Located in temperate and sub-polar regions. Restricted to the intertidal zone. Roots need air or become waterlogged. They experience high soil salinities due to evaporation.

Mangrove Forests

Located in tropics in protected intertidal regions. Enters food chain mainly as detritus. They stabilize sediment and provide sediment.

Annelid musculoskeletal system

Longitudinal (horizontal) and circular muscles work together to propel worm (peristalsis). Bristles present on ventral side for grip. They can't actively stretch. The muslces come in antagonistic pairs with muscles that have to work against resistance in the form of a hydrostatic skeleton. They have lattices made of connective tissue, which are threads of collagen wound helically around the body that allows the animal to contract evenly without bulges or kinks.

Carbohydrates

Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (ex. sugars and starches). Main use: energy.

Lipids

Made of mostly carbon and hydrogen (ex. fats, oils, and waxes). Main use: energy storage (in animals).

Scientific name

Made up of genus and species and always either underlined or in italics.

Shell

Main purpose is protection; it's harder for predators to grip. It is also used for locomotion; jet propulsion in squid and octopus. Secreted by the mantle. It is made of CaCO3. Reduced or absent in some sea slugs and all octopus. Typically made up of 3 layers--periostracum, prismatic, and nacreous.

Collar cells

Make up inner cell layer. Have a collar of microvilli. Have flagellum that they wave to maintain a steady current that draws water in through pores.

Autotroph

Makes own sugar source. Plants and some bacteria.

Parasitic Male

Male attaches to female and loses all organs except testes (ex. anglerfish).

Holothuroidea

Means "animal resembling a plant." Includes sea cucumbers. They have leather-like skin, and their spines are internal but may have external bumps. Their body is elongated. They either deposit feed or suspension feed using oral tentacles. To escape, they eviscerate, meaning that they vomit up their internal organs, entangling the predator. They taste bad. The cucumber then escapes and grows new organs. Some eviscerate annually without provocation.

Class Pycnogonida

Means "dense gonad." Members include sea spiders. They are most common in polar seas. Only invertebrate where male carries eggs.

Cephalopoda

Means "head foot." Includes nautilus, cuttlefish, squid, octopus. Reduced or absent shell (except nautilus). Arms and tentacles with suckers. Can change color. Head sits directly over foot. All are carnivores. Have a beak (like a bird). Diet depends on habitat. Arm/body movements and color changes are used in communication. Have chromatophores and can thus produce general body color changes or stripes and other patterns.

Echinodermata

Means "hedgehog skin." Live in the benthic zone and have soft and hard sediments. They are pentamerous, which means that they have penta radial symmetry. Their skin is tough and often has spines (pedicellaria). They have a water vascular system and regenerative capabilities. The classes are Ophiuroidea, Echinodidea, Asteroidea, Holothuroidea, and Crinoidea.

Class Merostomata

Means "leg mouth." Members include horseshoe crabs. They live on the east coast and the Gulf of Mexico. They live in shallow, sandy areas. They lay eggs on the beach (like grunion) and their eggs are eaten by migrating birds.

Crinoidea

Means "lily." Includes the feather star and the sea lily. Many have long. feathery arms. They suspension feed.

Polyplacophora

Means "many plates carrier." Class members include chitons. They have 8 shells on the dorsal side. The shell is surrounded by the mantle. They scrape algae off of rocks with their radula which helps control the algae population.

Nudibranchs

Means "naked gill." Marine gastropods that lack a shell. They are usually bright colored and have bizarre shapes because of their gills and appendages. They have projections from their body called cerata that increase the surface area available for gas exchange. They feed on cnidarians and keep the nematocysts for their own use--put them on the tips of the cerata to sting.

Gastropoda

Means "stomach foot." Includes snails, abalones, limpets, and sea slugs. They have 1 shell (coiled for snails and uncoiled for limpets and abalone). Sea slugs don't have a shell. Their stomach sits directly over the foot. Either herbivores (eat algae or benthic diatoms) or carnivores (eat mollusks, sea urchins, fish, barnacles, worms, sponges, sea anemones). They can be filter feeders that pump water over their gills to capture floating plankton. They track by smell and either drill holes through the prey's shell, harpoon, or eat their flesh.

Bivalvia

Means "two door." Class members include mussels, oysters, clams, and scallops. They have 2 shells that are attached dorsally at the hinge. They are laterally compressed and don't have a radula. They have siphons (tubes of the mantle) for feeding. They are found mostly in benthic regions where they attach to hard surfaces. To do so, mussels use byssal threads and oysters cement themselves. They burrow in the sediments (sand or mud) with their feet. They are on the surface but not attached. Some bore into rock or wood (use shell as a drill). They are filter feeders--water goes in through the incurrent siphon and passes over gills and food particles are sorted.

Phylum Arthropoda

Means joint foot. 75% of all the identified species on the planet are these. They are both pelagic and benthic. They have 3 cell layers (ecto, endo, meso). Have a coelom (reduced to excretory and reproductive systems). Bilateral symmetry. Joined appendages for increased mobility. The three main segments are the head, thorax, and abdomen. They don't have organ copies. They have a hard exoskeleton for protection made of chitin.

Asteroidea

Means star. Includes sea stars. They have tough skin and short spines that may appear to be absent. They have thick arms, and it's often difficult to determine their central disc. They are carnivores and scavengers. They can locate prey by odor or touch. To eat, they use their tube feet to open the shell of other animals. They extend their stomach out of the mouth and into the food. They then digest the food item outside of the body and slurp up the digested food before retracting their stomach.

Solvent

Medium for dissolving other substances (water is an excellent one)

Subphylum Crustacea

Members include shrimp, crabs, copepods, barnacles, isopods, etc. Have 2 pairs of antennae. Head and thorax joined (cephlathorax). All types of feeding are represented. Most are small, though they vary widely in form.

Prismatic layer

Middle layer, composed of calcium carbonate and protein, which makes up the bulk of the shell. Forms at the mantle's margin as the animal grows.

Magma

Molten rock located deep in the mantle, moved by convection current--which are driven by the heat of the mantle and the cooling of it--to the region below the solid upper mantle.

Hypertonic

More water inside cells than outside cells.

Cell

Most basic unit of life

Class Hydrozoa

Mostly polyps with a short medusa stage. Often live in colonies where specialized polyps perform particular functions. (ex. small, freshwater hydras, huge, marine, colonial Portuguese man-of-war)

Upwelling

Movement of deep water to the surface. Wind upwelling (at coasts) is when deep water moves to "replace" surface water. Geographic upwelling is due to the shape of the sea floor.

Thermohaline circulation

Movement of water in the water column due to changes in water temperature and salinity.

Arthropod musculoskeletal system

Movement only at joints. Muscles attached to inside of skeleton. Arthropods molt when they grow because the exoskeleton won't expand.

Flatworm musculoskeletal system

Muscles and cilia on ventral surface for locomotion.

Mollusk musculoskeletal system

Muscular foot for movement. Bivalve foot pulls the animal forward and can be sucked back in (for protection). Gastropods slide forward on broad ventral foot. In cephalopods, the foot has been modified into tentacles with suction cups.

Species

Organisms similar enough to breed and produce fertile offspring.

Plankton

Organisms that are both plants and animals. They must be living and cannot swim against currents (they drift). They often float near the surface but can be in deep water. Their size varies.

Hyperthermophiles

Organisms that can survive at temperatures exceeding 100 degrees celsius, such as near deep-sea vents.

Periostracum

Outermost layer, composed of the protein concholin that protects the shell from dissolution and boring animals. Forms at the mantle's margin as the animal grows.

The four main ocean basins

Pacific (largest, oldest, deepest), Atlantic (2nd largest), Indian (close in size to Atlantic., but a little smaller), Arctic (smallest, shallowest coldest)

Cyanobacteria (Cyanophyta)

Photosynthetic bacteria that are found in environments high in dissolved oxygen and produce free oxygen. Store excess photosynthetic products as cyanophycean starch and oils. Primary photosynthetic pigments are chorophyll a and b. Accessory pigments into carotenoids and phycobilins. Undergo chromatic adaptation. Can exist as single cells or form dense mats held together by mucilage.

Phaeophyta (brown algae)

Pigments include chlorophyll and fucoxanthins. They have thick cell walls and rapid regrowth. They are used in alginate/algin (thickening and binding agent, dentistry), iodine, cattle feed, potash fertilizer, and explosives. (ex. giant kelp and feather boa kelp).

Rhodophyta (red algae)

Pigments include chlorophyll and phycobins. They grow quickly and change shape so they are difficult to eat. They are used in sushi, agar (grow bacteria, thickening agent), and used for carrageenan (thickening and binding agent). (ex. nori, coralline algae)

Coriolis Effect

Points at the equator are moving are moving more quickly than points to the North or South of the equator. When something is "thrown" from the equator in either the direction of the north or the south it appears to take a curved path but actually travels in a straight line. It causes the direction of the convection currents (and therefore the winds) to be curved relative to the earth.

Barnacles

Popular name for members of a subclass of sessile crustaceans. Most are hermaphrodites. All inhabit salt water. The larvae are free-swimming, but the adults are always permanently attached to foreign objects (ex. ship bottoms, whales, large fish). Two types are acorn barnacles (common to temperate and cold waters) and stalked barnacles (found in warm waters initially, but actually around the world because they attach themselves to ships).

Halocline

Rapid change in salinity with depth.

Thermocline

Rapid change in temperature with depth at 100-1,000m. Decreasing temperatures created increasing density.

Head foot

Region containing the head with its mouth and sensory organs and the foot, which is the animal's organ of locomotion.

Divergent plate boundaries

Regions at the midocean ridges where plate boundaries move apart as new lithosphere is destroyed.

Convergent plate boundaries

Regions where plates move toward each other and old lithosphere is destroyed.

Sexual Reproduction

Requires two individuals. Offspring are genetically different than the parents. Genetic variability within the population.

Two things that classify organisms as living

Respiration (the breaking down of sugar) and reproduction (passing genetic information on to the next generation)

Terrigenous sediments

Sediments washed from land into the sea. Produced by wind, water, freezing and thawing.

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms with bilateral symmetry. They have 3 cell layers--ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle), and endoderm (inner). They have a complete 1-way digestive tract (mouth to anus). Can be microscopic to 1 meter long. Mostly free-living, but some are parasitic. Not organized respiratory or circulatory systems--diffuse through the ectoderm/cuticle.

Ecology and physiology of marine fungi

Salinity is toxic to fungi, so they must devote energy to removing sodium. Most live on wood from land, some live on grass in salt marshes, and other live on algae, mangroves, or sand. They decompose the chitinous remains of dead crustaceans in open sea plankton communities.

Evaporites

Salt deposits that form when saltwater becomes cut off from the ocean and the water evaporates.

Detritivores

Scavengers that eat dead stuff (detritus). ex. Most worms, hag fish, crabs.

Class Anthozoa

Sea anemones and corals. Polyps only, no medusa stage. Corals create protective "cups"; anemones don't. Some corals are reef building and ecologically important.

Ecology of cnidarians

Sea anemones and small fish are symbiotic. Coral reefs are a major habitat for many organisms. They also protect the land from erosion and are very sensitive to pollution. Some are used in medical research.

Ecology of Echinoderms

Sea stars control many populations because they are important predators. Sea urchins often control algae populations. Both sea stars and sea urchins have been known to upset the ecology of an area. Sea urchin eggs are used in embryological research. They are used in drug research. Some are edible delicacies.

Animals that eat cnidarians

Sea turtles, mola mola, and sea stars (who steal the cnidocytes for their own use.

Benthic

Seafloor (on, in, or near). Two types, hard surface (hydrothermal vents, reefs) and soft surface (abyssal plains, mud flats, sandy beaches).

Carnivores

Secondary consumers that eat and kill other animals. ex. Sea otters, most sharks, sea stars.

Hydrogenous sediments

Sediments formed by the precipitation of dissolved minerals from seawater. (ex. carbonates, phosphorites, manganese nodules)

Biogenous sediments

Sediments formed from the hard parts of dead organisms. Mostly particles of corals, mollusc shells, etc.

Movement

Some animals are sessile (live their adult lives attached to one spot), but most are motile (move around). Most use muscles that generate force by contracting. They often work together with a skeleton--either exoskeleton (outside of the body) or endoskeleton (inside of the body).

Meroplankton

Spend part of their life as plankton. 75% of benthic invertebrates have this larval stage. The larvae have a dispersal phase that allows populations to spread faster and look nothing like the adult phase. They have to select an adult habitat (use smell to look for adults and/or food and physical cues to look for sediment type or water movement)

Holoplankton

Spend their whole life as plankton. Includes crustaceans (often food for whales), jellies, arrow worms, and swimming snails.

Phylum Porifera

Sponges! Simultaneous hermaphrodites. Use the broadcast method of reproduction. About 8000 species. They were once thought to be plants because they are sessile, but they are animals. They don't have a mouth, digestive tract, true tissue layers, or organ systems.

Cnidoblasts/cnidocytes

Stinging cells on the tentacles. Contain nematocysts, poison darts that spring out when touched and paralyze prey. They attach to prey and produce a neurotoxin (ex. jellyfish is stronger than anemone's). Jellyfish have thinner tentacles that are more likely to break off--they also have more active prey.

Westerlies

Surface winds that blow from the west.

Outer core

Surrounds the inner core. Consists of a transition zone and a thick layer of liquid material w/ the same composition as the inner core (cooler, though, because it's under less pressure.)

Density increase (in relation to temp and salinity)

Temperature decrease, salinity increase.

Density decrease (in relation to temp and salinity)

Temperature increase, salinity decrease.

Cubozoan medusa

The bell is square in horizontal cross section. Inside the bell are the manubrium and mouth. A flap of tissue called the velarium is located along the underside of the bell. Muscular fleshy pads called pedalia are located at the corners of the bell. One or more tentacles are connected to each pedalium. On the bell, located midway between the pedalia, are four sensory structures called rhophalia.

Vertical overturn

The changeover in the water column that occurs as a result of density differences in the water.

Surface tension

The cohesive force that holds molecules together at the surface of a liquid.

Diurnal tide

The condition of having only one high tide and one low tide each day.

Semidiurnal tide

The condition of having two high tides and two low tides each day.

Way organisms are classified

The degree of relatedness (genetics) and based on common physical characteristics.

Continental drift

The movement of continents due to the movement of the seafloor (evidenced by the fit of continental boundaries, earthquakes, seafloor temperatures being highest near ridges, and the age of crust--determined by samples drilled from the ocean bottom, increases with distance from a ridge)

Gondwanaland

The name given to fused southern continents of the ancient supercontinent. (Includes India, Africa, South America, Australia, and Antarctica)

Pangaea

The name given to the ancient supercontinent.

Laurasia

The northern portion of the ancient supercontinent. (Includes Europe, Asia, and North America)

Over 4,700 species

The number of species discovered on the HMS Challenger's voyage.

Continental margin

The ocean bottom that lies beneath the neritic zone.

Slack water

The period of time during tidal currents slow down and then reverse.

Shelf break

The point where the continental shelf ends and the continental slope begins.

Inductive reasoning

The process of reasoning whereby a general explanation is derived from a series of observations (Specific to General)

Deductive reasoning

The process of reasoning whereby observations suggest a general principle from which a specific statement can be derived. (General to specific)

Adhesion

The property of water that causes it to be attracted to the surface of objects that carry electrical charges.

Lithosphere

The region of crust and upper mantle

Lysogenic Cycle

The viral nucleic acid is inserted into the host genome and may reside there through multiple cell divisions before becoming lytic.

The HMS Challenger

The voyage of _____________ signaled the beginning of modern marine biology.

Isopycnal

The water column has the same density from top to bottom.

Ecology of Marine Viruses

They kill host cells, and thus control populations of bacteria and other microbes in plankton communities. Lysis releases nutrients and facilitates sedimentation. Alteration by light, adsorption onto suspended particles, ingestion by microbes, and failure to attach to an appropriate host cell affect their populations.

Echinoderm Musculoskeletal System

They have a water vascular system that includes a ring canal, radial canals, tube feet, and a madreporite. Sea stars have an exoskeleton made of protective plates made of CaCO3 (for protection). Some walk around on their arms (ex. brittle stars) or crawl (ex. sea cucumbers).

Cubozoan sensory structures

They have eyes. They don't have brains, so it is unclear how the images are created by these lenses and interpreted by cubozoans since they do not have brains. It can look both inwards towards its mouth and manubrium and outward since each rhopalium, located below the eyes, is an organ called a statocyst.

Cubozoan stinging cells

They have nematocysts that are concentrated in rings on the tentacles. When the tentacles capture a prey item, they contract, and the rings allow for maximum contact and transfer of the venom between nematocyst and prey.

Echinoderm Digestive System

They open prey (ex. bivalves) with their tube feet, then flip stomach inside out into the prey and secrete enzymes to digest the tissue. They then suck their stomach back in. They have 2 stomach, a digestive gland, and a one way digestive tract.

Purpose of multicellularity

To avoid being eaten, to have a greater choice of organisms to eat, cell specialization, and labor division. It's important to have a high surface area to volume ratio.

Why organisms are classified

To avoid confusion due to names and indicate the relationships between organisms.

Purpose of Reproduction

To pass the genetic material (DNA) to the next generation.

Radula

Tooth tongue. Used to obtain food. Absent in bivalves like clams and mussels. Sometimes have a neurotoxin.

Arthropod Subphylums

Trilobita (all extinct now), Chelicerata (ex. spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, horseshoe crabs that have chelicerae), Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, shrimp), Uniramia (millipedes, centipedes, and all insects), Merostomata, Pycnogonida.

Dinoflagellates

Type of dinophyta that create red tides. Create several different toxins. For humans, that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning. In marine organisms, that harms whales, dolphins, seals, and sea lions.

Mollusk reproductive system

Typically have separate sexes. External fertilization (broadcast method) in bivalves and marine gastropods in which the female traps sperm. Internal fertilization in cephalopods/terrestrial gastropods.

Chemosynthetic bacteria

Use energy derived from chemical reactions that involve substances such as ammonium ion, sulfides and elemental sulfur, nitrites, hydrogen, and ferrous ion. Chemosynthesis is less efficient than photosynthesis, so rates of cell growth and division are slower. Founded around hydrothermal vents and some shallower habitats where needed materials are available in abundance.

Echinoderm Reproductive System

Usually separate sexes. Broadcast method (sexual) or regeneration (asexual).

Seagrass Repoduction

Vegetative (asexual) does fragmentation in the rhizomes (sideways stems). Flowers (sexual) are adapted for water to pollinate as well as wind. Pollen can be long and stringy instead of small and round.

Gyres

Water flow in a circular pattern around the edge of an ocean basin.

Decrease of salinity

Water gains from precipitation, melting, and rivers by adding fresh water.

Isotonic

Water inside cells equals water outside cells.

Biological compounds

What organisms are made of

Organism behaviors

What organisms do and why

Organism requirements

What organisms need to survive

Liquid at 4 and solid at 0.

Water is most dense as _______ at ______ degrees Celsius and least dense as _______ at ______ degrees Celsius.

Increase of salinity

Water loss from evaporation; removes fresh water.

Osmosis

Water moves from areas of high water concentration (low salinity) to areas of low water concentration (high salinity).

Forced waves

Waves that are forced to increase in size and speed by the input of energy from a storm.

Breakers

Waves that form in the surf zone when the bottom of the wave slows but its crest continues moving toward the shore at a speed faster than that of a wave.

Free waves

Waves that move at speeds determined by the wave's length and period.

Deepwater waves

Waves that occur in water that is deeper than one half of a wave's wavelength.

Shallow-water waves

Waves that occur in water that is less deep than half the wave's wavelength.

Hydrogen bonds

Weak attractive forces that occur between the slightly positive hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the slightly negative atoms of another molecule.

Virion

What a virus particle is called when outside the host cell. Some have filaments and otehr parts used to attach to and infect the host cell. It is composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat (called a capsid); they are together called a nucleocapsid.